• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2001

This study was conducted to develope an automatic liquid feeder for early weaning piglets and to test the efficacy of the system. The liquid feeder consists of water heating and discharge unit, dry diet storing and discharge unit, mixing and discharge unit, mixed liquid feed-delivering unit, and the central control part which control each unit, feeding frequency and the amount of feeding. For investigating the possibility of practical use, a feeding trial was carried out using eighteen three way crossbred piglets weaned on 19 days of age for the experimental period of six weeks. Experimental diet was provided in liquid form using the automatic liquid feeder for the first three weeks and in dry form for the later three weeks. The water heating and discharge unit exactly supplied warm water by 27 $m\ell$/s, into the mixing unit. The dry diet storing and discharge unit supplied dry feed by 3.7g/s, into the mixing unit. Being compared with the standard growth rate suggested by NRC, average daily gain of the piglets during the first three weeks of liquid feeding was lower by 10%, while it was higher during three weeks of dry feeding and over the whole experimental period by 24 and 17%, respectively. Feed/gain was 1.09, 2.14 and 1.89 for the first 3 weeks, later 3 weeks, and whole period, respectively. Diarrhea was observed for three days from day 3 to day 7 after feeding liquid diet, but no pig died of it. In conclusion, a preliminary test for the newly developed an automatic liquid feeder using 19 days of age weaning piglets showed that the unit was successfully operated without any major problems. Piglets raised on a liquid diet through the unit developed grew less during the first three weeks, but their growth and feed intake were greatly improved thereafter, indicating the developed automatic liquid feeder may be practically used in swine industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.939-944
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• 2002

We have screened the microorganisms from pigs feces for the development of probiotics which have acid-and bile-tolerance. Among them, a strain which was identified as Enterococcu durans LP44 was selected. Sixty Duroc$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Landrace pigs (6.30$\pm$0.04 kg average initial body weight) were used in a 14 days growth assay to determine the effects of Enterococco duran Lf44 culture on growth performance of weaned pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) DF (dry feeding),2) W (wet feeding),3) WF+5ED (wet feeding+5% Enterocucu duran LP44 culture),4) WF+ 10ED (wet feeding +10% Enterococcus durans LP44 culture). For overall periods, average daily gain in pigs fed % diet tended to increase compared to pigs fed DF diet without significant difference. Also, there was no significant difference in gain/feed. At 5 days after the onset of the experiment, pigs fed WF+5ED and WF+10ED diets were significantly increased in dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities compared to pigs fed DF and W diets (p<0.05). At 14 days after the onset of the experiment, pigs fed WF+ 10ED diet were significantly increased in dry matter digestibility compared to pigs fed DF diet (p<0.05). Also, pigs fed WF + 10ED diet were significantly increased in nitrogen digestibility compared to other treatments (p<0.05). In conclusion, supplemental Enterococcus durans LP44 was an effective means of improving ADG and nutrient digestibility.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2009

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of different organic acids on growth performance and apparent nutrients digestibility in weaned pigs. In both the experiments, 180 pigs were assigned to four treatments with three replicates comprising of 15 pigs in each. Formic acid, ammonium-formate, lactic acid, and acid mixture were added to diets at 0.50% (Exp. 1) and 0.30% (Exp. 2) as dietary treatments for 5 and 6 wk feeding trial, respectively. The acid mixture was prepared by mixing formic acid and lactic acid at 50:50 ratios. To investigate the apparent ileal amino acids digestibility, twelve pigs (3 per treatment) were used and fitted with simple ileo-caecal T-cannula for both experiments. In Exp.1, growth performance was comparable (P>0.05) among pigs fed different organic acids, while acid mixture had higher (P<0.05) weight gain than that of lactic acid in Exp.2. The apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids was highest (P<0.05) in pigs fed acid mixture and lowest (P<0.05) in pigs fed formic acid diets in both experiments. These results indicated that supplementation with acid mixture (formic acid and lactic acid) improved performance and ileal amino acid digestibility in weaned pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.537-542
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• 2003

