• Digital Contents
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• no.6 s.85
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• pp.58-61
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• 2000

최근 들어 벤처 기업들 간의 손잡기가 눈에 띄게 늘고 있다. 이는 굳이 합병이나 인수의 형태가 아니라도 업무 제휴 기술제휴, 공동개발, 공동 출자등 다양한 형태로 나타나고 있다. 이것은 비단 우리나라만의 현상이 아니다. 미국 또한 이미 수년 전부터 벤처기업들 간의 인수 합병이 있어왔고 현재까지 이어지고 있다. 우리나라의 경우 아직도 두렷한 인수나 합병은 나타나지 않고 있다. 이것은 여러가지 측면에서 분석이 가능하다.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.49-63
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of the collective characteristics of SMEs on M&A activity on the disclosure effect of mergers and long-term business performance after mergers. From 2000 to 2012, we examine 717 cases of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) using multiple regression analysis and difference analysis. The results of this study are as follows. First, it is confirmed that the effect on the merger announcement effect is the same as the previous study on the Korean capital market listed companies except for the effect of diversification, listing effect, and cross-border effect. In addition, we have found that firms with higher performance in the past have higher excess returns in the disclosure effect of mergers and acquisitions. Second, unlike the previous studies that non-related mergers have a positive effect on long-term operating performance, for the characteristics of SMEs with lower market competitiveness than that of average listed companies, SMEs merging with same industry group companies have a positive effect on long-term operating performance. This study provides a new perspective on the merger and acquisition of SMEs by examining the effects of M&A announcement and long-term performance.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.123-138
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• 2016

This study investigates intents of acquisitions in information technology industries. Mergers and acquisitions are a strategic decision at corporate-level and have been an important tool for a firm to grow. Plenty of firms in information technology industries have acquired startups to increase production efficiency, expand customer base, or improve quality over the last decades. For example, Google has made about 200 acquisitions since 2001, Cisco has acquired about 210 firms since 1993, Oracle has made about 125 acquisitions since 1994, and Microsoft has acquired about 200 firms since 1987. Although there have been many existing papers that theoretically study intents or motivations of acquisitions, there are limited papers that empirically investigate them mainly because it is challenging to measure and quantify intents of M&As. This study examines the intent of acquisitions by measuring specific intents for M&A transactions. Using our measures of acquisition intents, we compare the intents by four acquisition types: (1) the acquisition where a hardware firm acquires a hardware firm, (2) the acquisition where a hardware firm acquires a software/IT service firm, (3) the acquisition where a software/IT service firm acquires a hardware firm, and (4) the acquisition where a software /IT service firm acquires a software/IT service firm. We presume that there are difference in reasons why a hardware firm acquires another hardware firm, why a hardware firm acquires a software firm, why a software/IT service firm acquires a hardware firm, and why a software/IT service firm acquires another software/IT service firm. Using data of the M&As in US IT industries, we identified major intents of the M&As. The acquisition intents are identified based on the press release of M&A announcements and measured with four categories. First, an acquirer may have intents of cost saving in operations by sharing common resources between the acquirer and the target. The cost saving can accrue from economies of scope and scale. Second, an acquirer may have intents of product enhancement/development. Knowledge and skills transferred from the target may enable the acquirer to enhance the product quality or to expand product lines. Third, an acquirer may have intents of gain additional customer base to expand the market, to penetrate the market, or to enter a foreign market. Fourth, a firm may acquire a target with intents of expanding customer channels. By complementing existing channel to the customer, the firm can increase its revenue. Our results show that acquirers have had intents of cost saving more in acquisitions between hardware companies than in acquisitions between software companies. Hardware firms are more likely to acquire with intents of product enhancement or development than software firms. Overall, the intent of product enhancement/development is the most frequent intent in all of the four acquisition types, and the intent of customer base expansion is the second. We also analyze our data with the classification of production-side intents and customer-side intents, which is based on activities of the value chain of a firm. Intents of cost saving operations and those of product enhancement/development can be viewed as production-side intents and intents of customer base expansion and those of expanding customer channels can be viewed as customer-side intents. Our analysis shows that the ratio between the number of customer-side intents and that of production-side intents is higher in acquisitions where a software firm is an acquirer than in the acquisitions where a hardware firm is an acquirer. This study can contribute to IS literature. First, this study provides insights in understanding M&As in IT industries by answering for question of why an IT firm intends to another IT firm. Second, this study also provides distribution of acquisition intents for acquisition types.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.191-213
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• 2008

