• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.313-314
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• 2008

컴퓨터 시스템의 등장 이래로, 함수 인라이닝 기법은 함수 지향형 프로그래밍 언어에서 코드 크기의 증가와 함께 실행 시간을 감소시키는 하나의 기법으로 사용되어왔다. 이에 반하여, 함수 아웃라이닝 기법은 실행 시간을 증가시키지만 코드 크기의 감소를 가져온다. 기존 범용 컴퓨터 시스템은 코드를 저장하는 저장장치의 크기에 큰 제약이 없었기 때문에, 함수 아웃라이닝 기법은 그리 널리 쓰이지 않았다. 그러나 최근의 무선 센서 네트워크 분야의 연구를 통하여 범용 컴퓨터 시스템에서는 찾아보기 어려웠던 코드 영역의 자원 제약이 심화되었고, 이에 따라 함수 아웃라이닝 기법이 보다 의미를 갖게 되었다. 특히, 실시간 응답을 요구받는 센서 운영체제는 코드 공간의 제약 하에서 실시간 작업 처리를 수행할 수 있어야 한다. 본 논문에서는, 함수 아웃라이닝 기법을 통하여 실시간 센서 운영체제의 여유 시간(laxity time)을 활용하면서 코드의 크기를 감소시키는 방법을 제안한다. 이를 통하여, 코드 공간의 제약 상황을 보다 완화할 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.509-512
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• 2008

The lining concrete of water tunnel is a much capability to occur crack due to drying shrinkage and vibrator compaction etc. Because of crack of concrete induce structural problem and decrease durability of concrete, it is need to reduce crack of concrete. In this an Analytical study to analyze the effect of curing of concrete and compaction on the lining concrete. As the results, it was found that control of construction condition into curing of concrete and compaction improve on construction efficiency of the lining concrete.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.59-68
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• 2000

현재까지 진동이 양생중인 콘크리트에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 수행된 대부분의 연구에서는 콘크리트 공시체나 콘크리트 블록에 대해 100Hz 미만의 주주파수를 가지는 충격진동이나 진동테이블을 이용한 진동을 가한 후 콘크리트의 강도 변화를 평가하는 방법이 사용되었다. 이 연구에서는 발파진동이 양생중인 라이닝 콘크리트에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 우해 실험실 충격진동 시험과 터널 현장에서의 발파진동 시험을 수행하였다. 터널발파진동과 유사한 100~300Hz의 주주파수를 가지 충격진동을 각각 재령 3, 7, 12 시간에 다한 실험실 시험결과 2cm/sec의 진동속도는 모르타르 라이닝의 P파속도를 증가시키지만, 5 cm/sec, 10cm/sec의진동의 모르타르 라이닝의 P파 속도를 감소시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 양생기간동안 2.5 cm/sec 이하의 발파진동이 가해진 양생중인 라이닝 콘크리트는 진동을 가하지 않고 양생시킨 콘크리트 공시체에 비해 압축강도가 더 큰 값을 나타내었다. 재령 5시간에 콘크리트 라이닝애 대한 소규모 시험발파로 발파진동을 가한 콘크리트 시료와 진동을 가하지 않고 터널 내에서 양생시킨 공시체에 대해 압축강도를 비교한 결과 콘크리트의 강도 및 탄성파 속도를 저하시킬 수 있는 진동수준은 3~4cm/sec 인 것 으로 나타났다.로 나타났다.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.551-565
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• 2017

A spray-applied waterproofing membrane which consists of polymers has a relatively higher constructability and adhesion than the conventional sheet-type waterproofing materials. Additionally, the spray-applied waterproofing membrane generally shows a waterproofing ability as a composite structure with shotcrete or concrete lining. Because its purpose is waterproofing at the structure, structural effects were not well reported than waterproofing abilities. In this study, structural effects of the membrane-attached concrete lining were evaluated using 3-point bending test by the numerical method. From the analysis, a load-displacement behavior of the concrete lining and fracturing energy after yielding were compared with various conditions. Consequently, concrete lining with spray-applied waterproofing membrane shows higher flexural strength and fracturing energy than the single-layer concrete lining.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.212-219
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• 2016

