• 한우개량
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• v.6 no.5 s.23
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• pp.22-27
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• 2001

한우의 번식에 있어서 번식효율을 증진하기 위해서는 정확한 수정적기의 선택과 수정 후 가능하면 조기에 임신감정을 실시하여 공태기간을 최소로 단축시켜 번식우의 효율을 증진하고 송아지 생산비를 줄여야 할 것이다. 임신감정은 일반적으로 인공수정사나 수의사가 직장검사를 통해 태아를 확인하는 방법이 있으나, 이 방법은 수정 후 50-60일 이후부터 가능하며 숙련자에 따라 진단율이 다르며 암소에게 스트레스를 주고 태아나 난소에 손상을 주거나 심하면 태아의 조기폐사 등의 부작용이 있으며 진단율도 2-3만원 정도 소요된다. 최근 임신진단을 현장에서 간단히 조기에 진단할 수 있는 새로운 방법이 개발되어 있어 소개하기로 한다.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.79-79
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• 2002

가축의 개량에 있어서 수정란이식은 인공수정보다 획기적으로 향상시킬 수 있었으며, 첨단기술 이용 가축 생산에 필수도구이다. 그러나 수정란의 상태에 따른 수태율에서 큰 차이를 보이고 있어, 수태율 향상 개발이 시급한 실정이다. 임신중기의 IGF-Ⅰ의 농도는 비임신기보다 증가하고, 산욕기에 급격히 감소하여 비임신기의 농도이하로 떨어지는 특징이 있어 임신관련 기전을 이해하는데 도움이 될 수 있다. (중략)

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.223-227
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• 2002

연구목적: 전반적인 자궁내막증이 체외수정시술에 미치는 영향을 알아보고, 특히 stage III-IV 자궁내막증을 갖는 불임환자 체외수정시술 결과에 대하여 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 연구재료 및 방법: 1998년 9월부터 2001년 9월까지 진단복강경을 통해 자궁내막증으로 진단된 환자 중 체외수정시술을 시행 받은 91명 131주기를 대상으로 하였으며 이중 stage III-IV의 자궁내막증을 갖는 환자는 27명 34주기였다. 비교군은 이시기에 진단된 순수 난관원인으로 체외수정시술을 시행한 40명 56주기를 대상으로 하였다. 통계학적 검사는 Student's t-test와 Chi-square test를 시행하였고, p<0.05를 유의성이 있는 것으로 판정하였다. 결 과: 전체 자궁내막증 환자와 난관인자의 체외수정시술에서 두 군간의 나이는 $31.6{\pm}3.3$, $32.6{\pm}3.6$세로 비슷하였다. 채취된 난자의 수 ($10.3{\pm}6.6$ vs $11.7{\pm}5.1$), 성숙난자 수 ($7.4{\pm}4.7$ vs $7.7{\pm}4.9$), 수정율 ($70.2{\pm}32.4%$ vs $73.7{\pm}20.0%$), Good embryo quality rate (8세포 (G1+G2)를 2PN의 개수로 나눈 값) (32.6% vs 32.4%) 및 배아이식 수 ($4.6{\pm}1.4$ vs $4.8{\pm}1.1$)로 두 군간에 차이는 없었다. 또한 임상적 임신율의 경우도 각각 30.7%, 42.8%로 비슷하였다. 중등도 및 중증의 자궁내막증과 난관인자의 비교에서 성숙난자 및 채취된 난자의 개수는 각각 $8.8{\pm}4.9$, $7.7{\pm}3.9$, $11.3{\pm}7.0$, $11.7{\pm}5.1$개로 두 군간에 차이는 없었다. 수정율은 stage III와 IV 군에서 감소되는 경향을 보였으나 통계학적인 유의성은 없었다 ($66.2{\pm}30.0%$ vs $73.7{\pm}20.0%$). Good qulity embryo rate (GQER)는 stage III-IV 자궁내막증 환자군에서 22.0%로 순수 난관인자의 32.4%에 비하여 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 통계학적인 유의성은 없었다 (p=0.15, Chi-square test). 배아이식 수의 경우는 각각 $4.7{\pm}1.5$, $4.8{\pm}1.1$개로 차이가 없었다. 배아이식 주기당 임상적 임신율의 경우는 stage III-IV군에서 25.0% (8/32), 난관인자 군의 42.8% (24/56)로 통계학적인 유의성은 없었으나 (p=0.06, Chi-square test), 중등도 및 중증의 자궁내막증을 갖는 환자에서 임신율이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 결 론: 체외수정시술시 자궁내막증이 임신율에 나쁜 영향을 미치지 않지만, 중등도 및 중증의 자궁 내막증을 갖는 불임환자의 체외수정시술에서는 임신율에 나쁜 영향을 끼칠 가능성이 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2007