This study tests and reconfirms the wealth transfer of mergers and acquisitions(M&As) by examining the changes in and the relationship between shareholder and bondholder wealth after the announcements of M&As for the publicly listed firms in Korea Stock Exchange and KOSDAQ market during $1999{\sim}2006$. The change in shareholder wealth is measured by the Cumulative Abnormal Return(CAR) at the M&A announcements, and the change in bondholder wealth is calculated using the Yield Spread Change(YSC) and the change in acquiring firms' credit ratings. The empirical tests show that the CAR of 344 sample acquiring firms at the announcement is 3.59%, which confirms results of the prior research on M&As in Korean market. The average YSC for 35 sample acquiring firms between $2001{\sim}2006$ proves to be negative when we use the yield spread of firms with comparable credit ratings as a benchmark, which means that the acquiring firms' bondholders gain with the announcements of M&As. We find the same result using another benchmark-the yield spread of government bonds. The improvement in the acquiring firms' credit ratings one year after the M&As also indicates that the M&As, on average, increase bondholder wealth. Our test results are consistent with those of the existing studies on the effect of bondholder wealth after the M&As in the United States, which shows that the bondholder wealth increases after the M&As. We do not find the evidence that there is a wealth transfer from the acquiring firms' bondholders to the shareholders after the M&A announcements. Rather, this study confirms that the wealth of the acquiring firms' bondholders increases in the M&As in Korea.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.85-97
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• 2015

This study examined the effects of outside directors and CEO duality on acquisition strategies and performance of Korean firms in high-technology industry. Based on the resource dependence theory, we focused on the service and resource-dependence roles from board of directors in the process of decision-making of acquisition strategies. In addition, CEO opportunism behavior rises when CEO serves as chairperson of board and induces the negative effects on acquisition performance. Specifically, we investigated the interaction effects between outside directors ratio and CEO duality. For the period of 2004 to 2012, 246 acquisitions of Korean firms in high-technology industry were analyzed to test our intended hypotheses. Our results indicate that there exist positive relationship between outside director ratio and acquisition performance for Korean high-technology firms. Negative associations prevail between CEO duality and performance consequences of acquisitions. While outside director ratio has a positive effect on acquisition performance when there is a presence of CEO duality, negative effect prevail for outside director ratio on acquisition performance in the absence of CEO duality position to hold our interaction hypothesis. The favor of dual structure can be explained with implications referring to unity of command and strong leadership driven from CEO duality that enhances the resource dependence roles of board of directors in the context of high-technology industry acquisition behaviors rendered by Korean firms.

• 한국IT서비스학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.14-17
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• 2002

1997년의 외환위기를 계기로 국내 금융산업에 본격 적용된 구조조정은 자산부채인수 (P&A, Purchase & Assum ptions), 합병인수 (M&A， Merger & Acquisition), 금융지주회사라는 방법을 통하여 시행되었다. 자산부채인수방식은 구조조정 초기 5개은행, 금융지주회사 방식은 정부주도하의 우리금융지주회사와 순수민간에 의한 신한금융지주회사, 합병인수방식은 최근의 우량은행간 합병으로 대형화 및 겸업화를 도모한 국민 ${\cdot}$ 주택은행이 있다. 이러한 과정에 필수적으로 수반되는 가치평가의 항목에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

