• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 1998

This study was to determine whether iontophoresis application of centipede venom would produce analgesic effect for clinical practice. Sixty patients suffered from musculoskeletal diseases who lived in Taejon city were analyzed by double-blind central study. After pre treatment, post treatment, post 20 minutes, post 40 minutes iontophoresis using centipede venom, we assessed the response to pin-prick sensation with Endomed 582 in myalgia patients. The results were as follows, control group showed pain threshold of 1.76, 2.03, 2.01, 2.02mA after treatment, but the pain threshold of 1.76, 2.21, 3.85, 3.87mA after iontophoresis application in study group. The pain threshold of Notermans pain score after 20-minute and 40-minute centipede venom iontophoresis group using centipede venom was higher than that after non-centipede venom iontophoresis group. The results showed that by the increasing the analgesic effect in the centipede venom iontophoresis group, especially in time of post 20 minutes after iontophoresis treatment. So we considered that the iontophoresis using centipede venom could be reduced pain of myalgia in musuloskeletal disease patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.387-390
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• 2006

매립장주변의 대수층 특성과 수리지화학적 특성과의 상관관계 분석은 매립장 환경 위해 요인을 평가하는데 중요한 역할을 하며 이를 위해 생활쓰레기 매립장인 금산 매립장을 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 대수층 매질 특성을 파악하기 위해 토양시료를 채취하여 중금속 성분 및 pH, 전기전도도, 용존유기탄소, 양이온교환능력, 유기물함량, 토양 입도분석을 수행하였고, 수리지화학적 특성 파악을 위해 수질검층 및 지하수 시료를 분석하여 매립지역의 수직 및 수평적인 분포 특성을 파악하였다. 대수층의 토양특성과 지하수 수질특성의 비교분석 결과 침출수 집수정을 기점으로 침출수의 영향을 받은 관측정의 전기전도도(EC) 측정값이 배경 지하수에 비해 상대적으로 높은 값을 보여 주었다. 입도분석 결과 상부 표토에 가까운 50cm 이내의 토양은 농경의 영향으로 심부보다 상대적으로 실트질 토양이 많고 이보다. 심부의 토양은 사질 토양으로 되어 있었다. 이러한 투수성이 좋은 사질 토양은 지하수의 이동을 비교적 쉽게 유도하기 때문에 매립장으로부터 침출수가 누출되었을 때 지하수 흐름을 따라 빠르게 이동할 수 있는 통로로 작용될 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 1989

A soluble intracellular protease from cells of Pseudomonas carboxydovorans, a carboxydobacterium, grown on nutrient broth was purified 68-fold in five steps to better than 95% homogeneity with a yield of 2.4% using azocasein as a substrate. The enzyme activity was not detected from cells grown on pyruvate, succinate, acetate, or CO as a sole source of carbon and energy. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was determined to be 53,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis revealed the purified enzyme a monomer. The enzyme was found to be a serine-type protease. The enzyme activity was inhibited completely by several divalent cations such as $Cd^{2+}, Cu^{2+}, Hg^{2+}$, and $Fe^{2+}$. The enzyme was also inhibited by EGTA, but was stimulated by iodoacetamide. The optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme reaction were found to be 8.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was inactive on CO dehydrogenase.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 1991

This study reports on the physical and chemical properties of the whole soils (<2mm) derived from five major rocks of granite, granite-gneiss, limestone, shale, and basalt in Korea. The properties were considered from the kind and frequency distribution of rock-forming minerals in the parent rocks. In particle size distribution, sand fractions were high in the soils from granite-gneiss, silt fractions mainly, in the residual soils from limestone, shale, and basalt. And clay fractions were particularly high in the colluvial soil from limestone and the old alluvial soil from basalt. pH, extractable Ca and Mg, and cation exchange capacity of the soils derived from limestone might be considered to be high due to the presence of sand and/or silt-sized calcite and dolomite inherited from the parent rocks. However, the soils derived from granite and granite-gneiss, being abundant in feldspars, quartz, and micas, showed a tendency to the contrary. A soil from shale composing of high quartz tended to have pH. extractable Ca, base saturation, and low exchangeable Al. In total element analysis, the soils derived from parent rocks with high contents of (i) orthoclase and micas, (ii) biotite, primary chlorite, and augite, and (iii) carbonate minerals and plagioclase as a rock-forming mineral showed a tendency to decrease the contents of $K_2O$, $Fe_2O_3$ and MgO, and CaO in comparison with those of their parent rocks.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.54-62
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• 2024