Objective: This study evaluated the pregnancy and implantation rates in fresh IVF-ET cycles or frozen-thawed ET (F-ET) cycles based on serum estradiol concentrations of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Methods: Clinical outcomes of 1,565 cycles of fresh IVF-ET with COH and 670 cycles of F-ET were retrospectively analyzed. Serum estradiol levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration were categorized into Group-A (1,000$\sim$2,000 pg/ml), Group-B (2,000$\sim$3,000 pg/ml), Group-C (3,000$\sim$4,000 pg/ml) and Group-D (> 4,000 pg/ml). Clinical pregnancy (CPR), implantation (IR) and delivery rates (DR) were compared among four groups subdivided into younger (< 35 years) and older ($\geq$ 35 years) women. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t-test and chi-square test. Results: Overall clinical outcomes with fresh IVF-ET and F-ET cycles were similar: 41.2% vs 44.8% of CPR, 18.8% vs 19.6% of JR, and 33.2% vs 34.5% of DR, respectively. There were no significant differences in the clinical outcomes of all four groups between fresh IVF-ET and F-ET cycles of younger women according to the estradiol levels. However, the clinical outcomes of F-ET cycles of older women in Group-D were significantly higher than those of fresh IVF-ET cycles (51.3% vs 25.0% of CPR*, 18.6% vs 9.9% of IR and 33.3% vs 19.4% of DR;* p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that supraphysiological levels of estradiol during COH in fresh IVF-ET cycles of older women ($\geq$ 35 years) may be detrimental to implantation environments of endometrium and clinical outcomes, which could be improved by F-ET cycles.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2010

Objectives: Likewise fresh cycle, it is also important to select right blastocysts for transfer in purpose of improving the pregnancy and implantation rates in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (ET) cycles. To investigate the relationship between the developmental velocity at the time of cryopreservation and pregnancy rates, we compared pregnancy rates between the day 5 cryopreservation group and the day 6 cryopreservation group. Methods: Transfers of frozen-thawed blastocysts which had been cryopreserved by vitrification on day 5 or day 6 were performed between January 2006 and June 2007. Ethylene glycol, DMSO, and pull and cut straws were used for vitrification and artificial shrinkage was done in expanded blastocysts. Thawing was performed on the day before transfer and thawed blastocysts were cultured in for 15~18 hrs in Quinn's blastocyct media. Blastocyst survival was assessed before transfer and post-thaw survival was defined as >50% of cells remaining intact and blastocoele re-expansion by the time of transfer. Results: Transfers of thawed blastocyst had been cryopreserved on day 5 were 52 cycles and 41 transfer cycles were cryopreserved on day 6. Patient characteristics, the number of transferred embryos and the survival rate of thawed blastocysts were not different in each cryopreservation day. But the biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, and implantation rate were significantly high in transfer of frozen-thawed blastocyst which were cryopreserved on day 5. Conclusions: The clinical pregnancy and implantation rate of day-5 blastocyst showed significantly higher than those of day-6 blastocyst in frozen-ET cycles. This result indicated that developmental rate of blastocyst at cryopreservation time in frozen-thawed cycle is discriminative marker of pregnancy outcome as like in fresh cycle.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 1996

