• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.161-167
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• 2015

These commensal intestinal bacteria can enhance the immune system and aid in nutrient absorption but can also act as opportunistic pathogens. Among these intestinal bacteria, the anaerobic Bacteroides fragilis are divided into enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) which secrete the B. fragilis toxin (BFT) and non-enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (NTBF) which do not secrete BFT. ETBF can cause diarrhea and colitis in both humans and livestock but can also be found in asymptomatic individuals. ETBF is predominantly found in patients with inflammatory diarrheal diseases and traveller's diarrhea. Several clinical studies have also reported an increased prevalence of ETBF in human patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colitis and colorectal cancer. In small animal models (C57BL/6 wild-type mice, germ-free mice, multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice, rabbits and Mongolian gerbils), ETBF have been found to initiate and/or aggravate IBD, colitis and colorectal cancer. BFT induces E-cadherin cleavage in intestinal epithelial cells resulting in loss of epithelial cell integrity. Subsequent activation of the ${\beta}$-catenin pathway leads to increased cellular proliferation. In addition, ETBF causes acute and chronic colitis in wild-type mice as well as enhances tumorigenesis in Min mice via activation of the Stat3/Th17 pathway. Currently, ETBF can be detected using a BFT toxin bioassay and by PCR. Advances in molecular biological techniques such as real-time PCR have allowed both researchers as well as clinicians to rapidly detect ETBF in clinical samples. The emergence of more sensitive techniques will likely advance molecular insight into the role of ETBF in colitis and cancer.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of cognitve function among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder according to severity of symptoms. Methods: The subjects were 90 psychiatric inpatients and outpatients with posttraumatic stress disorer(by DSM-IV criteria) after traffic accident. The severity of symptoms was assessed by MMPI subscales; depression, psychasthenia, schizophrenia. The impairment of cognitive function was assessed by Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale(K-WAIS). Based on scores of the MMPI subscales, the patients were divided into high group(above 70 percentile) and low group(below 30 percentile). We estimated the difference of the K-WAIS score and subtest score in the low group and high group of the MMPI subscales by indedpendent t-test. Results: The scores of high group is significantly higher in the subtests of information, vocabulary, similarity, picture completion, and picture arrangement than the low group for psychasthenia subscale of MMPI. And the score of high group is significantly higher in full scale I.Q., verbal I.Q., performance I.Q., verbal subscales except digit span and simiarity, and performance subscales than low group for schiozphrenia subscale of MMPI. Conclusion: It was found cognitive function was more impaired in the group of PTSD with severe symptom compared to the group of PTSD with mild symptoms. We suggest that psychiatrist should consider various cognitive approaches as well as pharmacotherapy in the management of PTSD.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.10 s.269
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• pp.777-782
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• 2004

In this research, $5\times5cm^2$ unit cells were fabricated via liquid condensation process and uniaxial pressing followed by the screen printing of electrolyte and cathode layer. The SOFC stack was assembled with unit cells, gasket-type sealant and metal interconnect. The stack was designed to have a single column with internal-manifold and cross-flow type gas-channels. The SOFC stack produced 15 W, which is $50\%$ of the maximum power being expected from the maximum power density of the unit cell. Controlling factors for the proper operation of the SOFC stack and other designing factors of stack manifold and gas channels were discussed.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 2013

Ship Standard Network was submitted as a common subject of e-navigation by 81th IMO MSC 2005. This agenda was given an official status with strategy planning of e-navigation for Ship Standard Network after approval of WG program of 81th MSC 2006. Nowadays approximately 400 heterogeneous navigation and communication equipments are working on ships at sea. Standardization of ship network is to support exchanging various data efficiently. Among them, 4S network is defined as a wireless communication network between ship to ship and ship to shore which provides unceasing communication channel ship to shore. It has been expected to trigger various services and applications based on 4S network. However, no technologies and products has been appeared at fields yet. but now there's not specific technologies and developing products. In this paper, We developed a 4S multiple media switching server and a ship-land information exchange system to overcome the heterogeneity and provide efficient communication environments.. The performance of the implemented system was verified by TTA(Telecommunications Technology Association) V&V(Verification and Validation).

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.425-439
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• 2020

Through the operations of advanced geostationary meteorological satellite such as Himawari-8 and GK2A, higher resolution and frequency of AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth) data have become available. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of Himawari-8/AHI (Advanced Himawari Imager) aerosol properties using the recent 4 years (2016~2019) of Sun photometer data observed at the five stations(Seoul National University, Yonsei University, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Anmyon island) which is a part of the AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network). In addition, we analyzed the causes for the AOD differences between Himawari AOD and Sun photometer AOD. The results showed that the two AOD data are very similar regardless of geographic location, in particular, for the clear condition (cloud amount < 3). However, the quality of Himawari AOD data is heavily degraded compared to that of the clear condition, in terms of bias (0.05 : 0.21), correlation (0.74 : 0.64) and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error; 0.21 : 0.51), when cloud amount is increased. In general, the large differences between two AOD data are mainly related to the cloud amount and relative humidity. The Himawari strongly overestimates the AOD at all five stations when cloud amount and relative humidity are large. However, the wind speed, precipitable water, height of cloud base and Angstrom Exponent have been shown to have no effect on the AOD differences irrespective of geographic location and cloud amount. The results suggest that caution is required when using Himawari AOD data in cloudy conditions.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.56-66
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• 1982

