• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.682-685
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• 2017

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the injection characteristics of non-circular effervescent type twin-fluid nozzles. For this purpose, two types of non-circular nozzles (E1, E2) and one kind of circular nozzle (C) were used. At this time, the Aerorator mounted on the nozzle used three different diameters to match the aspect ratio with the nozzle exit area. Therefore, experiments were performed according to three aspect ratios for each nozzle, and a total experiments were conducted. Experiments were carried out by controlling the amount of air flowing after fixing the flow rate of the liquid, and the nozzle internal pressure and SMD were measured, and the jet image was taken from the nozzle. The discharge coefficients of the three kinds of nozzles were compared with the conventional equation and the Jedelsky's equation, and the Jedelsky's equation was found to be about 4 times larger. The droplet size (SMD) injected from the nozzle was found to be smaller in the non-circular shape than in the circular shape, which is expected to be caused by the difference of the discharge coefficient values.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.1642-1647
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• 2009

Changes in aerosol characteristics during 2006 ${\sim}$2008 Asian dust events in Cheoan were investigated by measuring mass, ion and elemental concentrations of fine and coarse particles. The average mass concentrations of daily TSP, PM10, PM2.5 were 214.9, 160.3, and 95.9${\mu}\;g/m^3$during Asian dust events, which were 3.08, 2.58, and 1.95 times higher than Non-asian dust events. The maximum concentrations of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 were 850.1, 534.4, and 233.3${\mu}\;g/m^3$, which were 12.19, 8.60, and 4.76 times higher, respectively. Increases in ion concentrations were not significant during Asian dust events, but elemental concentrations including soil components such as Fe, Al, Ti increased by 17.1 and 43.4 times for fine and coarse particles, respectively. The results clearly indicate that metallic components from soil constituents were the major components in Asian dusts sampled at Cheonan.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.147-155
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• 2010

A prediction model of resilient modulus($E_R$) was developed for recycled crushed-rock-soil mixtures. The evaluation of $E_R$, using the "orthodox" repeated loading tri-axial test, is not feasible for such a large-size gravelly material. An alternative method was proposed hereby using the subtle different modulus called nonlinear dynamic modulus. The prediction model was developed by utilizing in-situ measured shear modulus($G_{max}$) and its reduction curves of modeled materials using the large free-free resonant column test. A pilot evaluation of the model parameters was carried out for recycled crushed-rock-soil-mixture at a highway construction site near Gimcheon, Korea. The values of the model parameters($A_E,\;n_E,\;{\varepsilon}_r\;and\;{\alpha}$) were proposed as 9618, 0.47, 0.0135, and 0.8, respectively.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.29-40
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• 2016

Effects of crushed coal bottom ash (CBA) with maximum size of 1 mm on the properties of mortar with various water-to-binder ratios (w/b) were evaluated. The present work is a fundamental study to establish a method of mix proportion design for mortar and concrete with CBA. The workability, air contents, and compressive strength of mortar were measured. Efficiency of CBA on the compressive strength at 28 days, which was adopted for mix proportion design, was evaluated based on concepts of 'equivalent strength' in CEN/TR 16637. It was found that the CBA could be contributed as a binder in mortar in some cases, while in other cases act as at aggregates. The efficiency of CBA was influenced by types of CBA and their replacement ratio, and w/b of mortar.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.249-257
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• 2005

Polyurethane(PU) prepolymers were prepared from polyol and diisocyanate. Unionized PU prepolymers were synthesized from poly(propylene glycol)(PPG, MW: 1000), 2,2-bis (hydroxymethyl) propionic acid(DMPA), and isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI) by prepolymer syhthesizing process. After PU prepolymers were dispersed into water, the physical properties were investigated by changing the molar ratio of polyol and diisocyanate. The results showed a stable state with the best physical properties when the prepolymer was composed of PPG/DMPA with hard segment=40%, NCO%=3.43%, [NCO]: [OH]=1.5: 1.0 in molar ratio, and was dispersed into water with 30% solid content. PU prepolymers also were synthesized with various molar ratio of PPG and DMPA. Upon higher molar ratio of DMPA, particle size of polyurethane dispersion(PUD) gradually decreased. PU-prepolymers prepared from the various blocking agents represented characteristic initial deblocking temperatures that depended on the blocking agents, and the beginning of deblocking occured within 30 mins on all the blocking agents used.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2006

We intend to increase in eficiency of the topographic monitoring of seabed or riverbed by combinedwith DGPS, RTK GPS and echo sounder. For this study, we defined the error corection of the echo sounder with the experiment of water tank, which is considered the characteristic of estuary riverbedand then we developed the s/w for 3-dimensional monitoring of estuary riverbed and aplied the s/wto field test and improved the various problems. On analyzing topography of estuary riverbed by combinedby the movement of survey vessel to the end of the transducer was eliminated by geometrical rearangementand we defined the corection formula, . The sounding error about the echo sounder and characteristic of estuary riverbed was found by understanding the relation of average diameter and residual error and we defined corection formula, Y=-0.0474*ln(X) -0.045 by the regression analysis. and then we verified applicability of corection formula. This study that by Visual Basic must be useful applied in the topographic analysis of the estuary riverbed.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.23-29
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• 2019

In order to recover pure alumina from balck dross, precipiatation experiments were done to the NaOH leaching solution of mechanically activated black dross. In this work, hydrogen peroxide was added to the synthic solution as a precipitating agent. Among some variables, the concentration of $H_2O_2$ and the volume ratio of $H_2O_2$ to solution showed a remarkable effect on the precipitation of aluminum hydroxide. At the optimum conditions, most of the aluminate was precipitated. Calcination of the aluminum hydroxide at $1200^{\circ}C$ led to the formation of ${\theta}$ and ${\alpha}$-alumina. The charactistics of the synthesized activated alumina was measured by XRD and EDS. The average particles size of the alumina was $3.73{\mu}m$.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.368-368
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• 2016

