• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 1989

To estimate the nutritional values and the optimum cooking method of the Cow's rumen-reticulum (tripe) which is a Korean traditional food, the nutrients of raw tissue of tripes, the changes in total N, ${\alpha}-amino$ N, calcium and phosphorus contents and nucleotides and their related compounds contents in soup stock prepared of tripe tissues according to various boiling time period with saucepot or pressure cooker and various ratios of the water to the tripe (wt/wt) were measured. No significant difference was observed in nutrients contents between rumen (1st stomach) and reticulum (2nd stomach) which contained 83% moisture, 0.4-0.5% ash, 3% fat, 13% protein, 50-56 mg% calcium, 75-76 mg% phosphorus. 75-77 mg% ${\alpha}-amino$ N on fresh weight basis. The results obtained show that the significant loss of nutrients observed after removing epitherial cell layer from tripe, and in aspect of the nutrients contents, the nucletides contents, and the sensory evaluation score in soup stock, the optimum cooking time period of tripe was 8 hours in boiling in saucepot and 1 or 2 hours in cooking in pressure cooker, and the ratio of the water to the tripe (wt/wt) was above ten.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.143-156
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• 2015

In order to understand the dynamic characteristics of water column environments in the Western Pacific seamount area (approximately $150.2^{\circ}E$, $20^{\circ}N$), we investigated the water mass and the behavior of water column parameters such as dissolved oxygen, inorganic nutrients (N, P), and chlorophyll-a. Physico-chemical properties of water column were obtained by CTD system at the nine stations which were selected along the east-west and south-north direction around the seamount (OSM14-2) in October 2014. From the temperature-salinity diagram, the main water masses were separated into North Pacific Tropical Water and Thermocline Water in the surface layer, North Pacific Intermediate Water in the intermediate layer, and North Pacific Deep Water in the bottom layer, respectively. Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ, mean $O_2$ $73.26{\mu}M$), known as dysoxic condition ($O_2<90{\mu}M$), was distributed in the depth range of 700~1,200 m throughout the study area. Inorganic nutrients typified by nitrite + nitrate and phosphate showed the lowest concentration in the surface mixed layer and then gradually increased downward with representing the maximum concentration in the OMZ, with lower N:P ratio (13.7), indicating that the nitrogen is regarded as limiting factor for primary production. Vertical distribution of water column parameters along the east-west and south-north station line around the seamount showed the effect of bottom water inflowing at around 500 m deep in the western and southern region, and concentrations of water column parameters in the bottom layer (below 2,500 m deep) of the western and southern region were differently distributed comparing to those of the other side regions (eastern and northern). The value of Excess N calculated from Redfield ratio (N:P=16:1) represented the negative value throughout the study area, which indicated the nitrogen sink dominant environments, and relative higher value of Excess N observed in the bottom layer of western and southern region. These observations suggest that the topographic features of a seamount influence the circulation of bottom current and its effects play a significant role in determining the behavior of water column environmental parameters.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-50
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• 1982

The objective of this paper is to review the changes in fertilizer use pattern and to discuss some aspects of the fertilizer development in Korea. Fertilizer consumption in Korea have steadily increased to triple the application rates of N, P and K during the 15 years from 1965 to 1980, and Korea became one of the countries which apply fertilizers at the highest rate. The ratio of N: $P_2O_5$: $K_2O$ in fertilizer consumption changed from 55.4 : 31.4 : 13.1 in 1965 to 54.0 : 23.8 : 22.2 in 1980. It can be said that Korean farmers practise a balanced fertilization at least in view of fertilizer consumption as compared to other developing countries. However, differences in soil properties, crops, and climate varying as region were not reflected on fertilization. In the technological development of fertilizer, the chemical form and composition of the fertilizer as well as the suitability to the specific crops must be taken into consideration for the efficient use of fertilizers. Although organic fertilizers and manure are accepted as minor element suppliers, it is necessary to add minor elements into chemical fertilizers on the industrial process. Industrial waste may be used for the agricultural production as a measure of pollution control providing careful study on the waste.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.27-33
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• 2012

