• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.171-188
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• 2000

지속적으로 변화하는 무역관습의 흐름은 결제관습에 있어서도 새로운 변화를 초래하고 있는데 최근의 국제결제시스템중 가장 두드러진 변화는 전자적 방법에 의한 결제시스템의 대두이다. TradeCard는 이러한 전자결제시스템으로서 가장 대표적인 예로서 1994년 처음 사업이 시작된 이후 10년도 되지 않아 새로운 무역결제관습으로 정착되기 위한 상업적 활동에 나서고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 TradeCard의 상업적 활동이 과연 순조롭게 추진되어 신용장을 비롯한 기존의 무역결제시스템에 추가 또는 대체되는 새로운 무역관습이 탄생할 수 있을지를 검토하고 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 먼저 TradeCard가 갖고 있는 특징을 몇 가지로 분류하여 살펴보았다. 즉, 무역절차의 전자화 과정에서 기능적 접근방법을 채택하였다는 점, 타 기관이나 조직과의 활발한 제휴, 비용과 시간을 절감시킬 수 있는 방법의 제시 등이 그것이다. 이러한 특징을 통해 TradeCard는 새로운 무역관습으로 자리잡을 수 있는 충분한 가능성을 갖고 있다는 것이 논자의 생각이다. 그러나 다음의 몇 가지 문제점 역시 갖고 있기 때문에 이를 해결하는 것이 그러한 가능성의 전제조건이 된다. 첫째, TradeCard를 통한 거래의 법적 안정성 확보이다. 이는 모든 전자거래가 공통으로 갖는 문제점이지만 TradeCard의 경우 거래조건의 이행여부에 대한 전자적 판단이라는 요소를 지니고 있어 이를 어떻게 법적으로 수용할 것인가의 문제가 제기된다. 둘째, TradeCard를 통한 거래에서 발생되는 피해에 대한 구제방법의 제시이다. 이는 아마도 보험을 통해서 해결할 수 있으리라 생각되지만 현재 TradeCard는 이부분에 대한 명확한 입장이 명시되지 않은 것 같다. 셋째, 국제적 전자거래를 안전하게 할 수 있는 방안으로 전자서명의 활용이 절실한데 이에 대한 상호인정의 해결이 필요하다는 점이다. 물론 이는 TradeCard의 역할이라기 보다는 우리 정부를 비롯한 각국의 정부당국의 몫이다. 그러나 이러한 모든 문제는 결국 얼마나 빨리 많은 사용자를 확보하여 시장의 힘을 통해 국제상관습으로 정착시킬 수 있는가의 문제로 귀착된다고 본다. 따라서 TradeCard는 처렴한 요금체계 및 사용자에 대한 인센티브의 제공 등을 통해 조기에 다수 사용자를 확보하는 것이 시급한 것으로 생각한다.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.131-143
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• 2013

There is the difference of criteria to apply guidelines among the project participants and to depend on the purpose of utilizing BIM models, although modeling criteria are basically provided through BIM guidelines. Therefore, it is quite important to check compliance with guidelines to raise quality of the BIM model. But Quality Checking (QC) items and method for BIM model modeled in accordance with guidelines is not provided. This study suggested QC items and Rule Specifications(RS) for automatic QC. First of all, QC items were derived by analyzing domestic BIM guidelines and a process for structuring natural language is conducted by utilizing flowchart and pseudocode. So, by combining them, RS was suggested. Finally, RS-based case study was conducted by implementing automatic QC process with solibri model checker$^{TM}$. This study will contribute to the improvement of design quality and completeness of BIM model including huge data of 3 dimension. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop BIM guidelines according to the use case and to provide detailed process and standard for QC of BIM model.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.88-94
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• 1999

Purpose : Malformation of urinary tract is among the most common of all congenital anomalies and can progress to irreversible renal damage before diagnosis due to difficulty of early diagnosis. Present study was undertaken to determine the clinical characteristics of urinary tract anomaly and to find out the most appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures for children with these anomalies. Methods : During the past 10 years from 1987 to 1998, review of medical records revealed 65 children with congenital anomaly of urinary tract and the following results were obtained. Results : The most common anomalies were ureteropelvic junction obstruction occuring in 26 cases ($36\%$), followed by ureteral duplication in 11 cases, renal agenesis in 10 cases and ureterovesical function obstruction in 7 cases. Complex anomaly of urinary tract was found in 8 cases and anomaly of other systems such as congenital heart disease was detected in 11 cases. The most frequent age group at the time of diagnosis was below 1 year of age constituting 39 cases ($60\%$) and male preponderance was noted as male to female ratio being 2.25:1. Presenting symptoms were urinary tract infection in 25 cases, followed by hematuria, abdominal mass, abdominal pain and voiding difficulty, etc, and in 11 cases, the anomaly was picked up by routine prenatal ultrasonography. Azotemia was noted in 9 cases and the underlying anomaly was obstructive uropathy in 4 out of these 9 cases. Surgical correction was undertaken in 38 cases (most frequently in cases of obstructive uropathy) and in 2 out off cases with obstructive uropathy in whom surgical correction was done, azotemia disappeared during follow up period of 1-5years. No new cases of deteriorating renal function appeared during follow-up period. Conclusion : In spite of high incidence of congenital malformation of urinary tract, early diagnosis is still hampered by nonspecific symptoms and signs. Therefore, in patients with symptoms such as urinary tract infection, abdominal pain and voiding problems, etc, it Is advisable to take various diagnostic tests promptly to pick up any urinary tract anomaly and to apply proper therapy in order to avoid progression to irreversible renal damage. In this regard, prenatal ultrasonography should be utilized more widely as a routine procedure to detect any urinary tract anomalies before birth.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.23-41
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• 2023

