• Proceedings of the Costume Culture Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.47-47
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• 2003

본 연구의 목적은 중국의 북경과 상해에 거주하는 성인 여성의 체형을 각 거주 지역(북경ㆍ상해)의 연령대(20대, 30대, 40대)별 신체적 특성을 파악하는 것이다. 연구문제는 다음과 같다. 1. 중국 성인 여성의 각 거주 지역의 연령대별 신체 계측치를 비교한다. 2. 중국 성인 여성의 각 거주 지역의 연령대별 요인점수를 비교한다. 3. 중국 성인 여성의 각 거주 지역의 연령대별 유형의 분포 경향을 파악한다. 연구 방법은 중국 북경과 상해에 거주하는 20세에서 49세 성인 여성 578명을 대상으로 인체 계측하였다. (중략)

• Computational Structural Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.12-21
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• 1997

차량충돌에 대하여 운전자의 안전확보를 위하여 새로 개발한 철재 중앙분리대에 대한 안전성 분석을 위하여 인체모형을 탑재한 실물차량 충돌실험을 실시하였다. 인체모형의 두부와 흉부, 대퇴부 및 차량의 무게중심점에서 가속도와 충격하중을 계측하여 철재 중앙분리대 방호울타리에 차량충돌시 운전자의 안전성을 검증한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 1) 철재 중앙분리대 방호울타리는 콘크리트 중앙분리대 방호울타리에 비해 운전자의 신체 상해치와 차량파괴 등에 있어서 뛰어난 충격흡수성능을 보여주었다. 2) 철재 중앙분리대 방호울타리는 콘크리트 중앙분리대 방호울타리의 경우 빈번히 발생하는 차량전복과 같은 2차사고의 유발 가능성이 전혀 없는 구조적 안정성을 보여주었다. 3) 경량의 차량충돌에 대하여 자체 탄성영역내에서 충격을 흡수하여 유지보수 측면에서 유리함을 나타냈다. 4) 충돌 수 충돌차량에 대한 차량유도성능이 뛰어났으며, 차량의 충돌후 이탈각도는 충돌각도의 60% 이내로 나타났다. 5) 철재 중앙분리대 방호울타리로부터 분리된 파편이 거의 없어 도로소통에 지장을 초래하지 않는다.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.239-247
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• 2015

Recently, various research studies on frontal collision and rear-ender which occur more frequently compared to others are underway as the public interest on them is growing. This study analyzes scientifically the relationship between effective impact speed and injury incidence for vehicle crash accident reconstruction and presents a relevant model formula. Because real vehicle experiments have certain limitations such as possible injuries, this study efforts to collect and analyze as many materials as possible to substitute real vehicle experiments, including data from various collision tests and human experiments. As a result, this study present a threshold in which head-on collisions and rear impacts do not cause injuries under 7 km/h of effective impact speed, and suggests a model formula showing that injury extent is linearly proportional to effective impact speed through collision speed and amount of plastic deformation. In conclusion, a model formula for estimating effective impact speed and injury incidence newly proposed in this study is expected to be used as a minimum standard of judgment in disputes on the injury extent of passenger in head-on collisions and rear impacts. Furthermore its availability in terms of technological analysis in legal arguments is expected to be very high if this study will be enhanced by referring to scientific analyses of various real accidents so as to apply it in various types of collision accidents.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2015

NCAP(New Car Assessment Program) makes vehicle manufacturer improve safety performance through free competition and customers guarantee vehicle selection by providing information of vehicle safety. That's why it is important not only to meet the regulation, but also to cope with NCAP. EuroNCAP(European New Car Assessment Program) side tests have conducted by using Progressive MDB and Euro SID II in order to reproduce crash test between two vehicles over 10 years. However various researches report that Progressive MDB and Euro SID II do not reflect evolving vehicle design, impact performance and biofidelity of human. Therefore EuroNCAP has the plan to conduct AE-MDB side crash test using WorldSID which is more evolved from 2015 by replacing Progressive MDB and EuroSID II. Automobile manufacturers need to develop safety performance for new test closely. This paper is to find test set-up parameters which affect into dummy injury instead of restraint system and to research on its tendency. It is processed with mini and small car to know influence as changing vehicle size and also analyzed by DFSS(Design for six sigma) which is one of optimization tools. DFSS is vaildated by simulating CAE with L18 orthogonal array of 6 control factors adjustable as EuroNCAP requirement.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2014

A wheeled armored vehicle is a military vehicle that has been developed to enhance combat capabilities and mobility for the army. The wheeled armored vehicle has a high center of gravity, and it operates on unpaved and sloped roads. Therefore, this vehicle has a high risk of rollover crashes. To design the interior of the military vehicle, the crew's safety during rollover crashes is an important factor. However, actual vehicle tests for design are extremely expensive. In this paper, nonlinear dynamic analysis is performed to simulate the rollover crashes and the passenger injury is assessed for a wheeled armored vehicle. The scope of this research is the rollover condition, FE modeling of the wheeled armored vehicle and the dummy, arrangement of dummies, assessment of passenger injuries, and simulation model for rollover crashes.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.226-232
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• 2000

This paper develops a finite element model for studying the crashworthiness analysis of a mid-size truck. A simulation for a truck frontal crash to a rigid barrier using the model is performed with PAM-CRASH installed in super computer SP2. Full vehicle model is composed of 86467 shell elements, 165 beam elements and 98 bar elements, and 86769 nodes. The model uses four material model such as elastic, elastic-plastic(steel), rigid and elastic-plastic(rubber) material model which are in PAM-CRASH. Frame and suspension system are modeled with 28774 shell elements and 31412 nodes. Cab is modeled with 34680 shell elements and 57 beam elements, and 36254 nodes. Bumper is modeled with 2262 shell elements, and 2508 nodes. Axle, steering shaft, etc are modeled using beam or bar elements. Mounting parts are modeled using rigid bodies. Bodies are interconnected using nodal constrains or joint options. To verify the developed model, frontal crash test with 30mph velocity to a rigid barrier is carried out. In the crash test, vehicle pulse at lower part of b-pillar is measured, and deformed shapes of frame and driver seat area are photographed. Those measured vehicle pulse and photographed pictures are compared those from the simulation to verify the developed finite element model.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2003