SICM (Scanning Ion Conductivity Microscopy) is a technique for measuring surface topography in an environment where electrochemical reactions occur, by detecting changes in ion conductivity as a nanopipette tip approaches the sample. This study includes an investigation of the current response curve, known as the approach curve, according to the distance between the tip and the sample. First, a simulation analysis was conducted on the approach curves. Based on the simulation results, then, several measuring experiments were conducted concurrently to analyze the difference between the simulated and measured approach curves. The simulation analysis confirms that the current squeezing effect occurs as the distance between the tip and the sample approaches half the inner radius of the tip. However, through the calculations, the decrease in current density due to the simple reduction in ion channels was found to be much smaller compared to the current squeezing effect measured through actual experiments. This suggests that ion conductivity in nano-scale narrow channels does not simply follow the Nernst-Einstein relationship based on the diffusion coefficients, but also takes into account the fluidic hydrodynamic resistance at the interface created by the tip and the sample. It is expected that SICM can be combined with SECM (Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy) to overcome the limitations of SECM through consecutive measurement of the two techniques, thereby to strengthen the analysis of electrochemical surface reactivity. This could potentially provide groundbreaking help in understanding the local catalytic reactions in electroless plating and the behaviors of organic additives in electroplating for various kinds of patterns used in semiconductor damascene processes and packaging processes.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 1995

The effect of operating conditions on separation of soybean proteins in a home-made free-flow electrophoresis apparatus was investigated. Measurement of the pH, conductivity, and UV-absorbance(280 nm) were carried out at each run and the purity of the sample was tested with SDS-PAGE analysis. The soybean extract pretreated with Tris and boric acid was mixed with the amino acids composed of glutamic acid, histidine, arginine, glycine(1 mM each) with glycyl-glycine(2mM) and KCl(1mM). When the cellulose acetate was used as a compartment between the electrode and the buffer solution in the cell, pH distribution in the separation cell varied from 3.0 at the anodic side to 8.0 at the cathodic side and had two inflection point. The applied voltage was from 300V to 1000V and the separation was better at a higher voltage but the voltage was limited by the capability of the cooling system due to Joule heat. The proteins focused near the middle of the channel. From the change of pH and conductivity it was found that the ions in the channel moved out to the electrodes through the membrane. In the case when the concentration of the buffer solution was increased 5 times, proteins were focused at 300V. We could not increase up to the ten times of the concentration since the temperature difference between inlet and outlet was more than $25^{\circ}C$ and denaturation of proteins was expected. When ion-exchange membranes were used U-type pH distribution was set up due to the ionic polarization near the membrane. The commercial ampholytes, instead of the mixed amino acids showed not much improvements in purity of the separated sample.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2022

The aim of this work was to a comparative review the performance of high calcium silicate cement (HSCSC) and that of ordinary Portland cement(OPC) and blast furnace slag cement(S/C). The result of the compressive test confirmed that the compressive strength development rate of high calcium silicate cement concrete at the age of 3 days was 73.6% that of ordinary Portland cement concrete. However, at the age of 28 days, the strength development rate of high calcium silicate cement increased to about 107.0% compared to ordinary Portland cement. In addition, the test of the chloride ion penetration resistance of concrete showed that at the age of 28 days, the passed charge decreased by 73.4% and 93.0%, respectively, in blast furnace slag cement and high calcium silicate cement compared to ordinary Portland cement, and at the age of 56 days, it decreased by 79.1% and 98.3%, exhibiting excellent resistance to chloride ion penetration. In particular, it was confirmed that the rate of decrease in the passed charge with age was higher in high calcium silicate cement than in ordinary Portland cement and blast furnace slag cement.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 1982

