• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.461-470
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of a transcritical cycle for hot water heating using $CO_2$ as a working fluid. Some of the main parameters that affect the practical performance of the $CO_2$ system are discussed; the performance on the variation of refrigerant charge, changes in flow conditions of secondary fluids, and that with or without internal heat exchanger, The experimental results show that the optimum charge is approximately the same for various mass flow rates of the secondary fluid at gas cooler. The experimental results on the effect of secondary fluids are in general agreement with the experimental results of transcritical cycle in the open literature and show similar trend for conventional subcritical vapor compression cycles. The heat exchanger effectiveness increases with an increase of the heat exchange area of the internal heat exchanger regardless of the mass flow rate at the gas cooler.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.411-421
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system by simulation and experiment using refrigerant mixtures of R744/134a and R744/290 as working fluid. Variations of mass flow rate of refrigerant, compressor work refrigeration capacity and COP with respect to mass fraction of R744/134a and R744/290 mixture were presented under different operating conditions. Performance test has been executed by ASRAE standard. Experimental results show as the composition of R744 in the refrigerant mixture increases, heating and coling capacity are enhanced, but COP trends to decrease. Experimental results are compared with those from the simulation.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.158-166
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• 2004

The performance of a heat pump using $CO_2$ is predicted and analyzed by using a cycle simulation model developed in this study. Cycle simulations are conducted by varying design parameters and operating conditions with the applications of advanced techniques to improve system performance. The applied systems in the simulations are internal heat exchanger, expander, and 2-stage compression with intercooling. As a result, the applications of advanced techniques improve the heating and cooling performances of the transcritical $CO_2$ cycle by 8∼26％ and 20∼30％, respectively, over the basic cycle.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 2007

An experimental apparatus was constructed to obtain vapor-liquid equilibrium data for $CO_2/oil$ mixtures using mass analysis method with sample cylinder. Lubricants employed were POE (poly-ol ester) and PAG (poly alkylene glycol). The phase equilibria of $CO_2/oil$ mixtures prevailed in an equilibrium cell were observed through a couple of sight glasses at the opposite ends. Data were obtained over the temperatures $-10^{\circ}C,\;-5^{\circ}C,\;0^{\circ}C,\;5^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C,\;25^{\circ}C,\;40^{\circ}C,\;60^{\circ}C,\;and\;80^{\circ}C$ under pressures up to 14 MPa and then mole fractions were calculated, respectively In general, more solubility of $CO_2$ is observed in POE than in PAG. Miscibility gap is closed for $CO_2/POE$ mixture but not for $CO_2/PAG$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

In this paper, cycle performance analysis of $NH_3-CO_2$(R717-R744) two-stage cascade refrigeration system is presented to offer the basic design data for the operating parameters of the system. The operating parameters considered in this study include subcooling and superheating degree, compressor efficiency, and condensing and evaporating temperature in the ammonia(R717) high temperature cycle and the carbon dioxide low temperature cycle. The main results were summarized as follows : The COP of two-stage cascade refrigeration system increases with the increasing subcooling degree, but decreases with the increasing superheating degree. The COP of two-stage cascade refrigeration system decreases with the increasing condensing temperature, but increases with the increasing evaporating temperature. And the COP of two-stage cascade refrigeration system increases with increasing the compressor efficiency. Therefore, superheating and subcoolng degree, compressor efficiency, and evaporating and condensing temperature of $NH_3-CO_2$(R717-R744) two-stage cascade refrigeration system have an effect on the COP of this system.

• Clean Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

$CO_2$ is generated by the combustion reaction, when getting the energy from fossil fuel. If the carbon dioxide emissions increases more, the global warming problem will become more serious. CCS (carbon capture storage) needs to be developed for the prevention of this. When liquefied $CO_2$ is transported, BOG (boil-off gas) is generated because of several problems. In the study, by injecting liquefied $CO_2$ in two tanks which contains $40m^3$each, the amount of BOG and its composition were measured during 30 days when generating pressure changes and external heat, loading, unloading. In result, 16,040 kg of BOG was generated and the composition has been found out to be 99.95% $CO_2$ and 0.05 % $N_2$. Also, we conducted simulation process for reliquefaction of generated BOG with vapor compression cycle using the PRO/II with PROVISION version 9.2. As a result, the refrigeration cycle of the total circulation flow rate was 42.07 kg/h and the condenser utility consumption was 48.85 kg/h.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.9 no.2 s.35
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• pp.13-18
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• 2006

