• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1994

To determine the apparent equilibrium constants, K$_{ad,app}$, for the adsorption reactions of trace metals on amorphous iron oxyhydroxide (AIO) in the Taebag coal mine area, time-adsorption and pH-adsorption experiments were performed for a selected bottom sediment mainly comprised of AIO from the study area. The results from the adsorption experiments indicate that most of the trace metals, except Pb, achieve equilibrium states with AIO and thus, the calculated K$_{ad,app}$ may represent the true apparent equilibrium constants. K$_{ad,app}$ and the stoichiometric coefficients of proton, x, of the adsorption reactions between the trace metals and AIO were respectively calculated from the intercepts and slopes of the regression lines of log($\Gamma$/ ［M］$_{aq}$)against pH provided by pH-adsorption experiments. The calculated K$_{ad,app}$ this study has the values of the range from 10$^{－4.5}$ to 10$^{2.75}$ , which is much different from the reported values by other investigators for simple experimental systems. K$_{ad,app}$ of this study is more or less close but not exactly pertinent to the estimated values for the other natural systems. It indicates that K$_{ad,app}$ for the adsorption reactions in the aquatic system in the study area is unique and thus should be determined befor the adsorption modelling. The calculated x of this study has the values of the range from -0.3 to 0.7, which is also much different from what most geochemists generally accept. The discrepancy in x may be due to the competition among different kinds of ionic species on the adsorption site or simulataneous occurrence of different kinds of adsorption reactions. The results from this study should help construct an appropriate adsorption model for the aquatic systems polluted by the coal mine drainage in the Taebag area. With the constructed model, one can describe the concentration variations of trace metals due to the adsorption in the system, which is an essential part of the investigation on the water quality affected by coal mine drainage in the Taebag coal field.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.181-186
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• 2003

The satellite navigation system is widely used for identifying a user's position regardless of weather or geographic conditions and also make effect on new technology of marine LBS(Location Based Service), which has the technology of geographic information such as the ENC. Generally, there are conceivable systems of marine LBS such as ECDIS, or ECS that use the ENC itself with powerful processor in installed type on ships bridge. Since the ENC is relatively heavy structure with dummy format for data transfer between different systems, we should reduce the ENC to small and compact size in order to use it in mobile platform. In this paper, we assumed that the mobile system like PDA, or Webpad can be used for small capability of mobile platform. However, the ENC should be updated periodically by update profile data produced by HO. If we would reduce the ENC without a consideration of update, we could not get newly updated data furthermore. As summary, we studied considerations for ENC reduction with update capability. It will make the ENC be useful in many mobile platforms for various applications.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.366-373
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• 2021

This study attempted to establish a field data-based write analysis standard by analyzing field observation data, which is non-linear data of southern garlic. Five regions, including Goheung, Namhae, Sinan, Changnyeong, and Haenam, were selected for analysis. Observation values for each observation station were extracted from the temperature data of farmland in the region through inverse distance weighted. Southern-type garlic production and temperature data were collected for 10 years, from 2010 to 2019. Local regression analysis (Kernel) of the obtained data was performed, and growth temperatures were analyzed, such as 0.8 (18.781℃), 0.9 (18.930℃), 1.0 (19.542℃), 1.1 (20.165℃), and 1.2 (21.042℃) depending on the bandwidth. The analyzed optimum temperature and the grown temperature (4℃/25℃) were applied to extract the growth temperature for each temperature by using the temperature response model analysis. Regression analysis and correlation analysis were performed between the analyzed growth temperature and production data. The coefficient of determination(R²) was analyzed as 0.325 to 0.438, and in the correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient of 0.57 to 0.66 was analyzed at the significance probability 0.001 level. Overall, as the bandwidth increased, the coefficient of determination was higher. However, in all analyses except bandwidth 1.0, it was analyzed that all variables were not used due to bias. The purpose of this study is to accommodate all data through non-linear data. It was analyzed that bandwidth 1.0 with a high coefficient of determination while accepting modeling as a whole is the most suitable.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.101-113
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is increasing ventilation network usability for urban green space planning by enhancing its practicality and detail. A ventilation network feature extraction technique using roughness length($z_0$) was proposed. Continuously surfaced DZoMs generated from $z_0$(cadastral unit) using three interpolations(IDW, Spline, and Kriging) were compared to choose the most suitable interpolation method. Ventilation network features were extracted using the most suitable interpolation technique and studied with land cover and land surface temperature by spatial overlay comparison. Results show Kriging is most suitable for DZoM and feature extraction in comparison with IDW and Spline. Kriging based features are well fit to the land surface temperature(Landsat-7 ETM+) on summer and winter nights. Noteworthy is that the produced ventilation network appears to mitigate urban heat loads at night. The practical use of proposed ventilation network features are highly expected for urban green space planning, though strict validation and enhancement should follow. (1) $z_0$ enhancement, (2) additional ventilation network interpretation and editing, (3) linking disconnected ventilation network features, and (4) associated dataset enhancement with data integrity should technically preceded to enhance the applicability of a ventilation network for green space planning. The study domain will be expanded to the Seoul metropolitan area to apply the proposed ventilation network to green space planning practice.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.155-161
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• 2020