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Environment, the emission of sewage sludge is increased by 7~9% yearly. In the future, it will be increased continuously because of extension of sewage disposal plants, high class treatment for removing nitrogen and phosphorus. Until now, we have depended on reclamation for lots of quantity and some part has been treated by ocean emission. But, direct reclamation of organic waste will be prohibited and even ocean emission will be prohibited now, so the treatment of sludge is put on emergency alert. Bio-gas can be produced by applying anaerobic digestion method for the recycling or refuse derived fuel can be conducted by applying carbonization method. However, the process is difficult, causes bad smell and makes it the second waste, so it cannot be practical method in fact. This study applied a fluidized bed combustor for sewage sludge treatment technologies that can actually take advantage of key technologies in order to verify its purpose is to demonstrate selected. If applying the fluidized bed combustor, it can be easily utilized as the replaced resource of energy(fuel) in the countries whose energy resources are insufficient, like our country. Especially, if applying only original strengths of the fluidized bed combustor sufficiently, the sewage sludge can be treated simply, eco-friendly, sanitarily and economically. Particularly, it is verified as the energy technology suitable for government's green growth policy.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.142-148
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• 2017

Nitrogen and phosphorus are key factors in causing eutrophication of water body. In this study, ceramics media was selected to increase the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus. We designed vertical, horizontal flow constructed wetlands to create aerobic and anaerobic flow conditions by using the media, then proceeded to performance evaluations after acrylic reactors were produced. In the case of vertical and horizontal flow constructed wetlands, we measured oxygen concentrations to evaluate aerobic and anaerobic conditions. we got the result of 2.7 mg/L in the aerobic condition, N.D in the anaerobic condition respectively, which suited our purpose. The result of the combined vertical and horizontal flow condition showed that the removal efficiency of SS was 94%, 91%, 61% at 140 min, 80 min, 60 min of running times, respectively, and the removal efficiency of T-P was 84%, 71%, 63% during each running time. In case of T-N, the removal efficiency was 63%, 49%, 42% during each running time. We found that the reactor exerted better removal efficiency when in the short time compared to 12 - 24 hr residence time of existing wetlands. In this study, we conducted experiments to explore functional effects after applying combined vertical and horizontal flow methods in the field. Further study will be carried out to identify its mechanism and administrative perspective.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2009

Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation (KOEM) has waste oil facilities in 13 ports to collect and treat waste oil, bilge, etc. from ships based upon the Marine Environment Management Act of Korea and MARPOL 73/78 convention. Those facilities were designed and have been operated simply to discharge water under the level 15 ppm of oil contents. However, bad smells occurred from rotten organic matters in waste water and direct discharge of harmful substances to receiving water caused civil appeals. Therefore, KOEM tried to develop new process for treatment of oily waste water from ships, which could mitigate harmful substances, save cost, calm down civil appeals and contribute to marine environment preservation. This process consists of 3 steps to remove oil contents via gravity variation at first, $O_3$ input to contact water and organism deposition by inputting condensate deposits. Then finally upper water will be discharged, and the deposited substances in the bottom will be compressed through spinning machine to transfer to the designated contractors for treatment of wastes. This is very effective and innovative in that it could reduce 3 or 4 steps compared with existing process and mitigate not only waste oil concentration but also hard resolving materials such as colloid, ABS, phosphorus, nitrogen and bad smells. This method is expected to minimize bad smells and harmful gases, to save more than 10% of maintenance cost, and to arrange the good base for garbage treatment business dealing with waste water and bad smell.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1087-1094
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• 2008

Diazinon is a phosphorothiate insecticide widely used in the world including Korea. This study investigates the feasibility of photolysis and photocatalysis processes for the degradation of diazinon in water. Both photolysis and photocatalysis reactiosn were effective in degrdading diazinon, however lower TOC removals were achieved. In case of photocatalysis, approximately 40% of nitrogen from diazinon was recovered as NO$_3^-$, and less than 5% of phosphorus as PO$_4{^{3-}}$. However, the sulfur in diazinon molecule was completely recovered to SO$_4{^{2-}}$ from photocatalysis reaction, and the recovery from photolysis was 50%, indicating that P=S bond easily breaks first during photolysis and photocatalysis. The poor recoveries of ionic byproducts and TOC from photolysis and photocatalysis indicate the presence of other organic intermediates during reactions. The formation of organic intermediates were identified during reactions using GC/MS and LC/MS/MS, and the main degradation products were diazoxon, and 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMP), respectively. Finally, the acute 48-hr toxicity test using Daphnia magna were employed to measure the toxicity reduction during photocatalysis of degradation. The results showed that the toxicity increased until 180 min of the photocatalysis reaction (from EC$_{50}$ (%) of 69.6 to 13.2%), however, acute toxicity completely disappeared (>100%) after 360 min. The toxicity results showed that the intermediates from photocatalysis such as diazoxon were more toxic than diazinon itself, however these intermediates can be degraded or mineralized with further reaction.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.57-66
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• 2000