This study was carried out in order to estimate water losses in irrigation canals, which may be used to evaluate the water requirement for irrigation projects. The conveyance losses were measured by the inflow-outflow method, the seepage losses were measured by the ponding method, and the operation losses in the course of irrigation were calculated by comparing the two kinds of losses. The results obtained in this experiment were as follows; 1. Conveyance losses per unit area of wetted perimeter by the main irrigation canal, the secondary irrigation canal and the tributary irrigation canal, were 1.399${\times}10^{-5}m^3/sec/m^2$, 5.154${\times}10^{-5}m^3/sec/m^2$, and 2.67${\times}10^{-5}m^3/sec/m^2$ respectively in the Goong-sa area. And they were 1.934${\times}10^{-5}m^3/sec/m^2$, 2.149${\times}10^{-5}m^3/sec/m^2$, and 4.558${\times}10^{-5}m^3/sec/m^2$ respectively in the Seong-dug area. 2. Seepage losses per unit area of wetted perimeter by the secondary irrigation canal and the tributary irrigation canal, were 2.180${\times}10^{-6}m^3/sec/m^2$ and 2.168${\times}10^{-6}m^3/sec/m^2$ in the Goong-sa area, 1.150${\times}10^{-6}m^3/sec/m^2$ and 1.084${\times}10^{-6}m^3/sec/m^2$ in the Seong-dug area respectively. 3. Operation losses per unit area of wetted perimeter by the secondary irrigation canal and the tributary irrigation canal, were 4.936${\times}10^{-5}m^3/sec/m^2$ and 2.453${\times}10^{-5}m^3/sec/m^2$ in the Goong-sa area, 2.034${\times}10^{-5}m^3/sec/m^2$ and 4.450${\times}10^{-5}m^3/sec/m^2$ in the Seong-dug area respectively. 4. Conveyance, seepage and operation losses in the Goong-sa area were 6.7%, 94.6%, and 14.0% more than those in the Seong-dug area. Operation losses amount to about 17 times as much as seepage losses in the Goong-sa area and about 29 times in the Seong-dug area. 5. The seepage losses depend much on the soil texture, ranging from 7.437${\times}10^{-7}m^3/sec/m^2$ to 2.430${\times}10^{-6}m^3/sec/m^2$. 6. Water loss rates in the main irrigatin canal, the secondary irrigation canal and the tributary irrigation canal, were estimated as 8.49%, 37.27% and 9.81% respectively in the Goong-sa area. And they were estimated as 15.10%, 32.67% and 13.78% respectively in the Seong-dug area.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.12D no.2 s.98
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• pp.259-266
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• 2005

Recently data centric routing or application dependent routing protocols are emerged in mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper, we propose a routing method for query processing in MANET(Mobile Ad hoc NETwork) environment, called road-based query routing, with consideration on real time traffic information of large number of vehicles. In particular, we focus on the method that process arrival time dependent shortest path query in MANET without a central server on the road networks. The main idea of our approach lies in a routing message that includes query predicates based on the road connectivity and on data gathering method in real time from vehicles on the road by ad-hoc network. We unify route discovery phase and data delivery(query processing) phase in our mechanism and reduce unnecessary flooding messages by pruning mobile nodes which are not on the same or neighboring road segments. In order to evaluate the performances of the proposed method, we established a model of road networks and mobile nodes which travel along the roads. The measurement factor is the number of nodes to whom route request is propagated according to each pruning strategy. Simulation result shows that road information is a dominant factor to reduce the number of messages.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.157-169
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• 2003

Objective : The effects of electroacupuncture(EA) stimulation on heart rate variability(HRV) for healthy adults are investigated with power spectrum analysis(PSA) of HRV. Methods : The HRVs of every 10 minute for 22 healthy volunteers(13 men and 9 women) were measured for an hour with SA-3000P(Medicore Co., Ltd., Korea). The median age with arithmetic range of 13 men and 9 women was 26.00 years with 22.75~27.00 years. The initial 20 minutes were defined as baseline period(pre-EA period), the following 20 minutes as the EA period and the last 20 minutes as the post-EA period. In each EA periods, volunteers received EA(2Hz, 0.6~0.8ms duration, maximal tolerated stimulation without discomfort) on the right Zusanli(ST36), Shangjuxu(ST37) acupoints while supine, resting. Results : Heart rate of volunteers at post-EA period was significantly decreased compare to that of pre-EA period, while SDNN at post-EA period was significantly increased. Heart rate at EA period was significantly decreased compare to that of pre-EA period, but Ln(LF) and LF/HF at EA period were significantly increased. Ln(HF) at post-EA period was significantly decreased compare to that of EA period, while the other variables were not significantly changed. Conclusions : The results suggest that EA in healthy adults is associated with changed activity in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Further study is needed for investigating the effects of EA on HRV and autonomic nervous system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1747-1752
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• 2012

This study investigated the physiochemical characteristics of Xanthoceras sorbifolia seed oil. Xanthoceras sorbifolia seed oil was extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (420 atm, $50^{\circ}C$), hexane extraction and heat-pressed extraction ($160^{\circ}C$, $180^{\circ}C$). Acid values and peroxide values were evaluated, as well as the degree of lipid oxidation. The heat-pressed ($160^{\circ}C$) extraction gave a $53.5{\pm}2.5%$ higher yield of oil, compared with the other extraction methods. The acid values from the super critical fluid extraction were the highest, while peroxide values were highest from the heat-pressed extraction at $160^{\circ}C$ (3.10 meq/kg). The contents of linolenic acid and oleic acid were 38.63~41.13% and 26.29~26.85%, respectively. Contents of stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol were 6.01~6.49 mg/100 g and 58.19~59.85 mg/100 g, respectively. These results indicate that Xanthoceras sorbifolia seed oil can possibly serve as new edible oils.