In general, optimization problems are difficult to solve simply. The reason is that the given problem is solved as soon as it is simple, but the more complex it is, the very large number of cases. This study is about the optimization of AI neural network. What we are dealing with here is the relief method for constructing AI network. The main topics deal with non-deterministic issues such as the stability and unstability of the overall network state, cost down and energy down. For this one, we discuss associative memory models, that is, a method in which local minimum memory information does not select fake information. The simulated annealing, this is a method of estimating the direction with the lowest possible value and combining it with the previous one to modify it to a lower value. And nonlinear planning problems, it is a method of checking and correcting the input / output by applying the appropriate gradient descent method to minimize the very large number of objective functions. This research suggests a useful approach to relief method as a theoretical approach to solving optimization problems. Therefore, this research will be a good proposal to apply efficiently when constructing a new AI neural network.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.158-158
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• 2017

비닐포장 하부에 위치한 콩의 생장 초기에 발생한 초엽을 인식하기 위한 연구를 수행중이다. 선행 연구에서 비닐포장에 접촉한 콩 초엽으로 인해 비닐포장 상부 표면의 열 반응 분포에 변화가 있음을 발견하였다. 현장에서 주행 중에 콩 초엽의 위치를 실시간으로 인식하고 연동된 선형 또는 회전형 엑츄에이터를 제어하여 정확한 위치에 천공을 수행하기 위해서는 계측 시스템과 제어 시스템간의 시간적 차이를 최소할 수 있는 실시간 신호 처리 기술이 필수적이다. 선행 연구에서 사용한 다중 IR 센서의 분해능은 $16{\times}4pixel$이며 주파수는 3 Hz로, 폭이 30cm 내외인 비닐포장 상부의 정밀 분석에 한계가 있음을 발견하였다. 이를 해결하기 위하여 분해능과 계측 주기를 개선할 수 있는 초소형 ($1cm{\times}1cm{\times}1cm$) 열화상 센서를 이용하였다. LWIR(Longwave infrared)영역에 해당하는 $8{\mu}m{\sim}14{\mu}m$의 영역에서 $0.05^{\circ}C$의 분해능을 보이는 $ Lepton^{TM}$ (500-0690-00, FLIR, Goleta, CA)모델을 사용하였다. 프레임당 $80{\times}60$ 픽셀의 정보가 2 Byte의 단위로 계측이 되며 9 Hz의 주파수로 대상면의 열 분포를 측정할 수 있다. 이론적으로 초당 정보 전송량은 86,400 Byte ($80{\times}60{\times}2{\times}9$)이며, 1 m를 진행하는 주행형 천공기에 적용할 경우 1 프레임당 10cm 정도의 면적을 측정하므로, 최대 위치 판정 분해능은 약 10 cm / 60 pixel = 0.17 cm/pixel로 상대적으로 정밀한 위치 판별이 가능하다. $80{\times}60{\times}2Byet$의 정보를 0.1초 이내에 분석해야 하는 기술적 과제를 해결하기 위하여 천공 작업기에 적합한 상용 SBC(Single board computer)의 클럭 속도(1 Ghz)로 처리 가능한 공간 분포 분석 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 전체 이미지 도메인을 한 번에 분석하는데 소요되는 시간을 최소화하기 위하여 공간정보 행렬을 균등히 배분하고 별도의 프로세서에서 Feature를 분석한 후 개별 프로세서의 결과를 경합식으로 판정하는 기술을 연구하였다. 오픈 소스인 MPICH(www.mpich.org) 라이브러리를 이용하여 개발한 신호 분석 프로그램을 클러스터링으로 연동된 개별 코어에 설치/수행 하였다. 2D 행렬인 열분포 정보를 공간적으로 균등 분배하여 개별 코어에서 행렬의 Spatial domain analysis를 수행하였다. $20{\times}20$의 클러스터링 단위를 이용할 경우 총 12개의 코어가 필요하였으며, 초당 10회의 연산이 가능함을 확인하였다. 병렬 클러스터링 기술을 이용하여 1m/s 내외의 주행 속도에 대응이 가능한 비닐포장 상부 열 분포 분석 시스템을 구현하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 1999.11b
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• pp.99-104
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• 1999

