• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.200-205
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• 2015

Effects of austenite on the uniform corrosion in the solution of $1\;N\;H_2SO_4$ were investigated through the electrochemical polarization test. Two phases structures of martensite and austenite were obtained by annealing treatment at the range of $500^{\circ}C{\sim}700^{\circ}C$ for 10min. in 70% cold-rolled 202 stainless steel. Volume fraction of reversed austenite increased rapidly with an increase of annealing temperature. Uniform Corrosion was occur mainly on martensite phase in 202 austenitic stainless steel with two phase of austenite and martensite. Corrosion current density increased with an increase of volume fraction of austenite, therefore uniform corrosion was affected by volume fraction of austenite

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.205-211
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• 2001

The characteristics of super duplex stainless steel were investigated on its fibrous structure and dispersed structure. These structures consist of various volume fractions and distributions of the austenite phase that were obtained by changing the heat treatment temperature and cycle. The fibrous structure had higher austenite volume fraction than dispersed structure on the same temperature. As the austenite volume fraction increased in both structures, tensile strength and elongation increased, but hardness decreased. Fatigue life of fibrous structure parallel to rolling direction was shorter than that of perpendicular to rolling direction. Fatigue life of dispersed structure was longer than parallel fibrous structure, and shorter than perpendicular fibrous structure. Fatigue crack propagation rate of fibrous structure was faster than that of dispersed structure.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 1988

This paper deals with the micro-surface-cracks behavior on the unnotched smooth specimens of Type 304 stainless steel at $593^{\circ}C$ in air under creep and creep-fatigue conditions that have 10 mim and 1 min load holding times respectively. The behaviors of the micro-surface-cracks have been visualized by means of surface replica method and optical micro-photography. The quantitative characteristics of initiation, growth and coalescence of micro-surface-cracks have been investigated by observing and measuring the crack growth behaviors. some of the important results are as follows: Main crack initiates at grain boundary in the early stage(10 to 20%)of its life time and grows through coalescence and finally leads to fracture. The distribution of micro-surface-crack length, 2a, can be plotted against the composite Weibull distribution. The growth rate of the main crack can be plotted against the stress intensity factor, crack tip opering displacement and J integral.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2015

The effect of retained and reversed austenite on the damping capacity in high manganese stainless steel with two phases of martensite and austenite was studied. The two phase structure of martensite and retained austenite was obtained by deformation for various degrees of deformation, and a two phase structure of martensite and reverse austenite was obtained by reverse annealing treatment for various temperatures after 70 % cold rolling. With the increase in the degree of deformation, the retained austenite and damping capacity rapidly decreased, with an increase in the reverse annealing temperature, the reversed austenite and damping capacity rapidly increased. With the volume fraction of the retained and reverse austenite, the damping capacity increased rapidly. At same volume of retained and reversed austenite, the damping capacity of the reversed austenite was higher than the retained austenite. Thus, the damping capacity was affected greatly by the reversed austenite.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.16-23
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• 2022

In this study, characteristics of effect on hydrogen gas was investigated to hydrogen embrittlement by disk and tensile tests. The developed and commercial alloy was fabricated to a plate material made from an alloy ingot. The prepared materials were processed in the form of a disk to measure rupture pressure by hydrogen and helium gas at a rate of 0.1 to 1,000 bar/min. In the hydrogen pre-charged tensile test, a specimen was hydrogenated using an anode charging method, and the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and reduction in area rate were carried by a strain rate test. Also, the microstructure was observed to the fracture surface of the tensile test specimen. As a result, the developed materials satisfied endurable hydrogen embrittlement, and the fractured surface showed a brittleness fracture surface with a depth of several ㎛, but dimple due to ductile fracture could be observed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.545-551
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• 2020

