• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.6 no.12
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• pp.587-594
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• 2016

Autonomous A.I. vehicles are seemingly soon ready for our life. One of the critical problems with autonomous vehicles is how one could assign responsibility for accidents to them. We can envisage that autonomous vehicles may confront an ethical dilemma. Then a question arises of how we are able to assign legal responsibility to autonomous vehicles. In this paper, I first introduce what the ethical dilemma of autonomous vehicles is about. Second, I show how we could be able to assign legal responsibility for autonomous vehicles. Legal probability is the received criteria for causal responsibility most of the legal theorists consider. But it remains vague. I articulate the concept of legal probability in terms of the probabilitstic theory of individual level causality while considering how one can assign causal responsibility for autonomous vehicles. My theory of causal responsibility may help one to assign legal responsibility not just for autonomous vehicles but also for people.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.3-28
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• 2016

While product liability has been settled as a technical term in civil law, criminal law does not commonly accept technical term for it. Not like civil law, product liability in criminal law point outs individual responsibility and disability of normative order. Meaning that causation between individual's action of violation of duty and the result of danger of legal interest or infringement of legal interest must be proved. In criminal law excluding "non-result-constituted crimes (Unternehmensdelikt)", charge of injuring, accidental infliction of injury, homicide or involuntary manslaughter is problematic in product liability. Of course, it is necessary to distinguish whether the action related to the outcome is act or ommission. Also the causal relationship between the action and the result must be proved, and the intention or negligence should be recognized. In this paper, it analyzes cases that were problematic in Korea, Germany, Spain, etc. Mainly focusing on the problems revealed in the determination of causal relationship, especially recognizing criminal liability related to products. Furthermore it is followed by the view of reviewing the cause-and-effect relationship by 2 steps, dividing natural scientific causation and the normative causal relationship. In this process, to acknowledge criminal product liability in accordance with recognizing cause-and-effect relationship, there should be general risk of specific substance causing the outcome. This only premise can be meaningful to examine the casual relationship from specific cases. As it shows in some cases and theories, it is not contradicting general law of cause and effect by determining specific causal relationship by free evaluation of evidence if a general causal relationship does not exist. Also since judge's testimony does not hold a dominant position from rule of thumb, it is possible to recognize specific causal relationship. However this paper takes position that if there is no objective and reasonably undeniable cause and effect law. If there is no objective and reasonably undeniable causal law, which is the premise for recognizing concrete causal relations, judge should sentence guilty according to "in dubio pro reo" principle. In addition, it is not allowed for the defendant to burden unproven fact by free evaluation of evidence which has an effect of shift of burden of proof.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.21-67
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• 2017

In this paper, I critically examine Sartorio's (2006) argument for disjunctive cause, and put forth disjunctive causal structure in a different way. I show that the disjunctive causal structure meets not just what Sartorio means to claim but also our understanding of causal responsibility. First, I introduce Sartorio's argument for disjunctive cause. Second, I critically discuss Sartorio's responses to the criticisms of her arguments for disjunctive cause, and propose another problem with her arguments. Finally, I explicate in a different way Sartorio's disjunctive cause in terms of disjunctive causal structure founded on moderate variables, causal interaction, and probability trajectory. I notice, regarding the disjunctive causal structure, the role of causal interaction of cause events with moderate variables. I reveal, regarding the disjunctive causal structure, the significance of indetermination of cause events and effect events for our understanding of causal responsibility. I show that the disjunctive causal structure guides us more convincingly to assign causal responsibility to an agent. I come to three conclusions. First, there is no disjunctive cause event Sartorio argues for. Second, propensities of events to be causally connected to an effect event constitute disjunctive relation. Third, we should notice indetermination of cause events and effect events while assigning causal responsibility to an agent.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2020.11a
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• pp.115-118
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• 2020

최근 기업의 사회적 책임에 대한 관심이 커져가고 있으며, 사회의 구성원으로서 사회적 책임 활동은 선택이 아닌 필수적인 요소가 되어 가고 있으며 이에 대한 연구들도 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 기업의 사회적 책임활동에 대한 연구들은 주로 사회적 책임활동과 기업의 이미지, 고객만족 및 재방문 등 기업의 성과와 관련한 연구가 주를 이루고 있다. 이에 기업의 사회적 책임활동이 직원들의 내부 고객인 직원들의 직무만족과 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향을 확인하고, 그 관계에서 조직몰입이 어떤 역할을 하는지를 규명해보고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 기업의 사회적 책임활동이 직원들의 직무만족을 증진하고, 증진된 직무만족이 조직시민행동에 영향을 미칠 것이라는 인과적 경로를 검증하고자 한다. 또한 사회적 책임활동과 직무만족, 조직시민행동의 관계에서 조직몰입을 조절 변수로 설정하여 본 연구를 진행하였다.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.229-262
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• 2015