영상을 획득하는 과정에 있어, 영상획득 장치 또는 피사체의 흔들림으로 인해 발생되는 움직임 열화(motion-blur)현상은 영상의 선명도를 크게 떨어뜨리는 주된 원인이 된다. 손상된 영상은 그 영상자체로부터 움직임의 각도와 길이를 추출 함으로서 복원될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 움직임 열화의 각도와 길이를 추정하기 위한 방법 중, 본 저자가 제안 했던 극점자취방법에, 확률적인 개념을 적용한 새로운 확률적 극점자취 방법을 소개한다. 기존의 방법은 신호지배영역이 올바로 지정되지 않았을 경우, 오차를 수반하기도 한다. 이러한 문제를 해결 하기 위해, 본 연구에서는 maximum likelihood(ML) 분류방법을 이용해 적절하지 않은 극점자취점의 영향을 선택적으로 작게 하여, 신호지배 영역의 설정 없이, 저주파 영역에서의 올른 극점자취의 검출이 가능하도록 하였다. 또한, Auto-regressive(Ah) 모델을 이용한 선형예측방법을 통해 극점 검출과정에서 불규칙하게 발생하는 특이점들이 극점으로 검출되지 못하도록 하여, 정밀한 움직임 방향의 추정이 가능하게 하였다. 또한, 움직임 길이의 검출에 있어서는, 노이즈에 의해 영향을 무시할 수 없는 기존의 영점교차점 방법을 보완한, 새로운 이동평균최소(MALM)법을 정의하였다 이 방법은 움직임 열화가 발생한 영상의 주파수 영역단면 패턴을 이용한 것으로서, 2차원적인 sinc함수를 1차원적인 표현으로 바꾸어주는 이동평균함수를 사용하여, 쉽게 부극점(sub-peak point)을 찾을 수 있도록 한다 부극점 또한 노이즈에 의한 영향을 받지 않고, 이동평균최소법 자체에 노이즈를 제거하는 과정에 포함되어있으므로. 이 방법을 사용하게 되면, 심한 노이즈 환경에서도 적절한 움직임의 길이 값을검출할 수 있다. 이렇게 얻어진 길이와 방향의 파라메터를 이용하여, 실제 실험에 사용된 손상되어진 영상을 효과적으로 복원할 수 있었다.>$\bigcirc$ 펄라이트 : 합섬A(비스코스+레이온)급액천의 유입은 소(1$\times$60cm)에서 21.8ml, 중(2$\times$60cm) 33.5ml, 대(3$\times$60cm) 43.4ml가 통과되었고 합섬(폴리에스텔)에서는 19.0~30.7ml로서 급액천의 규격에 따라 통과되는 차이가 있었다. 배지가 규격화되어 있어 급액천의 규격별로 일정하게 유입되었으며 급액천의 재질이 유입에 영향을 미친 것으로 사료되었다. (2) 급액관과 베드상과의 높이에 따른 유출양 : 급액과 베드상과의 낙차가 클수록 유출이 증가함을 알수 있었으나 합섬C(인견)실험구에서는 낙차가 유출에 영향을 미치지 않았다. (4) 급액된 양액의 EC 및 pH조사 : 급액된 양액의 EC 및 pH에 전혀 변화가 없어 재배 적응에 문제가 없을것으로 사료되었다.이가 가장 이상적인 것으로 생각된다.세포수에 대한 내부세포괴세포(ICM/total cells)가 20~40% 범주에 드는 비율은 처리구가 대조구보다 낮은 결과를 나타냈다. 결론적으로 돼지난포란을 이용하여 체외성숙을 유기할 때 효과적인 cysteamine의 농도는 50$\mu$M이 적당하며, 초기배발달을 유기할 때의 효과적인 cysteamine의 농도는 25~50$\mu$M인 것으로 판단된다.N)A(N)/N을 제시하였다(A(N)=N에 대한 A값). 위의 실험식을 사용하여 헝가리산 Zempleni 시료(15%$S_{XRD}$)의 기본입자분포로부터 %$S_{XRD}$를 계산한 결과, 16%$S_{XRD}$의 결과값을 얻을 수 있었다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 도출한 관계식들이 유효함을 확인할 수 있었다.계식들이 유효함을 확인할 수 있었다.할 때 약간의 증가를 나타냈다.". And