The seller and the buyer write down the agreed details in the trade contract as trade contract clauses. In the case where a letter of credit is agreed to be the payment condition, the buyer shall open a letter of credit to the seller with the shipping date specified in the trade contract through its bank. In this case, the legal relationship between the performance date of the trade contract and the shipment date of the letter of credit, the change of the performance date of the trade contract due to the change of the trade contract and the change of the shipment date specified in the letter of credit, the seller's letter of credit A problem arises in the legal interpretation of the approval period and the change request period. Therefore, this paper analyzed the precedents of the Seongnam Branch of the Suwon District Court and the Seoul High Court related to these legal issues. The performance date of a trade contract is the seller's delivery date and the buyer's payment date. In the letter of credit transaction, the date of performance of the trade contract is regarded as the date of shipment and the date of negotiation of documents specified in the letter of credit. The seller must decide whether to accept the letter of credit within 5 banking days after receiving the letter of credit from the buyer. After this period has elapsed, the seller cannot refuse the letter of credit. However, if the buyer is unable to decide whether to accept the letter of credit within 5 banking days due to reasons attributable to the buyer, the delivery date specified in the letter of credit will be extended. If the seller requests an amendment to the letter of credit, the buyer must accept it and open the letter of credit the seller desires to the seller. If the buyer refuses the seller's request to change the letter of credit, company A has the obligation to change and reopen the letter of credit as requested by company B. Expect by agreeing on the quotation As it is a fundamental breach of contract stipulated in Article 25 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, company B can cancel the trade contract and claim damages from company A. Compensation for damages caused by Company A's breach of the trade contract shall be an amount equal to the loss suffered by Company B as a result of the breach, including loss of profits.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.84-96
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• 2004

This study aims at developing an easily-applicable Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure(SSOP) program for Fresh raw-fish manufacturing. It compares the sanitation inspection results of SSOP-program-applied procedure and non-applied procedure. The samplings for bacteriological examination were collected from the touching surface of food and from the personal workers. The sanitation status was recorded in the check-up list. The results were statistically analyzed to ascertain the efficiency of the SSOP program. The present official KFDA check-up list for sanitation inspection is composed of 51 items. Each item is judged to be fit or unfit to the standards. When the unfit items are more than 6, the work-place is judged to be insanitary. But in this study, the results of sanitation inspection are scaled in points in the 70％ allotment, and the results of bacteriological examination are scaled in points in 30％, totaling 100％. Below 60 scores are judged to be insanitary and administratively punished; 61-75 scores are judged to be average; 76-85 good; above 86 excellent. The sanitation inspection scores by the improved check-up list went up by two grades from 71.8 (before SSOP program) to 88.6 (after SSOP program). The results of bacteriological examination also improved from 57.5 to 98.2. The total scores of both results converted in the allotment of 70％ and 30％ also showed an improvement by two grades from 66.4 (before SSOP program) to 93.4 (after SSOP program). The above results show that the manufacturers participated in this study are following the 8 essential sanitary procedures which are needed to anchor the HACCP system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.79 no.6
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• pp.340-347
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• 2018

Purpose: To evaluate value of image subtraction for identifying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) capsule on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR images. Materials and Methods: This study involved 108 patients at risk of HCC preoperatively examined using gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI with hepatic resection between May 2015 and February 2017. We evaluated qualities of subtraction images and presence of capsular appearance on portal venous or transitional phases conventional and subtraction images. We assessed effect of capsular appearance on subtraction images on HCC. Results: After excluding 1 patient who had treated by transarterial chemoembolization prior to surgery and 33 patients with unsatisfactory subtraction image qualities, 82 focal hepatic lesions (73 HCC, 5 non-HCC malignancies, and 4 benign) from 74 patients were analyzed. Regarding detection of capsules, sensitivity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) on subtraction images were significantly higher than those on conventional images (95.4%, 89.0%, and 0.80, respectively; p < 0.001), though specificities were same (64.7%). For diagnosis of HCC, sensitivity, accuracy, and AUC on subtraction images were significantly higher than on conventional images (82.2%, 79.3%, and 0.69, respectively; p = 0.011), though specificities were identical (55.6%). Conclusion: Portal venous or transitional phase gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI subtraction images could improve detection of HCC capsule.