This paper was studied to design Process considered flexibility and reliability of suction and discharge valves. Flexibility and reliability of valves are main important factors in compressor valves design. And they are incompatible with efficiency of compressor. In this study, we have performed the optimal design of CO2 compressor valves to consider these factors. At first, we analyzed performance simulation of compressor to obtain optimal flexibility level of valves. From this simulation, we could get some important data at valve design like the optimal natural frequency and the height of retainer. After that we studied to reliability of valves corresponding to optimal flexibility level by finite element method. For each case bending stress and natural frequency were obtained by it. Also we investigated the fatigue stability to obtain optimal valve shape that ensured to reliability.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.842-846
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• 2016

It's possible for a human to breathe under water, but the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water is small and a large amount of water is necessary to obtain sufficient dissolved oxygen from water. So, large separation system with large water pumps, having large surface areas, and large battery sources are needed. Exhalation gases are used to solve this problem. Theses gases contain some oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide; they contain less oxygen and more carbon dioxide compared to air. Therefore, reduction of the amount of carbon dioxide is necessary. If exhalation gases are employed appropriately, the separation device can be made more compact. Inlet water mixed with exhalation gases is supplied into the separation device, and dissolved gases are separated from the mixed water as it passes through the device. The inlet part of a typical separation system with a water delivery pump before the membrane module has more than one atmosphere. Hence, a compressor is used to mix the exhalation gases. In this study, the pressure at the inlet due to the use of a suction pump after the membrane module was less than one atmosphere; hence, compressors were not required. Separation characteristics were studied using a separation device without a compressor. The use of exhalation gases led to an increase in the amount of dissolved gases being separated. As the amount of inlet exhalation gases was increased, the separation of dissolved gases was increased as well.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.193-193
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• 2003

신선농산물의 환경기체조절 저장 연구 및 호흡속도 측정연구에 필요한 설비중의 하나가 기체 발생기, 기체 실린더 및 이를 제어할 수 있는 가스분석기 이다. 현재는 질소, 산소, 이산화탄소 실린더를 이용하여 기체를 공급하고 기체분석기에서 저장고내의 농도를 측정하여 소정의 기체조성으로 유지하는 방법을 많이 사용하고 있으나 고가의 기체분석기를 구비하고 있어야 하는 점과 각 기체 실린더의 유지비용이 발생하며 자동으로 제어하기 위해서는 고가의 설비가 필요한 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 가격이 저렴하면서 혼합기체를 안정적으로 공급할 수 있어 파일럿 시스템의 환경기체조절 저장연구에 사용될 수 있는 장치를 개발하였다. 환경기체조성을 위한 가스 혼합장치의 조작은 시판되는 $N_2$, $O_2$, $CO_2$압축 실린더 또는 질소 발생기 및 공기압축기와 연계하여 사용할 수 있도록 설계하였다. 개발된 혼합기의 작동원리는 압력 조절기를 통해서 일정압력 유지시킨 후 정밀 압력 조절기 (IR 2010, SMC Co., Japan)에서 정압을 유지하고 metering valve(SS-SS2, Swagelok Co., U.S.A)를 이용하여 각 기체의 유량을 소정의 비율로 제어할 수 있도록 하였다. 각각의 기체는 metering valve에서 조절된 유량의 비로 기체 혼합셀에서 섞이게되고 일정 농도의 혼합기체를 얻을 수 있게 된다. 가스혼합기의 성능실험을 위하여 압력을 조절하여 혼합가스의 유량을 조절하는 실험과 이에 따른 농도 재현성을 측정하였다. 정밀 압력 조절기의 설정압력을 0.04~0.16MPa까지 0.02MPa단위로 압력을 변화 시켜본 결과 발생되는 혼합기체의 유량은 35~175$m\ell$/min의 범위까지 유량을 자유롭게 조절 할 수 있었으며 발생기체의 농도는 압력에 따라 0.1~0.3%의 편차를 나타내었고 동일압력에서 시간 경과에 따른 재현성 측정 결과는 0.1% 수준으로 나타나 본 장치를 환경기체조절 저장챔버 또는 신선 농산물의 호흡속도 측정에 사용 할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.3366-3373
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• 2011

In this study, performance characteristics of a water source heat pump system using $CO_2$ as a refrigerant are investigated experimentally. Cooling and heating capacities and COP of the system are analyzed for various system performance variables such as refrigerant charge, expansion valve opening, compressor frequency and internal heat exchanger. Results show that optimum amount of refrigerant charge and expansion valve opening exists at maximum point of COP curve, and cooling capacity increases but COP decreases with the increase of compressor frequency. When the internal heat exchanger is installed, cooling capacity increases about 4.0% whereas heating capacity decreases about 0.89% compared to the case without internal heat exchanger.