Controlled Ovarian hyperstimulation(COH) is generally used to obtain synchronous high quality oocytes in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET). Many investigators have studied the relationship between serum hormone levels and outcomes of IVF-ET because there is no accurate estimation method of oocyte quality. Early premature luteinization of follicles before oocyte retrieval is the most troublesome problem in COH for IVF-ET. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists(GnRH-a) are used as adjuncts with gonadotropins for COH in patients undergoing in IVF. The possible benefits of GnRH-a pretreatment include improving oocyte quality, allowing a more synchronous cohort of follicles to be recruited, and preventing premature lueinization hormone surges. In COH of IVF cycles, we investigated whether an elevated progesterone(P4) level on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG) administration indicates premature luteinization and is associated with a lower fertilization rate. Many investigators have studied that the lower fertilization rates seen in patients with elevated P4 levels might result from an adverse effect of P4 on the oocytes. We hypothesizes that serum P4 levels around the day of hCG may be helpful prediction of out come in IVF-ET cycles. Success rates after COH of IVF-ET cycles are dependent upon many variable factors. Follicular factors including the number of follicles, follicular diameters and especially serum estradiol(E2) levels as an indirect measurement of follicular function and guality have been thought to influence the outcomes of IVF-ET. To assess whether serum P4 and E2 levels affect the fertilization and pregnancy rate, we reviewed the stimulation cycles of 113 patients (119 cycles) undergoing IVF-ET with short protocol with GnRH-a, from March 1993 to August 1994 retrospectively. The serum P4 and E2 levels were compared on the day of hCG in the pregnant group, 45 patients(47 cycles) and in the non-pregnant group, 68 patients (72 cycles) respectively. The serum E2 level in non-pregnant group was $1367{\pm}875.8$ pg/ml which was significantly lower than that of pregnant group, $1643{\pm}987.9$ pg/ml( p< 0.01 ). And the serum P4 level in non-pregnant group was $2.1{\pm}1.4$ ng/ml which was significantly higher than that of pregnant group, $1.0{\pm}0.7$ ng/ml( p< 0.001 ). The fertilization rate was $61.3{\pm}21.3%$ in pregnant group which was higher than that of non-pregnant group, $41.1{\pm}20.2%$ (p< 0.01). We suggest that the serum levels of P4 and E2 on the day of hCG administration are additional parameters that predict the outcomes of IVF-ET cycles.

• 월간낙농육우
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• v.27 no.9 s.305
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• pp.187-191
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• 2007

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.67.2-68
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• 1997

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.299-306
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• 2006

This study examined the effects of the in vitro produced (IVP) Hanwoo blastocyst stage (blastocyst, expanded blastocyst and hatched blastocyst), in vitro culture day (7, 8, and 9) and blastocyst grade (1, 2 and 3) on the pregnancy rate, gestation length, birth weight, the incidence of dystocia and twining rate after embryo transfer (ET). The pregnancy and abortion rates were significantly higher in the blastocyst (B) stage (64.4%) and in the hatched blastocyst (HB) stage (21.4%), respectively, than in those of the other developmental stages (p<0.05). The pregnancy rate of Day 7 embryos (49.0%) was significantly higher than those of Days 8 and 9 embryos (36.4 and 15.4%), but the abortion rates were similar (0 to 10.7%). There were no significant differences in the pregnancy (41.4 to 42.5%) and abortion (9.3 to 16.5%) rates among the three grades of embryos. There were no significant differences in gestation length, birth weight and the incidence of dystocia among the three development stages, but the twinning rate was significantly higher in the HB stage (p<0.05). The pregnancy rate, the incidence rate of dystocia and twinning rate were similar among the three different culture days, however birth weight was significantly heavier in calves from Day 9 embryos than in those from Days 7 and 8 embryos. The mean gestation length of grades 1 and 2 embryos (278.5 and 276.1 days) were significantly longer than that of grade 3 (p<0.05), but birth weight, the incidence of dystocia and twinning rate did not significantly differ. The mean gestation length in single calves was significantly longer than that in twin calves (278.5 vs. 272.5 days, p<0.05). In addition, the mean birth weight in single calves was significantly greater than that in twin calves (29.6 vs. 22.3 kg, p<0.05). Finally, the sex ratios and mean mortality rates between single and twin calves were similar.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2010

Objective: To compare the respective pregnancy outcomes of cycles undergoing elective two cleavage-stage embryos transfer (2ET) and three cleavage-stage embryos transfer (3ET) in fresh in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) program. Methods: We conducted a retrospective matched case control study that included 100 women with 2ET and 100 women with 3ET from January 2007 to June 2009. Subjects were matched for reproductive profiles and cycle characteristics. All of transferred embryos in both groups had good qualities. Pregnancy rates (PR), implantation rate, and multiple PR were compared. Results: Demographics, stimulation parameters and embryological data were comparable in both groups. Main pregnancy outcomes with 2ET and 3ET groups were not statistically different; implantation rate (41.0% vs. 35.3%), positive pregnancy rate (58.0% vs. 60.0%), clinical PR (55.0% vs. 59.0%), ongoing PR (51.0% vs. 55.0%), respectively. However, the 3ET group showed significantly higher multiple pregnancy and triplet pregnancy rates (30.9% vs. 50.8%, p=0.031; 1.8% vs. 11.9%, p=0.036, respectively). Conclusion: In women with favorable conditions and good quality embryos undergoing IVF, 2ET can get pregnancy outcomes comparable to those of 3ET and reduce multiple pregnancy (especially, triplet pregnancy).