OH radical and NO distributions have been measured in methane/air partially premixed counterflow flames(${\alpha}$=1.0, 0.8, 0.6) using PLIF technique. The results are discussed and compared with the numerical analysis results obtained under the same flame conditions. Measured OH and NO LIF signals agree with the computed concentration distributions. Both numerical and experimental results indicate that the structural change in a flame alters the NO formation characteristics of a partially premixed counterflow flame. The nitrogen dilution also changes flame structure, temperature and OH radical distributions and results in the decreased NO concentrations in a flame. The levels of decrease in NO concentrations, however, depends on the premixedness(${\alpha}$) of a flame. The larger change in the flame structure and NO concentrations have been observed in a premixed flame($\alpha$=1.0), which implies that the premixedness is likely to be a factor in the dilution effect on NO formation of a flame.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.170-180
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• 2017

The study used jet water flow, ultra-sonication and ozonation system units to investigate impact of the unit components on water quality of stagnant Yeo-cheon River reach, Korea. Samples were collected at six locations, before operation and after 1, 3 and 6 hrs of operation. By operating the water flow unit only, dissolved oxygen increased as high as 90% after 3 hr at 25 m downstream of the device and Chl-a was reduced by 80%. Incorporating sonication, greater than 80% of Chl-a was removed even at 100 m distance from the device. Besides, total dissolved phosphorus was reduced from an average value of $420({\pm}70){\mu}g/L$ before ultrasonic irradiation to $160({\pm}40){\mu}g/L$ after the treatment. Releasing ozone into the flow with sonication, Chl-a was considerably removed from the water column and ammonia nitrogen was also decreased to average value of $20{\mu}g/L$ from $60{\mu}g/L$. However, as only $3{\ast}10^{-3}mg/L$ of ozone was used for safety purpose and due to brief reaction time it takes, effect of integrating ozone to the system covered limited area. Generally, combining sonication to jet flow is promising in preventing algal bloom formation since it has effectively removed Chl-a from the water column.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.727-735
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• 2007

The use of water by cities is increasing owing to industrialization, the concentration of population, and the enhancement of the standard of living. Accordingly, the amount of waste water is also increasing, and the degree of pollution of the water system is rising. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to remove organisms and suspended particles as well as the products of eutrophication such as nitrates and phosphates. This study developed a high-end treatment engineering solution with maximum efficiency and lower costs by researching and developing a advanced treatment engineering solution with the use of Biosorption. As a result, the study conducted a test with a $50m^3/day$ Pilot Scale Plant by developing treatment engineering so that only the secondary treatment satisfies the standard of water quality and which provided optimal treatment efficiency along with convenient maintenance and management. The removal of organisms, which has to be pursued first for realizing nitrification during the test period, was made in such a way that there would be no oxidation by microorganisms in the reactor while preparing oxygen as an inhibitor for the growth of microorganism in the course of moving toward the primary settling pond. The study introduced microorganisms in the endogeneous respiration stage to perform adhesion, absorption, and filtering by bringing them into contact with the inflowing water with the use of a sludge returning from the secondary settling pond. Also a test was conducted to determine how effective the microorganisms are as an inner source of carbon. The HRT(Hydraulic Retention Time) in the nitrification tank (aerobic tank) could be reduced to two hours or below, and the stable treatment efficiency of the process using the organisms absorbed in the NAR reactor as a source of carbon could be proven. Also, given that the anaerobic condition of the pre-treatment tank becomes basic in the area of phosphate discharge, it was found that there was excellent efficiency for the removal of phosphate when the pre-treatment tank induced the discharge of phosphate and the polishing reactor induced the uptake of phosphate. The removal efficiency was shown to be about 94.4% for $BOD_5$. 90.7% for $COD_{Cr}$ 84.3% for $COD_{Mn}$, 96.0% for SS, 77.3% for TN, and 96.0% for TP.