• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.475-482
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate mean plantar foot pressure, maximum plantar pressure and ground reaction force, and center migration path of pressure according to the type of trekking shoes for the development of shoes. Method : Subjects of the study averaged $22.10{\pm}2.05years$ of age. Their average height was $169.27{\pm}7.62cm$ and their average weight was $64.34{\pm}10.22kg$. The method of this study was administered measuring 50 steps, at once, 3 times at a speed of 4 km/h and using the data of 30 steps. Pedar-X system measured the mean foot pressure, maximum foot pressure, mean maximum force, and center migration path of pressure by subjects' position while walking. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 23.0 using a paired t-test. Results : Results of the study showed Nestfit trekking shoes lower foot pressure of both feet in mean foot pressure and maximum foot pressure. Nestfit trekking shoes showed high ground reaction force (p<.001) in the midfoot, and low mean ground reaction force in the rearfoot. The center migration path of pressure showed the Nestfit trekking shoes were more stable than flat insole trekking shoes. Conclusion : It can be concluded that wearing Nestfit trekking shoes spreads pressure efficiently and induces walking stability because Nestfit trekking shoes spread the pressure of the forefoot and rearfoot to the midfoot and the center migration path of pressure shows regularly.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.231-241
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution of foot pressure generated by active materials of a functional insole. Comfort is an important consideration while selectingfootwear and insoles. Consequently, it has an influence on injury. The development of new materials for functional insoles is considered one of the more important points for their manufacture. The method adopted in this study is as follows. First, ten healthy males were selected as subjects for the study. Each subject's foof was pre-screened podoscope(Alfoots, Korea) to check for the presence of any foot abnormalities, Two kinds of equipment were used for the study: a foot pressure device from Pedar-X, Germany, and a treadmill from Pulsefitness, UK. Next, each subject was asked to test four types of insoles(insoles of outdoor shoes, indoor shoes, walking shoes, and sports shoes) via walking trials on the treadmill at a constant speed of 4.2 km/h. The pressure distribution data(contact area, maximum force, maximum peak pressure, and maximum mean pressure) was collected using the pressure device at a sampling rate of 100 Hz. Results of the tests showed that all four types of functional insoles increased contact areas whit the foot. Further, functional insoles of walking shoes and sport shoes decreased the foot pressure. From these results, we conclude that the active materials of functional insoles of shoes can increase the contact area and provide greater comfort.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2008

This study was performed to compare the kinematics among three different safety shoes(type 1: ergonomically designed and high quality shoes, 2: curved and cushioned safety shoes, and 3: regular safety shoes) and to find the effect of insole during walking. Ten healthy subjects were recruited for this study. The range of motion of knee and ankle joint, angle of rear foot and angle of heel contact were measured using a three dimensional motion analysis system. In the second peak, the angle of heel contact showed statistically significant difference between safety shoes and insole, however, there was no statistical significance among three different safety shoes. The angle of ankle increased significantly at initial contact, first peak, the second peak and the toe off phase compared with type 1 and 2 safety shoes, and the angle of ankle showed statistically significant difference between with and without applying the insole. During the first peak, the second peak and the toe off phase, the angle of knee was statistical significance between safety shoes and insole. In heel contact, the angles of Achilles' tendon showed statistically significant difference between safety shoes and insole. The rear foot angles showed statistically significant difference between safety shoes and insole during heel contact and early heel contact. These results suggest that the type 1 safety shoes were superior to others in the statistics, and applying insole could be a possible method to prevent fatigue of lower extremity and musculoskeletal disorders. Further studies are needed to find the effect of ergonomically designed safety shoes and insole on practical value in prevention of musculoskeletal disorder, fatigue and satisfaction of workers.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.111-116
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• 2020

Recently, many safety accidents involving children shuttle buses take place. Without a teacher for help, a safety accident occurs when the driver can't see a child who is getting off in the blind spot of both frontside and backside. A deep learning-based smart mirror allows user authentication and provides various services. Especially, It can be a role of helper for children, and prevent accidents that can occur when drivers or assistant teachers do not see them. User authentication is carried out with children's face registered in advance. Safety accidents can be prevented by an approximate sensor and a camera in frontside and backside of the bus. This study suggests a way of checking out whether children are missed in the process of getting in and out of the bus, designs a system that reduce blind spots in the front and back of the vehicle, and builds a safety system that provide various services using GPS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.471-480
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• 2012