Sixty [(Duroc${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Landrace] pigs (7.63$\pm$0.41kg average body weight and 25-d average age) were used in a 20-d growth assay to determine the effect of dietary recombinant human lactoferricin culture (RHLC) supplementation on growth performance, digestibility and plasma IgG concentration in weaning pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) Negative control (NC : without antibiotic), 2) Positive control (PC : NC diet + 0.1% chlortetracycline), 3) RHLC0.3 (NC diet + 0.3% RHLC), 4) RHLC0.5 (NC diet + 0.5% RHLC). No differences were found among treatments in average daily gain (P>0.05). ADFI of pigs fed RHLC0.3 diet was higher than that of pigs fed PC diet (P<0.05). However, pigs fed RHLC0.5 diet had improved gain/feed compared to pigs fed PC diet. Pigs fed PC and RHLC diets showed significantly increased dry matter digestibility compared to pigs fed NC diet (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in plasma IgG concentrations (P>0.05). The supplementation of RHLC in starter pig diets appears to be an alternative to antibiotics.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.627-632
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• 2003

Piglets communicate with their sow by using special sounds and synchronize their suckling behavior with their mother’s grunting. This study sought to find an effective sound for controlling the nursing/suckling behavior of pigs. Eighteen crossbred Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire sows and their piglets were studied on days 1, 7, and 14 post-partum. The parity of the sows was three or four. The litter size ranged from 9 to 11, with a mean of 10.4 piglets. Thirty minutes after the end of the last suckling, either the nursing-suckling sound (NSS) or the nursing-suckling sound + click sound (NSSCS) was played for 90 s randomly, and this experiment was repeated three times. The behavior of the sows and their piglets was recorded using camcorders and observed each second. When comparing NSS and NSSCS, there was less lying and sleeping and more sitting, standing, walking, and massaging when NSSCS was played than when NSS was played. These results suggest that NSSCS may induce more nursing and suckling in pigs than NSS.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.649-654
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• 2005

Purpose : The present study examined how changes in cerebral hemodynamics in newborn piglets with bilirubin infusion can be evaluated by near infrared sepctroscopy(NIRS). Methods : Seventeen newborn piglets were randomly divided into the following three experimental groups : six in the control group(CG); seven in the bilirubin infusion group(BG), and four in the bilirubin infusion with 7-nitroindazole group(NG). To achieve the concentration of bilirubin above 20 mg/dL, we injected a bolus of 40 mg/kg of bilirubin intravenously, followed by 30 mg/kg/hr of bilirubin continuous intravenous infusion. All groups were monitored with cerebral hemodynamics using near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) and their brain cortexes were harvested and the activities of $Na^+$, $K^+$-ATPase, level of conjugated dienes, ATP and phosphocreatine(PCr) were determined biochemically. Results : No changes took place in CG. In BG and NG, base excess, pH, and MABP decreased, and lactate level in blood increased. Cerebral $Na^+$, $K^+$-ATPase activity and ATP, PCr level in BG significantly decreased and conjugated dienes increased compared to CG. These abnormalities observed in the BG were significantly improved in the NG. In continuous NIRS monitoring, [$HbO_2$], [HbT], and [HbD] in BG were significantlly decreased compared to CG. However these abnormalities between NG and CG were not significantly different. There were no significant differences in $ScO_2$ between the study groups. Conclusion : Our study suggests cerebral hemodynamic changes could be monitored by non-invasive NIRS in newborn piglets with bilirubin infusion.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.58-58
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• 2001

본 연구는 섬유소 분해효소 유전자 Cel D(Cellulase Digestion)가 도입된 형질전환 돼지 생산을 통하여 섬유소 함유 사료의 이용 효율을 증대시키고, 나아가 장기이식동물 및 고가의 의료용 단백질 생산가축을 개발하기 위한 원천기술 확보에 있다. 섬유소분해 유전자의 크로닝 및 조직 특이적 발현벡터를 개발하기 위하여, 우선 소의 위중 제4위 내의 미생물로부터 전체 유전자를 분리하였고, 이렇게 작성된 DNA library에서 섬유소분해 관련 유전자인 약 2.0 kb의 Cel D유전자를 크로닝하였으며, 췌장 특이적 발현 프로모터(rat elastase I: 약 200bp)를 크로닝한 후, 미세주입용 형질전환 재조합 벡터를 구축하기 위하여 rElastase I 프로모터 하류에 섬유소 분해 유전자(Cel D)를 연결하여 약 3.0 kb 크기의 재조합 벡터를 준비하였으며, 재조합 유전자를 1세포기 수정란 전핵내에 미세주입 하기 위해 Sal I과 BglII를 이용 유전자 단편을 만들었다. 구축된 유전자를 미세주입하기 위한 수정란을 회수하기위해 총68두의 돼지를 4-5두씩 분리사육하면서 발정동기화 및 과배란 유기를 위해 PG600, Altrenogest, FSH, hCG를 투여하였으며 hCG투여후 약54시간에 외과적 방법에 의해 총 1,359개의 수정란을 회수하였고, 이중 미세주입가능한 1세포기 수정란은 1,296개로 두당 평균 15.9개 였다. 1,296개의 1세포기 수정란 중에서 재조합 유전자(rE I-CelD)가 미세주입된 660개의 수정란을 32두의 수란돈에 외과적 방법에 의해 이식하였으며, 이식되어진 모돈 13두가 분만하여 40.6%의 임신율을 나타내었다. 이렇게 분만된 13두에서 총 65두(암:33두, 수:32두)의 자돈이 생산되었으며, 형질전환 여부를 판명하기 위해 자돈의 꼬리조직으로 부터 genomic DNA를 추출하고 PCR 검정을 실시하였다. PCR 검정 결과, 섬유소 분해 유전자가 도입된 자돈은 5두 이었으며, 그 결과를 Table에 나타내었다.(Table Omitted) Table 1 에서와 같이 섬유소 분해효소유전자가 형질전환된 자돈은 65마리 중 5마리로 7.69%의 형질전환율을 나타내었으며, 5마리의 자돈중 2두(암:1두, 수:1두)는 분만 후 즉시 폐사되었으며 2두(암:1두, 수:1두)는 86일령 그리고 14일령에 폐사하여 현재 1두(암)가 생존하여 섬유소 분해 사양 실험 중에 있다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.231-236
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• 2010