Cause analysis of surface pitting crack on a waterjet impeller was conducted. The waterjet impeller was made from stainless steel duplex 2205, which is more resistant to corrosion and local corrosion than typical stainless steel 316L and 317L, and has high mechanical strength, making it a useful material in various marine structures and seawater desalination facilities. The measurements were taken by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular ecological detection. The chemical composition of S was examined by SEM in the area of pitting corrosion. The dsrAB gene was detected on the sample of the pitting corrosion of the impeller through molecular ecological detection. Therefore, pitting corrosion on the surface of a waterjet impeller was caused by sulphite-reducing bacteria (SRB). To prevent the spread of SRB, management is required through high temperature treatments (over 65℃), pH management, or the insulation of a hull and waterjet.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.24-24
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• 2010

마찰교반접합법은 특정한 회전수로 회전하는 용접 툴을 이용하여 접합하고자 하는 피접합재의 맞댄면에 삽입시킨 후 툴을 이동시키거나 혹은 시편을 견고하게 고정시킨 장치(backing plate)가 움직여 고상 상태에서 접합이 이루어진다. 알루미늄, 마그네슘 등 비교적 융점이 낮은 저융점 재료의 재료에 처음 적용이 되어 많은 연구가 활발히 진행되었고 타 용접방법에 비해 우수한 접합특성을 나타내었다. 최근 이러한 마찰교반접합은 이러한 저융점 재료를 넘어서 스틸, 타이타늄, 니켈 등과 같은 고융점 재료 등에 대한 적용이 늘어나고 있다. 마찰교반접합을 이용하여 이러한 고융점 재료의 접합 경우 내마모성 및 내열성 등의 내구성이 갖추어진 툴과 이러한 툴을 냉각시킬 수 있는 냉각 장치 등이 필요로 하나 경제적 측면이나 접합부의 우수한 특성 등을 고려 할 때 그 적용 및 발전 가능성이 매우 높다고 볼 수 있다. 2상 스테인레스 강은 금속 조직적으로 페라이트와 오스테나이트 상이 거의 1:1의 동등한 비율로 매우 미세하게 결합된 구조를 가지고 있다. 또한 이상 스테인레스 강은 각상의 개개의 특성에 기인하여 염소 분위기에서 응력부식 저항성이 우수하고, 공식과 틈부식에 대한 저항성이 매우 뛰어나다. 그리고 이상 스테인레스 강은 비교적 고가인 Ni이 일반 오스테나이트 스테인리스 강의 약 1/2의 수준으로 적게 포함이 되어 경제적인 이점을 지니고 있으며 또한 용접성이 좋아 산업계의 수요는 현재 점차 증가하고 있는 상황이다. 하지만 이러한 이상 스테인리스 강은 용접 후 페라이트 상의 조대화, 그리고 페라이트 상의 분율이 오스테나이트 상의 분율보다 높아지게 되어 용접부에서의 저온 인성 감소 및 내식성 저하 등의 문제가 발생하게 된다. 그리하여 용접 시 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 입열량의 조절이 가장 필요로 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 마찰교반용접을 이용하여 두께 3mm의 대표적인 이상 스테인리스 강인 SAF2205 스테인리스 강에 대해 맞대기 마찰교반접합을 실시하였다. 툴 회전속도를 변수로 하여 접합을 실시하였으며 접합 시 툴은 $Si_3N_4$ 툴을 사용하였다. 접합 후 외관상태 점검, 미세조직 관찰, 경도 및 인장강도 측정 등의 실험을 실시하였고, 이러한 결과를 이용하여 미세조직과 기계적 특성과의 관련성을 조사하였다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.6-12
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• 2015