점착성 유사는 응집현상을 통해 크기와 밀도를 바꾸고 이에 따라 부유 및 이동에 큰 영향을 미치는 침강속도가 지속적으로 변화한다. 따라서 점착성 유사의 거동을 이해하기 위해서는 응집현상에 대한 고려가 필수적으로 이루어져야 한다. 현재까지 이루어진 응집현상 모형은 크게 Population balance equation type 모형(PBE)과 Floc growth type 모형(FGM)으로 나뉜다. PBE 모형은 점착성 유사의 입도분포를 모의할 수 있는 장점이 있는 반면에 닫힌 계에서 질량보존을 만족시키지 못하는 단점을 가진다. FGM 모형은 간단한 식을 통해 질량보존을 만족시키고 수치적으로 효율적인 모의를 할 수 있는 반면 입도분포를 모의할 수 없는 단점을 가진다. 이러한 장단점으로 인해 PBE 모형은 유사이동모형과 결합되어 이용된 사례가 없으며 FGM 모형은 유사이동모형과 결합되어 평균적인 점착성 유사의 거동만을 모의하는 연구에 이용되었다. 본 연구에서는 Stochastic floc growth type 모형(SFGM)의 개발에 따라 이해할 수 있는 점착성 유사이동의 특성과 이를 유사이동 모형과 결합시키는 방향에 대해 검토한다. 현재까지 진행된 연구 결과를 분석하면 SFGM은 질량보존을 만족시키면서도 점착성 유사의 입도분포를 모의할 수 있는 장점을 가지는 것으로 판단된다. 특히 난수발생의 단계에서 적절한 확률분포형을 선정하고 확률매개변수의 보정이 이루어지는 경우에는 높은 정확도를 가지는 입도분포 모의가 가능하다. 가는 모래를 대상으로 하는 비점착성 유사의 경우에는 추계학적인 유사이동 모형의 개발이 활발히 이루어져 왔다. 개발된 모형은 실제 측정값에 적용되어 다양한 학술적 가능성을 보여왔다. 따라서 SFGM의 개발이 점착성 유사의 이동모형과 결합되는 경우에는 점착성 유사가 지배적인 다양한 환경에서의 거동 특성을 이해할 때 매우 유용할 것으로 판단된다. 응집모형은 난류의 강도에 지배적인 영향을 받으며 유사의 입경 및 밀도 변화를 계산한다는 점을 고려할 때 유사이동 모형 역시 난류 강도에 대한 정보를 계산할 수 있는 지배방정식을 필요로 한다. 향후 개발될 추계학적 점착성 유사의 이동모형은 난류에 대한 정보, SFGM의 결합 등을 필요조건으로 가진다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.607-616
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to simulate the transport of nonuniform sediment considering the hiding-exposure effect numerically. In order to calculate the transport of multi-disperse suspended sediment mixtures, the set of advection-diffusion equations for each particle class is solved. The applicability of the numerical model is examined by comparing the simulation results with experimental data. In this study, we calculate the vertical distribution of total concentration of sediment particles using two approaches: (1) by considering the mixture as represented by a single size; and (2) by combining the concentration of the sediment corresponding to several particle size classes; From the simulation results, it is shown that both approaches calculate reasonable results due to the narrow range of size distribution. Under the condition of nonuniform sediment, the critical shear stress of the sediment particle is influenced by the size-selective entrainment, i.e., hiding-exposure effect. It is shown in this study that the effect of hiding-exposure effect on the erosion rates of fine sand is negligibly small.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.388-388
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• 2021

하천에서 호안이나 교량의 교각 등은 홍수 시 주변 하상의 세굴에 의한 피해가 많이 발생한다. 하상보호를 위해서 하천 수공구조물 주변 하상에 자갈, 호박돌, 전석 등을 깔기도 한다. 이 재료들은 다공성 집단을 이루며 유수에 의한 소류력과 항력이 작용한다. 다공성 집단체 공극의 흐름에 의한 항력은 외부 흐름이 가하는 소류력에 비해 작으나 집단의 안정성에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 집단체에 작용하는 항력은 공극 내의 흐름의 유속과 항력계수를 이용하여 구할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 다공성 매질 내 흐름에 대한 항력계수를 조사하기 위하여 수리실험을 이용하여 자갈 매질의 공극을 흐르는 물이 일으킨 항력과 동수경사를 측정하였다. 수리실험을 위한 대공극 매질은 상업용 연마 자갈을 사용하여 크기에 따라 작은 자갈(5~10mm), 중간자갈(15~25mm), 큰 자갈(25~50mm)로 구분하였다. 대표입경 D₅₀은 작은 자갈 8.0 mm, 중간 자갈 17.6 mm, 큰 자갈 32.2 mm이고, 형상계수는 각각 0.28~0.74, 0.29~0.58, 0.38~0.68의 범위였다. 자갈 매질의 공극율은 각각 0.405~0.422이었다. 매질 내의 흐름 길이는 24.2cm로 하였다. 실험결과 자갈 매질 내 흐름의 입자 레이놀즈수 Re_p에 따른 내부항력 F_D와 항력계수 C_D는 Fig. 1 및 Fig. 2와 같다. 실험에서 Re_p는 31.5~3,175.4였다. 자갈 매질의 내부항력은 Re_p가 증가하면 비선형적으로 증가하였으며 입자가 클수록 작았다. 항력계수는 작은 자갈과 중간 자갈 매질에 차이가 거의 없었으나 큰 자갈의 경우 작은 것으로 나타났다.