Antibiotics in veterinary medicine have been used to treat disease, promote growth rate and improve feed efficiency. However, alternative sources are needed because of of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and residues of antibiotics. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of CS682, a fermentation product of Korean soil bacteria, on safety, growth rate and feed efficiency, and to evaluate its value as an alternative for antibiotics used as a feed additive. Two dosages of CS682 (0.1% and 1%) were fed to chickens for 28 days. The results showed that, when compared to chickens in the control group, growth and feed efficiency was improved. Also, mortality, hematology, general clinical signs and necropsy were examined. Chickens in the treatment groups showed no adverse effects. A total of 72 weaning pigs were used to confirm the effects of CS682 at one dose level (0.1%) regarding feed efficiency. Supplementation with 0.1% CS682 also resulted in improved weight gain and feed efficiency ratio. Based on these results, CS682 may be effective in improving feed efficiency safely as a feed additive.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.392-399
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• 2020

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of feed supplementation with Hermetia illucens (HI) on the fecal score, blood profiles, immune response, and small intestinal morphology in weaned pigs. A total of 24 weaned pigs (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc; 5.86±0.13 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments and 6 replicates on the basis of initial body weight. The experiment was accomplished over 0-14 days. The dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 0, 1, 2, and 3% HI. A linear response to increasing dietary HI was observed for the number of monocytes (p<0.01) and eosinophils (p<0.05), whereas red blood cells tended to decrease with increasing HI levels. Plasma TNF-α levels were also determined to linearly decrease with HI supplementation (p=0.07). Moreover, a linearly decreasing tendency (p=0.06) was observed in the fecal score with increasing dietary levels of HI. Weaned pigs fed diets supplemented with increasing dietary concentrations of HI showed linearly improved (p<0.05) duodenal villus height during the study period. Taken together, these results indicate the beneficial effects of HI on diarrhea reduction, immune response, and small intestinal morphology in weaned pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.383-392
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a supplemented mixture of herbs (artemisia, eucommia ulmoids and houttuynia cordata) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood characteristics, microflora population and diarrhea frequency in weanling pigs. Eighty-four pigs were randomly allotted into one of the four dietary treatments, each of which had 3 replicates. Experimental diets were prepared by adding (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) a mixture of artemisia, eucommia ulmoids and houttuynia cordata to a commercial feed, and were given to pigs for 42 days. Daily feed intake was significantly increased in the groups supplemented with the mixture at 1.0% group and 2.0% group. Digestibility was significantly increased in 1.0% for protein and ether extract, and in 1.0% group and 2.0% group for NFE. Total bacillus and lactobacillus sp. were significantly (p<0.05) improved in 1.0% group and 2.0% group, respectively. Glucose concentrations of serum increased significantly (p<0.05) in 0.5% group and 1.0% group, and HDL increased significantly (p<0.05) in 1.0% group and 2.0% group. Diarrhea decreased by treatments except control (p<0.05). It is concluded that pigs fed the diet supplemented with 1.0% mixture of herbs can improve daily body weight gain, feed efficiency, nutrient utilizations and diarrhea frequency in pigs.