Mulberry plants (Morus alba L.) were grown in pots with the following different nitrogen sources: ammonium sulphate, urea, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate + ammonium nitrate ($NO_3:NH_4$=2:1), and sodium nitrate. The effects of the nitrogen sources on mulberry yields, nitrogen recovery, distribution of ions and cation-anion balance (C-A) along leaf sequence and growth stage were investigated. The results were as follows: 1. Leaf yields and nitrogen recovery decreased with increasing $NO_3$-N application rates. 2. Relative cation contents in leaves in the early growth stages showed the following pattern : Na < Mg < Ca < K. However, the order of Ca and K reversed in the later stages. The order of anion contents chifted from $SO_4$ < $NO_3$ < Cl < $H_2PO_4$ in the early stages to $NO_3$ < Cl < $SO_4$ < $H_2PO_4$ in the later stages. 3. Contents of K, $H_2PO_4$, $SO_4$, $NO_3$, T-N and the sum of anion contents (${\sum}A$) were higher in upper leaves whereas Ca, Mg, Cl, the sum of cation contents (${\sum}C$) and (C-A) were higher in lower leaves. 4. When $NO_3$ in leaves decreased, Cl and K as counter-cations increased and consequently Ca decreased. 5. The (C-A) in leaves varied with leaf sequence and growth stage from 700 to 900 me/kg D.M.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 1973

In order to study the effects of some chemical components of surface soils on the paddy yield in clayey Whadong series developed on old alluvium, NPK fertilizer experiments conducted from 1966 to 1969 were reviewed and discussed, and the results may be summarized as follows. 1. The paddy rice production of Whadong series without fertilizers varied from 156kg to 719kg per 10a. 2. The paddy yields in Whadong series were associated mainly with the contents of organic matter and available phosphorus in surface soils, but not with those of exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg and cation exchange capacity. 3. The contents of organic matter in these soils more effected in the paddy yield than those of phosphorus did. 4. In case less than 2.0% or more than 3.0% of organic matter in surface soils the effect of phosphate application was appreciable. The effect, however, was not recognized from 2.0 to 2.9% of organic matter. And the following suggestions were able to make. a. In case of less than 2.0% of organic matter, the effect was considered to be due to deficiency of available phosphorus in the soil. b. In case of more than 3.0% of organic matter, the greater effect was considered to be due to inhibition of P uptake even in higher P contents in soil. c. Consequently, correlation study of P testing in paddy soil should be limited to the soils which contains less than 2% of organic matter. d. If the contents of organic matter in paddy soils were above 3.0%, the effect of P application was considerable and considered to be due to inhibition of nutrient uptake. Accordingly, it is considered that only the increased application of P does not improve the production of paddy in such soils.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.496-502
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• 2010

The acidic saline animal model of pain has been suggested to mimic fibromyalgia (FM). Oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPC) from grape seeds are known to act as an antioxidant. We studied the effects of OPC on the pain threshold in the acidic saline animal model of pain. The left gastrocnemius muscle was injected with $100\;{\mu}l$ of saline at pH 4.0 under brief isoflurane anesthesia on days 0 and 5. Control rats (n=5) received identical injections of physiological saline (pH 7.2) on the same schedule. Rats (n=10) with acidic saline injection were separated into two study subgroups. After measurement of pre-drug pain thresholds, rats were injected intraperitoneally with either saline or OPC 300 mg/kg. Paw withdrawal thresholds to pressure were again measured 60 min after intraperitoneal injection. Nociceptive thresholds were measured with a Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer by applying an increasing pressure to right or left hind paw until the rat withdrew the paw. Compared to baseline (day 0), acid injections produced mechanical hyper-responsiveness on day 7 (pre-drug) in these rats [p<0.05]. A potent antihyperalgesic effect was observed when rats were injected intraperitoneally with OPC 300 mg/kg [injected paw, p=0.001; contralateral paw, p=0.002]. OPC treatment decreased the expression of acid sensing ion channel 3 in the brain motor cortex area on immunohistochemical staining when OPC 300 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally in the animal model of FM pain [p<0.05]. Further research is required to determine the efficacy of OPC treatments in FM pain in humans.