The sprayable waterproofing membrane is installed between shotcrete to provide crack bridging and hence prevent flow of liquid water as a waterproofing system. Because of its material characteristics, the sprayable membrane can be constructed at more complex structure than sheet membrane. The main component of the sprayable waterproofing membrane is a polymer-based material, therefore, moisture can migrate through sprayable waterproofing membrane materials by capillary and vapor diffusion mechanisms. The moisture transport mechanisms can have an influence on the degree of saturation and may influence the pore pressure and risk of freeze-thaw damage on concrete linings and membrane. In this study, long-term hygrothermal behavior was simulated with considering moisture transport and long-term effects on saturation of tunnel linings. From the simulation, due to water absorption and vapor transport properties of sprayable membrane, change of relative humidity and water content in tunnel lining can be evaluated.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.245-255
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• 2001

Existing cut-and-cover tunnels are designed regardless of cut-slope under the assumption that the overburden weight of backfill soil acts on tunnel arch and the earth pressure at rest acts on tunnel walls. However, actual earth pressures acting on the tunnel lining depend on open-cut size composed of cut-slope and cut-width, and thus the tunnel lining shows a different structural behavior. This study investigated the effect of cut-slope on structural behavior of the cut-and-cover tunnel lining as follows; Firstly, a comprehensive numerical analysis method using FLAC2D code was used and verified by field measurements of tunnel profile. Secondly, based on the verified numerical analysis technique, earth pressure acting on the lining, and displacement and sectional force developed on the lining were estimated with various shapes of cut-slopes$30^{\circ}\;, 456{\circ},\; 60^{\circ},\; and\;75^{\circ}%). Numerical analysis results indicate that the steeper cut-slope shows the more displacement and moment of the tunnel lining.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 2018

The application of sprayed waterproofing membrane with high adhesion and ductility is considered to be promising as a measure for repair and reinforcement of a tunnel structure. Therefore, a powder-type and one-component membrane prototype with high tensile and bond strengths was made in this study. Then, its reinforcement effect on a shield segment was evaluated by carrying out a series of full-scale loading tests of segment specimens on which the membrane was sprayed. From the tests, it was confirmed that the initial cracking loads increased by approximately 34% due to cracking retardation by membrane coating. Even though the increase of failure loads were not so high as cracking loads, the strain-softening behaviors were observed from specimens coated by the membrane. Therefore, it is expected that the membrane coated on the inner surface of a lining might be effective in preventing its brittle failure.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.287-296
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• 2011

We performed a numerical modeling study of thermodynamic and multiphase fluid flow processes associated with underground compressed air energy storage (CAES) in a lined rock cavern (LRC). We investigated air tightness performance by calculating air leakage rate of the underground storage cavern with concrete linings at a comparatively shallow depth of 100 m. Our air-mass balance analysis showed that the key parameter to assure the long-term air tightness of such a system was the permeability of both concrete linings and surrounding rock mass. It was noted that concrete linings with a permeability of less than $1.0{\times}10^{-18}\;m^2$ would result in an acceptable air leakage rate of less than 1% with the operational pressure range between 5 and 8 MPa. We also found that air leakage could be effectively prevented and the air tightness performance of underground lined rock cavern is enhanced if the concrete lining is kept at a higher moisture content.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 1999

The completion of the Bakun Diversion Tunnel is subsequently to the Main Dam construction. Therefore, the completion date is very important for the Bakun Hydroelectric Project. Generally, the tunnel lining work as a finishing phase of the tunnelling project occupies a important portion as well as an excavation and a support work of the tunnels in respect to the construction cost and period. Internal section of Bakun Diversion Tunnel is designed circular shape to reduce the roughness of the water flow with 12 meters in diameter of total length 4314.6 meters of 3 tunnels. The lining thickness is varied between 500 mm and 700 mm depending on the structural condition. From the original Tender design of the Bakun tunnels, the required quantity of steel bars was 5,985 ton designed by Reinforced Concrete (RC) through the entire tunnel linings. During the detail design stage by the consideration of the rock conditions and various load conditions, we could suggest five kinds of RC lining type including plain concrete lining type. Through the detail design modification, we could reduce the required amount of steel bars to 2,178 ton, as a half of original Bill of Quantity. Finally, this design modification give us the time and cost saving effect to catch up the construction progress in time.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.59-62
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• 2005

XML데이터를 어플리케이션에서 직접 사용 할 수 있도록 XML데이터 바인딩이 널리 사용되고 있다. 그러나 기존의 바인딩 시스템에서는 자식을 가지는 요소마다 모두 클래스가 생성되어 시스템이 커진다는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 구조 표현에 필요한 클래스만 생성하기위해 인라이닝 기법을 바인딩에 적용하여 최소한의 클래스만 생성 할 수 있도록 시스템을 설계하고 구현한다.