PURPOSE: The object of the present study is to investigate the effects of the insole supporting medial longitudinal arch while walking in spastic cerebral palsy with pes planus. METHODS: Ten spastic bilateral cerebral palsy children with pes planus participated in this study. The insole were custom-made for the individual child. Muscle activity was measured by surface EMGs attached on tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GA), vastus medialis oblique (VMO), biceps femoris long head (BF). temporal-spatial parameters such as velocity, step length, stride length, stance time, toe angle were collected while the subjects walked on the GAITRite system. RESULTS: The results of the present study were summarized as follows: 1. Muscle activities in mean EMGs while walking: Left VMO, Right TA, Left BF and GA revealed significant reductions after applying insole. 2. Muscle activities in peak EMGs while walking: Left TA and BF demonstrated reductions significantly after applying insole. 3. There were improvements in temporal-spatial gait parameters with insole: velocity, both step length, Right stride length and Right toe angle were increased(p<.05). CONCLUSION: Therefore the current study demonstrated that insole supporting the medial longitudinal arch would be effective on gait of the spastic cerebral palsy with pes planus.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.27-34
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of wedged insole and foot progression angle (FPG) on lateral thrust of knee in healthy subjects. Fifteen healthy male subjects were recruited from Suncheon First College, in Suncheon. The subjects randomly walked at the comfortable velocity under five conditions: bare footed, medio-lateral $10^{\circ}$ wedged insoles, toe-in and toe-out gait. The lateral thrust was measured by a accelerometer with telemeter during walking. Data was collected while each subject walked for about 10 gait cycle on a flat, level walkway at their normal speed. The middle three gait cycle were used for averaged peak value of lateral acceleration. The three averaged peak value of lateral acceleration were collected under each condition at heel strike. The results showed that averaged peak value of lateral acceleration increased significantly in medial wedged insole and toe-in gait and decreased significantly in lateral wedged insole and toe-out gait as compared with bare footed (p<.05). These results suggest that wedged insole as well as walking strategy, such as foot progression angle, may prevent progression of degenerative knee osteoarthritis.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.17-25
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of applied insole types to lower extremities muscle fatigue during treadmill exercise. The control group and each different insole type group consisted of ten healthy male subjects. In the control group and each different insole type (soft type; 10 shore, semi-rigid type; 33 shore, rigid type; 50 shore) treadmill exercise was performed in twenty-five minutes. The electromyography (EMG) signals of four muscle (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris) were recording at sampling rate of 1024 Hz during treadmill exercise. The localized muscle fatigue (LMF) can be investigated using power spectral analysis. When did data analysis that excepted initial five minutes. The raw EMG signals was processed using the fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) and the median power frequency value was determined in initial ten second period and in last ten second period. Fatigue index was calculated and collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS version 10.0 two-way using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures ($4{\times}4$) was used to determine the main effect and interaction. Post hoc was performed with least significant difference. A level of significance was .05. Muscles fatigue index were significantly decreased in insole types (p<.05) and not significantly different in muscle (p>.05). Post hoc analysis shows that fatigue index in soft insole type, semi-rigid insole type and rigid insole type were lower than that control group (p=.028, p=.146, p=.095). There were no interaction between insole type and muscles (p>.05). The finding of this study can be used as a fundamental data when insole is applied and insole can be used to decreased of a fatigue during the dynamic exercise.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2012

The ankle over-pronation causes the mechanical overloading transferred to proximal areas (i.e. knees or hips) over time. Thus, the over-pronation is recognized as a contributory factor in a wide variety of musculo-skeletal pathologies in lower extremities. Commonly, over-pronated ankles are treated using specially designed insoles that support medial heels and correct the posture of lower limbs. However, the biomechanical effects of the insoles are not yet fully understood, so there still are controversies whether such insoles really have clinical significance. In this study, in order to verify the effects of insoles and determine the best shape of the insoles, we examined how the medio-lateral knee joint reaction force changes due to insole conditions through a case study about a subject. As a result, it is revealed that the medial heel post, which drastically reduced the peak medio-lateral knee joint reaction force, has significant effects on the gait of the over-pronated patients. However, in case that the arch support is combined together, the positive effect of the medial heel post may rather decrease.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.80-90
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• 2013

Recently, functional insoles of wedge-type it is for the young to raise their height inserted between insole and heel cause foot pain and disease. Additionally, these have a problem with stability and excessively load-bearing during gait like high-heel shoes. In this study, we compared the changes in biomechanical characteristics of foot with different insole thickness then we will utilize for the development of the insole with the purpose of relieving the pain and disease. Subjects(male, n = 6) measured COP(center of pressure) and PCP(peak contact pressure) on the treadmill(140cm/s) using F-scan system and different insole thickness(0~50 mm) between sole and plantar surface during gait. Also, we computed changes of stresses at the foot using finite element model with various insole thickness during toe-off phase. COP moved anterior and medial direction and, PCP was increased at medial forefoot surface, $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ metatarsophalangeal, ($9%{\uparrow}$) with thicker insoles and it was show sensitive increment as the insole thickness was increased from 40 mm to 50 mm. Change of the stress at the soft-tissue of plantar surface, $1^{st}$ metatarsal head represents rapid growth($36%{\uparrow}$). Also, lateral moments were increased over the 100% near the $1^{st}$ metatarsal as the insole thickness was increased from 0 mm to 30 mm. And it is show sensitive increment as the insole thickness changed 10 mm to 20 mm. As a result, it was expected that use of excessively thick insoles might cause unwanted foot pain at the forefoot region. Therefore, insole thickness under 30 mm was selected.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2014

The body to achieve an interaction that are connected to each other. Foot of which plays an important role in motor activity. Insole that has been recently used, have a dynamic functional elements. In particular, support of Arch plays a very important role in terms of a motor function of the human body as a whole. It is possible to predict the proper support Arch with insole, the overall structure of the body there can affect the balance. In this study, by applying the insole which supports the Longitudinal arch and Transverse arch, you are trying to assess the interaction of balance and the body's ability. To target the 20 there is no problem in the sense of balance, college student, and changes were observed by measuring the Center of Position area and distance through the Biorescue device worn before and after led by Arch support. As a result, I showed improved results significantly discount rate after wearing in the Center of Position area and distance to assess the balance ability. Therefore, the correction insole function is to support the Longitudinal arch and Transverse arch to an important role in the foot. It may be that it has a functional element for improving the balance of the function of preventing collapse of the arch during walking, to disperse the weight of the entire foot, us reduce fatigue in the end.