• 한국노년학
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.229-246
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in the personality type, diabetes-related distress, and diabetes self-management among older adults with type 2 diabetes. The data of 180 older adults was collected at S Senior Center from between August 14 and October 14, 2012. There were significant differences in self-management between individual personality types(p<.001). The self-management level was lower in the dominance personality type than in the steadiness and conscientiousness types. In particular, foot care subunit self-management was significantly lower in the dominance personality than in the other personality types(p<.001). Moreover, dominance personality was the most important factors influencing diabetes self-management negatively. Using hypoglycemic agent and drinking also influence on diabetes self-management negatively(modified R²=16%). Therefore, when we provide intervention to the older adults with type 2 diabetes, we should consider their personality type and check whether using hypoglycemic agent and drinking alcohol or not. Furthermore, we need to develop intervention program focus on the older adults with dominance personality type, using hypoglycemic agent and having drinking behavior.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.806-814
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• 2023

Purpose: According to the Occupational Safety and Health Act of the Ministry of Employment and Labor, in order to prevent industrial accidents, the right to stop work must be exercised in the event of an imminent danger. This study conducted a fact-finding survey on whether employers fulfilled the right to suspend work in the workplace when an imminent danger, such as a typhoon, was encountered. Method: For two days from August 9 to October, when the impact of Typhoon Khanun No. 6 was significant, it was confirmed by wire whether or not the work suspension was carried out at the workplace, and the subjects of the survey were 1,649 construction sites, 830 manufacturing sites, and 278 other industries, for a total of 2,757 sites. Result: As a result of the fact-finding survey, 56% (1,555 locations) on August 9th and 77% (2,142 locations) on August 10th carried out full or partial work suspension. In particular, on August 10, when the typhoon landed, 40% of all workplaces completely stopped work. Conclusion: Through this study, it was confirmed that the right to suspend work by employers is being used in actual workplaces. In the future, when there is an imminent danger, in addition to the right to suspend work, flexible and telecommuting, working hour adjustments, etc. must be actively used to ensure the safety of workers and protect their lives.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.255-271
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• 1993

For the development of seedling production techniques of the freshwater crab Eriocheir japonicus, the effects of salinity and temperature on the growth of larvae of the crab were studied. Embryos hatched out as zoea larvae were measured 0.421 mm in average carapace length. Five zoea stages needed 16-26 days for metamorphosis from zoea to megalopa at $22^{\circ}C$ and $24.5\%o$. The average carapace length of the 5th zoea was 1.16 mm and that of the megalopa larvae was 1.89 mm. Each zoea stage could be identified based on both the number of plumosed seatae on the exopodite of maxilliped, and the number of spines on the posteroinner margin of tel son and also based on the rudimentary pleopods appearence. Zoea larvae fed rotifers and Artemia nauplii were healthy and metamorphosing rate from zoea to megalopa was $80\~90\%\;at\;22\~26^{\circ}C\;and\;17.5\~31.5\%o$. The relationship between larval period (Y in days) and water temperature $(X\;in\;^{\circ}C)$ is expressed as Log Y = 3.8604-1.91735 LogX. Water temperature and salinity ranges for better survival and metamorphosis of the larvae were $ 22^{\circ}C\~26^{\circ}C\;(optimum\;at\; 26^{\circ}C)\;and\;17.5\%o\~31.5\%o\;(optimum\;at\;24.5\%)$, respectively. The duration of larval stages tend to longer as salinity levels deviated from optimum particulaly at lower end. All zoea larvae did not survive in freshwater.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.229-239
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• 2018

Currently, in Korea, a dry food simulant has not been designated for the migration testing of paper and board, food contact materials (FCMs) being used in dry foods, and foods heated at ultra-high temperature. Considering the diverse usage of FCMs, in order to secure reliable and confident safety evaluation and to overcome the non-trade barrier tariff in worldwide trade, migration testing methods of what should be more clearly defined for securing and overcoming. This article delves into the available literature on the use of $Tenax^{(R)}$ as a simulant for dry foods as well as its suitability and limitations, and examines the feasibility of its introduction into Korean FCMs regulation. Most experimental studies using $Tenax^{(R)}$ showed overestimated migration values when used in real foods, which reflects the potential of $Tenax^{(R)}$ as a dry food simulant in a worst-case scenario. However, more studies are required to optimize migration testing using $Tenax^{(R)}$ by standardizing the solvent type and the extraction method for surrogates of various FCMs and foods, and to resolve the potential drawbacks in the use of $Tenax^{(R)}$.