In this study, we investigate the announcement effects of M&As with a start-up as a target firm on shareholder wealth of an acquiring firm. We use M&A events in KOSPI or KOSDAQ market between 2002 and 2014 after the financial crisis. Among the total 1436 mergers and acquisitions that took place domestically during this period, 1383 cases were selected as cases to be studied, excluding 53 cases where acquiring firms were unlisted firms. The results of the analysis are as follows: First, as a result of a comparison between the acquiring firms' CARs of the whole sample group(n=1383) occurred during the (-2, +1), (-5, +2), (-10, +5) periods of M&A announcement date(t=0) and the sub-sample group(n=468) where the target firms are start-ups which were established within five years, the acquiring firms of the whole sample group do not show significat CARs, while the acquiring firms of the sub-sample group show the significantly positive CARs. This suggests that M&A with start-ups have a positive effect on firm value of acquiring firms. Second, when merging unlisted start-ups, the acquiring firms show positive CARs, showing that there exists a listing effect in the merger of start-up. Third, merging the start-ups belonging to the high-tech industry shows the higher CARs than the case of merging the start-ups belonging to the non-high-tech industry. This study has great significance as the first in Korea to investigate the effect of M&A announcement with a start-up.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.79-98
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• 2016

A large number of Chinese enterprises have grown up and become increasingly competitive. Chinese firms have ventured abroad to search for new sources of growth. Overseas mergers and acquisitions of Chinese companies has been developed rapidly through extensive opening policy and active support system by government. The main purpose of this study is to identify the factors that affect the outcomes of overseas mergers and acquisitions made by Chinese firms in recent years, particularly, financial performance of the acquiring firms. This study aims to analyze systematically financial performance and its determinants of Chinese overseas M&A in recent years. This study chooses a sample of 167 overseas mergers and acquisitions in the manufacturing industry in China and the relevant data were collected during the period 2006 to 2012. The data were analyzed by using a multiple regression analysis to identify determinants of corporate performance. We showed that cultural distance, past performance, state ownership, and interaction between cultural distance and past performance. Findings of this study can provide useful guidance to outward Chinese M&A in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1151-1156
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• 2011

Leveraged buyouts (LBO) means the acquisition of a company using bonds and loans. There are the prolific volumes of LBO transactions in the international M&A markets, and its influence to the financial market is increasingly huge. However, there are very few LBO transaction in the domestic M&A market and there are also few researches in this field due to the private nature of LBO transactions. Once a company is privatized through a LBO transaction, it is not so long before it is relisted on the stock exchange or it is resold to a third-party investor. In order to repay the borrowed money, an LBO investor may decide to end a company's private status through an exit via an initial public offering (IPO) or a takeover. In this paper, we expand Kaplan's study on the organizational status of post leveraged buyout (LBO) transaction. We find that there is a significant change starting 1986. Most notably, fewer LBOs remain private, the median holding period of the LBO was cut in half to 3.2 years and of those that exit, IPO exits had significantly shorter holding periods. Regression analysis shows that good market conditions lengthen the holding period of a LBO investment whereas the size of the transaction shortens it.

• Venture DIGEST
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• no.2 s.127
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• pp.34-35
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• 2009

M&A 과정을 크게 둘로 구분하다면 하나는 M&A 계약 자체의 성사에 이르는 '딜메이킹(Deal Making)' 과정과 다른 하나는 'PMI(Post-Merger Integration)', 즉 인수 후 통합과정이다. 많은 기업들이 성공적인 M&A를 위해 기업가치평가, 실사, 계약서 등에 명시돼야 할 권리 및 의무관계, 인수가격 결정을 위한 협상 등에 온 힘을 기울이게 된다. 하니만 인수 합병을 단행한다고 해서 모든 기업이 주주가치 창출이나 경쟁력 향상과 같은 시너지 효과를 누리지는 못한다. 인수 합병 후에 일어나는 통합의 문제는 그 복잡합이나 조직에 미치는 영향력에 있어 더 많은 주의와 노력을 요한다.