Toxic tort cases have increased dramatically since the 1970s, as large technological systems, such as nuclear power plants and chemical factories, or mass-produced, high-tech products, had exposed citizens and consumers to dangerous substances. It was, however, difficult to establish causal connection between exposure and the alleged harms in many of the environmental, pollution, and product liability cases under the framework of tort law conception of causation and responsibility. Science and law was called upon to resolve such 'late modern' legal cases where true causes are hard to find, where no single explanatory factor is sufficient for explaining diseases like cancer. This article examines how plaintiffs in the Korean tobacco litigation mobilized such late modern tools in science and law, such as epidemiology and the allocation of the burden of proof, in the context of the global circulation of science and law. It further shows how a set of the scientific theories and legal arguments developed in order to cope with late modern risk played a central role in establishing a causation between smoking and cancer in 2011. This article suggests that STS scholars can fruitfully examine the interaction between science and law as a way to understand and engage with social and legal issues engendered by late modern risk.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.183-188
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• 2002

데이비슨에서부터 시작됐다고 해도 과언이 아닌 것으로 보이는 정신적 속성들의 인과적 힘과 관련된 논의 - 정신인과의 문제를 해결하기 위해서 설정하는 - 는 그가 주장한 이론이 맞이하게 되는 심각한 문제에 해결책을 제시하고자 하는 많은 책학자들의 관심을 불러일으킨다. 그 중의 하나인 포돌도 결국 데이비슨이 주장한 세 가지의 원리들 중에서 중요한 한가지 원리, 즉 정신적인 것들의 무법칙성의 원리, 를 거절하면서 자신의 정신인과 이론을 발전시키고자 한다. 즉 정신적 속성들과 물리적 속성들을 연결시키는 "참 인과의 법칙으로서 다른 것들이 같다면의 법칙"을 정신인과의 현상을 설명하는 그의 설명적 모델로 제시하면서 데이비슨의 문제를 해결하려고 시도한다. 그러나 그가 스케치하는 그런 그림은 인과적 배제의 원리를 명백하게 위반하는 것이다. 설상가상으로 이러한 문제를 벗어나기 위해서 그가 의지하는 수반의 개념도 그 효력은 충분하게 강하지 못한 것으로 드러난다. 이것이 틀리지 않다면 여기서 어떤 딜레마가 일어난다. 만약 정신적 속성들이 아직까지 인과적으로 효력을 가지고 있다면 명백하게 물리적 세계의 인과적 폐쇄의 원리의 위반이 일어난다. 만약 정신적 속성들이 인과적 효력을 가지고 있지 않다면 우리는 여기서 명백히 부수현상론을 보게 된다.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.71-92
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• 2015

This study analyzes the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities on financial performances using Bayesian Network. The research tries to overcome the issues of the uniform assumption of a linear function between financial performance and CSR activities in multiple regression analysis widely used in previous studies. It is required to infer a causal relationship between activities of CSR which have an impact on the financial performances. Identifying the relationship would empower the firms to improve their financial performance by informing the decision makers about the different CSR activities that influence the financial performance of the firms. This research proposes General Bayesian Network (GBN) and presents Markov Blanket induced from GBN. It is empirically demonstrated that all the proposals presented in this study are statistically significant by the results of the research conducted by Korean Economic Justice Institute (KEJI) under Citizen's Coalition for Economic Justice (CCEJ) which investigated approximately 200 companies in Korea based on Korean Economic Justice Institute Index (KEJI index) from 2005 to 2011. The Bayesian Network to effectively infer the properties affecting financial performances through the probabilistic causal relationship. Moreover, I found that there is a causal relationship among CSR activities variable; that is Environment protection is related to Customer protection, Employee satisfaction, and firm size; Soundness is related to Total CSR Evaluation Score, Debt-Assets Ratio. Though the what-if analysis, I suggest to the sensitive factor among the explanatory variables.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.161-191
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• 1995

