• 베이커리
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• no.2 s.343
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• pp.136-138
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• 1997

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.1
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• pp.11-27
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• 2019

The Jurchens, the ancestors of the Qing Manchus, had lived scattered in Manchuria and had made their living mostly on ginseng gathering and animal hunting. Their residential areas, rich with deep forest and numerous rivers, provided great habitation for all kinds of flora and fauna, but not so proper for agriculture. Based on their activities of foraging and hunting, the Jurchens developed a unique social organization that was later transformed into the Banner System, the most distinctive Qing military institution. By the sixteenth century, that the external trade brought considerable changes to Jurchen society. A huge amount of foreign silver, imported from Japan and South America to China, first invigorated commercial economy in China proper, and later caused a huge influence on Ming frontier regions, including Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century when the tradition of foraging and hunting encountered with silver economy, the Jurchen tribes became unified after years of competition and transformed themselves into the Manchus to build the Qing empire in 1636. In 1644 the Manchus succeeded in conquering the China Proper and moved into Beijing. Even after that, the Manchu imperial court never forgot the value of Manchurii ginseng; instead, they paid great efforts to monopolize this profitable root. Until the late seventeenth century, the Qing court used the Banner System to manage Manchurian ginseng. The banner soldiers stationed in Manchuria checked unauthorized civilian entrances in this frontier and protected its ginseng producing mountains from the Han Chinese people. All the process of ginseng gathering was managed by the institutions under the direct control of the imperial court, such as the Imperial Household Department, the Butha Ula Office, and the Three Upper Banner in Shengjing. Banner soldiers were dispatched to the given mountains, collect the given amount of ginseng, and send them to the imperial court in Beijing. The state monopoly of ginseng was maintained throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries under the principle that Manchuria and its natural resources should be guarded from civilian encroachment. At the same time, Manchurian ginseng was considered as an important source of state revenue. The imperial court and financial bureau wanted to collect ginseng as much as they needed. By the late seventeenth century as the ginseng management by the banner soldiers failed in securing the ginseng tax, the Qing court began to invite civil merchants to ginseng business. During the eighteenth century the Qing ginseng policy became more dependent on civil merchants, both their money and management. In 1853 the Qing finally ended the ginseng monopoly, but it was before the early eighteenth century that wealthy merchants hired ginseng gatherers and paid ginseng tax to the state. The Qing monopoly of ginseng was in fact maintained by the active participation of civil merchants in the ginseng business.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.5
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• pp.1-20
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• 2023

In 1749, during an incident near the Tumen River in Hunchun, six people, all Qing ginseng pickers, were killed by seven Korean soldiers from the Chosŏn garrison. The Chosŏn soldiers encountered the ginseng pickers on the border and agreed to exchange goods, but when they failed to receive the proper price for rice, the soldiers became angry and decided to attack the Qing ginseng pickers. The seven Korean criminals were executed a year and a half after the incident. The whole process regarding the arrest and investigation of the criminals, as well as the official exchanges between the Qing and Chosŏn governments, were recorded in detail in the Chosŏn document written in Chinese and the Qing documents written in Manchu. In dealing with this murder case, the Qing local officials focused on identifying the murdered victims, clarifying the victims' responsibilities, and disposing of their remaining belongings. On the other hand, the Chosŏn government focused on providing reports quickly to the Qing officials about the investigation of the criminals. In doing so, it tried to reduce the risk of any possible problems that the murder case on the border could cause in its relations with the Qing government. The relevant records on this murder case show various aspects of the Qing and Chosŏn relations, including the contacts between the people along the Tumen River, border trespassing, material exchanges, rules about ginseng picking, and border patrols. This case also reveals that the Qing and Chosŏn people from various classes had different relationships depending on their respective interests.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.322-329
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• 2019

Background: Studies have suggested that the northern provinces of Gangwon-do are good sites for licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) cultivation in Korea, as they have similar temperatures to its original locations in northern China. However, poor growth and freezing injury are often reported in Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to reassess the domestic cultivation site of licorice. Methods and Results: To determine the optimum temperature for cultivating licorice, the growth, yield, and pharmacological characteristics of G. uralensis were assessed in a temperature gradient tunnel at Eumseong, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea in 2017. Plant height increased until the temperature rose to $5.9^{\circ}C$ above the local external temperature. Yield (㎏/10a) increased by 46.9% when the growing temperature was $1.5^{\circ}C$ to $3.0^{\circ}C$ (T2) above the external temperature and by 72.6% when the growing temperature was $3.0^{\circ}C-4.5^{\circ}C$ (T3) above the external temperature. However, a difference of $4.5^{\circ}C-5.9^{\circ}C$ (T4) above the external temperature, decreased the yield by 9.8% compared to that at T2. The glycyrrhizin content of G. uralensis roots in each temperature band was 0.72%, 0.53%, 0.91%, and 0.84% (T1, T2, T3, T4), these differences appear to result form individual plant variation rather than growth temperature. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, we estimate that the temperature-based optimum cultivation site for G. uralensis in Korea is the south central region, rather than the northern province of Gangwon-do. Improvement in growth and yield maybe observed if the plantations in the central Jecheon (Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea) are expanded into the south central region.