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.32-45
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• 2000

This paper presents the analytic derivation of the SINR, when a linear array antenna is accommodated into the cellular CDMA basestation receiver, in relation to the two major performance effecting factors in beamforming(BF) applications, i. e., the direction selectivity, which refers to the narrowness of the mainbeam width, and the direction-of-arrival(DOA) estimation accuracy. The analytically derived results are compared with the operation simulation of the receiver realized with the several BF algorithms and their agreements are confirmed, consequently verifying the correctness of the analysis and the operation simulation. In order to investigate separately the effects of the errors occurring in the direction estimation and in the interference suppression, which are the two major functional components of general BF algorithms, both the algorithms of steering BF and the minimum- variance- distortionless-response(MVDR) BF are applied to the analysis. A signal model to reflect the spatially scattering phenomenon of the RF waves entering into the .:nay antenna, which directly affects on the accuracy of the BF algorithm's direction estimation, is also suggested in this paper and applied to the analysis and the operation simulation. It is confirmed from the results that the enhancement of the direction selectivity of the away antenna is not desirable in view of both the implementation economy and the BF algorithm's robustness to the erroneous factors. Such a trade-off characteristics is significant in the sense that it can be capitalized to obtain an economic means of BF implementation that does not severely deteriorate its performance while ensuring the robustness to the erroneous effects, consequently manifesting the significance of the analysis results of this paper that can be used as a design reference in developing BF algorithms to the cellular CDMA system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.251-260
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• 2015

The end plate connection is applied to beam-column moment connections in various forms. Such end plate connection displays changes in the behavioral characteristics, strength and stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity based on the thickness and length of the end plate, the number and diameter of the high strength bolt, the gauge distance of the high strength bolt, prying action force of the high strength bolt, and dimensions and length of the welds. Accordingly, this study has apprehended the axial tensile stiffness and prying action force of the high strength bolt connected on the tensile side based on the difference in thickness of the end plate, and was conducted to propose an analysis model for the prediction of such variables that affect the operating properties of the end plate. To achieve this, this study has conducted a three-dimensional non-linear finite-element analysis of the unstiffened expanding end plate connection by selecting only the thickness of the end plate as the variable.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.139-150
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• 2010

Reinforced-concrete (RC) columns are frequently designed and constructed. other types of columns includes composite types such as concrete-filled tube columns (CFT). Hollow RC columns may be effective in reducing both the self weight of columns and total amount of materials used. This is due to the fact that a hollow RC column possesses larger moment of inertia than that of solid RC columns of same cross sectional area. Despite the effectiveness the hollow RC column has not been popular because of its poor ductility performance. While the transverse reinforcements are effective in controlling the brittle failure of the outside concrete, they are not capable of resisting the failure of concrete of inner face which is in unconfined state of stress. To overcome these drawbacks, the internally confined hollow reinforced concrete (ICH RC), a new column type, was proposed in the previous researches. In this study, the fire resistance performance of the ICH RC columns was analyzed through a series of extensive heat transfer analyses using the nonlinear-material model program. Also, effect of factors such as the hollowness ratio, thickness of the concrete, and thickness of the internal tube on the fire resistance performance were extensively studied. Then the factors that enhance the fire-resistant performance of ICH RC were presented and analyzed.