Thermal fatigue life of the automobile exhaust manifold is directly affected by the restraint force according to the structure of exhaust system and bead shape of the welded joints. In the present study, the microstructural changes and precipitation behavior during thermal fatigue cycle of the 18wt% Cr ferritic stainless steel weld heat affected zone (HAZ) considering restraint stress were investigated. The simulation of weld HAZ and thermal fatigue test were carried out using a metal thermal cycle simulator under complete constraint force in the static jig. The change of the restraint stress on the weld HAZ was simulated by changing the shape of notch in the specimen considering the stress concentration factor. Thermal fatigue properties of the weld HAZ were deteriorated during cyclic heating and cooling in the temperature range of $200^{\circ}C$ to $900^{\circ}C$ due to the decrease of Nb content in solid solution and coarsening of MX type precipitates, laves phase, $M_6C$ with coarsening of grain and softening of the matrix. As the restraint stress on the specimen increased, the thermal fatigue life was decreased by dynamic precipitation and rapid coarsening of the precipitates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.344-350
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• 2004

This is the study on dry sliding wear behavior of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composite at ambient temperature. The wear rates and friction coefficients against the stainless steel counterpart specularly processed were experimentally determined and the resulting wear mechanisms were microscopically observed. Three principal sliding directions relative to the dominant fiber orientation in the composite wear selected. When sliding took place against smooth and hard counterpart, the highest were resistance and the lowest friction coefficient were observed in the antiparallel direction. When the velocity between the composite and the counterpart went up, the wear rate increased. The fiber destruction and cracking caused fiber bending on the contact surface, which was discovered to be dominant wear mechanism.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.110-110
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• 2018

여러 니켈합금 중 인코넬 600은 원전 가압경수로(PWR)의 튜브 재료로 널리 사용되는 재료이다. 스테인리스강과 비교하여 우수한 내식성과 기계적 특성으로 인해 화학설비, 발전설비, 그리고 해양설비 등과 같은 여러 산업분야에서도 널리 사용되고 있다. 그러나 가압경수로용 증기 발생기의 튜브 재료와 같은 특수 환경에서 예민화에 따른 입계부식 및 입계응력부식 등의 문제가 흔히 보고되고 있다. 이러한 내구성 문제는 설비 및 장비의 수명, 내구성 그리고 안정성 등의 치명적인 영향을 미친다. 따라서 용접, 열처리, 그리고 가공과정에서 발생하는 Inconel 600의 예민화 및 입계부식에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 100시간 이상 장시간 열화된 시편에 대한 예민화 연구는 전무한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 장시간 열화된 Inconel 600의 예민화를 평가하기 위해 최대 1,000시간까지 열화를 실시하였으며, 이에 대한 평가방법으로 Double-Loop Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation(DL-EPR) 시험법을 적용하였다. 본 실험에서 사용된 인코넬 600의 화학성분(wt, %)은 0.01 C, 0.05 Si, 0.14 Mn, 15.3 Cr, 0.5 Cu, 0.015 S, 그리고 나머지는 Ni 이다. 예민화 평가를 위한 등온 열화는 전기열처리로를 이용하여, $550^{\circ}C$와 $650^{\circ}C$에서 최대 1000시간까지 실시하였다. 열화에 따른 미세조직 변화는 scanning electron microscope와 energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy를 이용하여 실시하였다. DL-EPR 실험은 $25^{\circ}C$의 0.1M $H_2SO_4$ + 0.001M KSCN(potasium thiocyanate) 수용액 하에서 실시하였으며, 분극은 OCP로부터 600 mV(SSE vs.)까지 1.67mV/s 주사속도로 forward scan을 실시 후, 동일한 속도로 OCP까지 reverse scan을 실시하였다. Degree Of Sensitization(DOS)값은 anodic scan peak($I_a$) 값과 reverse scan peak($I_r$) 값의 비로 산출하였다. $$i.e.\;DOS=I_r/I_a{\times}100$$. 그 결과, 온도 변수에 따른 Inconel 600강의 예민화 거동은 서로 상이한 경향을 나타내었다. $550^{\circ}C$의 경우, 열화가 진행됨에 따라 DOS값은 급격하게 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 반면, $650^{\circ}C$에서는 일정시간 이후부터 Cr 확산 현상에 의한 탈 예민화 현상이 관찰되었다.