본 논문은 서구의 이론을 바탕으로 개발된 직무만족도에 관한 인과모형을 한국의 병원근무자들을 대상으로 실증적으로 검증하고 직무만족도를 결정하는 인과적 요인들을 파악하는데 목적이 있다. 본 모형의 종속변수는 직무만족도이고 독립변수로는 3개집단의 변수들로 크게 분류하여 선정되었는데 첫째, 사회적 변수들로써 직무의 자율성, 직무의 모호성, 직무 갈등, 직무의 양, 상사 및 동료와의 관계, 발전가능성, 직무의 단순성, 분배정의, 승진기회, 물리적 근무환경, 임금 등이며, 둘째, 심리적 변수들로써 기대 충족도, 근무의욕, 적극적 심성, 부정적 심성 등이고, 셋째, 환경적 변수들로써 외부 취업기회와 가족에 대한 책임 등이 사용되었다. 또한 독립변수들이 종속변수에 영향을 미치는데 있어 개인의 가치관이 어떻게 작용하는지도 검증하였다. 자료수집을 위해 대구에 위치한 750병상 규모의 한 대학병원에 근무하는 전직원을 대상으로 자기가 입식 설문조사를 실시하였으며 879매가 회수되어 74.7%의 응답율을 기록하였다. 수집된 자료중 사용 가능한 836명의 응답을 바탕으로 선형구조관계분석(LISREL)과 다중회구분석기법을 이용하여 인과 모형을 검증하였다. 분석결과 직무만족도에 유의한 영향력을 가지는 변수들은 직무의 모호성, 직무의 모호성, 동료관계, 직무의 단순성, 분배정의(이상 시회적 변수), 기대의 총족도, 근무의욕, 적극적 심성, 부정적 심성(이상 심리적 변수), 외부 취업기회(환경적 변수) 등인 것으로 나타났으며 개인의 가치관과 인구학적인 변수들은 직무만족도에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 본 연구에서 사용된 인과모형은 직무만족도의 변이를 75.4% 설명함으로서 기존의 다른 모형들 보다 높은 설명력을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 사용된 직무만족도의 인과모형은 한국의 조직에서도 적용이 가능한 것으로 보이며, 또한 직무만족도의 일반적 모형은 구조적 변수, 심리적 변수, 그리고 환경적 변수들을 모두 포함하는 포괄적인 모형이 타당하다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.3-32
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• 2020

Under the Korean case law, physicians are obliged to disclose or inform the risk associated with a specific treatment to their patients before they perform the treatment. If they fail to do this, they are liable to compensate pain and sufferings. If the patient can establish that he or she would not have consented at all to the treatment had he or she been informed, the physicians are liable to compensate all the loss incurred by the treatment. In this article, the author examines the legitimacy of this case law from the perspective of legal doctrine as well as its practical affect on the medical practice and the furtherance of self-determination of the patient. The fundamental findings are as follows: The case law that has physicians who failed to inform treatment risk compensate pain and sufferings for the infringement of the right of self-determination seems to be a disguised and reduced compensation of all the loss based on the possible malpractice, which cannot be justified in view of the general principles of tort liability. It is necessary to adhere to the requirements of causation and imputation between the failure to inform treatment risk and the specific patient's consent to the treatment. If this causation and imputation is established, all the loss should be compensated. Otherwise, there shall be no liability. The so-called hypothetical consent defence shall be regarded as a part of causation between the failure to inform and the consent. The suggested approach can preserve the essence of physician-patient relationship and fit for the very logic of informed consent better.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.379-391
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• 2020

The growth paradigm that has led Korea for the last few decades is now reaching its critical point. Rather than focusing on the outcomes created by severe competitions of individual companies, a growth based on win-win system and solidarity focusing on public interests is more called for. In this background, I would like to examine the concept of corporate publicness and what factors consist of it. The study aims to verify a causal relationship that corporate publicness affects the corporation's social responsibility and consumers' favorability and credulity toward the company, and looks for the possibility that corporate publicness is recognized as a corporation's substantive competitiveness and an important management activity for its sustainability. The results of the study shows that corporate publicness is composed of 5 dimensions: sincerity, activeness, pursuit of public interest, harmony, and community spirit. Then the study statistically verifies that corporate publicness significantly has a positive impact on the overall evaluation results of a corporation's social responsibility. Lastly, the study confirms that corporate publicness and socially responsible activity of a company have a positive influence overall on the attitude toward the corporate brand. Based on these results, an implication is drawn that strengthening corporate publicness and its practice in action should be emphasized for a corporation to keep making outstanding performances in a sustainable way.