In this study, for a safetv assessment of light weight wheelchair occupant in frontal crash, we tested a dynamic sled impact test. we carried out total 6 times test and impact speed was 20g/48 km/h. By using Hybrid III 50%ile male dummy, head injury criteria(HIC), neck flexion moment, neck axial tension force, neck shear force. chest acceleration, head, wheelchair and knee excursion were measured, we evaluated light weight wheelchair occupant safety by motion criteria(MC) which proposed in SAE J2249 and combined injury criteria(CIC) which is a voluntary standard(GM-IARV) of General Motors Co.. when we assumed that the maximum injury value in frontal crash was 100%, the result of motion criteria(MC) of wheelchair occupant was 52%, occupant upper body injury index(CIC) was 60.1%.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2016

The Child Occupant Safety Assessment was first introduced and carried out by Euro NCAP in 2003, with the goal of ensuring manufacturers to develop safe vehicles for passengers of all ages; the objective was to evaluate the safety and protection offered by different Child Restraint Systems (CRS) in the event of a crash. In 2013, the formerly used P child dummy series was replaced by newer and more biofidelic Q1.5 and Q3 child dummies, representing 1.5 and 3 year old children respectively. The frontal and side impact dynamic performances of the Q1.5 and Q3 were tested within all classes of vehicles assessed by Euro NCAP at the time. As an extension to that initiative, Q6 and Q10 child dummies were later developed representing children of 6 and 10 years old. Since the protection of larger children during vehicle crashes relies greatly on the interaction of vehicle restraint systems such as seat belt and the CRS, instrumented Q6 and Q10 dummies will be used to assess the protection offered in the event of front and side impact crashes. In this paper, we focused on injury criteria of Q6 and Q10 child dummies at 64 kph 40% offset frontal crash test. The whole procedure was designed with DFSS analysis. The full vehicle sled test results of both dummies were conducted with different restraint systems settled through previous sled test. It showed that several injury criteria and image data were collected as the result of the full vehicle sled test. Based on the results of these investigations, this paper describes which factor is most important and combination shows the best performance when evaluating rear seat occupant protection for Q6 and Q10 child dummies.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.7-13
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• 2015

Occupant protection performance in frontal crashes has been developed and assessed for mainly front seat occupants over many years, and in recent years protection of rear seat occupants has also been extensively discussed. Unlike the front seats, the rear seats are often occupied by children seated in rear-facing or forward - facing child restraint systems, or booster seats. In the ENCAP, child occupant protection assessments using 18-month-old(P1.5) and 3-year-old(P3) test dummies in the rear seat have already been changed to new type of 18-month-old (Q1.5)and 3-year-old(Q3) test dummies. In addition, ENCAP are scheduled with the development and introduction of test dummies of 6-year-old (Q6) and 10.5-year-old children(Q10) starting 2016. In KNCAP, Q6 and Q10 child dummies will be introduced in 2017 as well. Automobile manufacturers need to develop safety performance for new child dummies closely. In this paper, we focused on Q6 and Q10 child dummies sitting in child restraint system. Offset frontal crash tests were conducted using two types of test dummies, Q6 and Q10 child dummies, positioned in the rear seat. Q6 and Q10 were used to compare dummy kinematics in rear seating positions between Q6 behind the driver's seat and Q10 behind the front passenger's seat. The full vehicle sled test results of both dummies were conducted with different restraint systems. It showed that several injury and image data was collected as the result of the full vehicle sled test. Based on the results of these investigations, this paper describes which factor is most important and combination is the best performance when evaluating rear seat occupant protection for Q6 and Q10 child dummies.

• Journal of the KSME
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.691-697
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• 1995

인체 머리부분의 충격력이 가했을 때 어떠한 상해가 발생할 것인가에 대하여 수치해석적인 접 근을 시도하였다. 복잡한 생체구조의 단순화, 비선형적인 재료 특성으로 인하여 해석 결과는 정 량적인 정확성보다 정성적인 경향성에 보다 큰 의미가 있다고 할 수 있으며, 앞으로 개선할 여 지가 많다고 할 수 있다. 또 의학적인 부분에 관한 기초지식이 필요하기 때문에 의학계의 조건 또는 의학계와의 공동 연구가 요망된다고 하겠다. 해석 결돠의 검증은 과거에는 주로 사체 및 동물 심험에 의하여 행해졌으나 현재에는 사체 실함이 금지되어 있고, 동물(원숭이, 개, 돼지 등 )을 이용한 실험도 동물 보호단체의 반발로 여의치 않은 형편이다. 현재는 교통사고 등에서의 사체 부검 및 사고 상황의 역추적에 의해 생체 실함을 대신할 데이터가 마련되고 있으나, 정확한 사고 상황을 파악하는 것 자체가 또한 어려운 작업이다. 그래서 각 나라에서 일부분씩 가지고 있는 생체에 대한 데이터를 모아 전세계적인 데이터 베이스를 만들어 공유하려는 작업이 진행 되고 있다. 이렇게 실험이 불가능하거나 어려운 상황하에서는 수치 시뮬레이션이 주요한 해석 수단이 될 수 있을 것이라 생각된다.