• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.129-138
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• 1976

The causes and problems underlying deaths in perinatal period are often similar and might be expected to yield to same type of preventive measures. This is one of the reasons for attempting to develop a reporting of perinatal mortality and its related matters. This study aims at figuring out the biologic risk factors onto the perinatal death. Considering stillbirth and early neonatal mortality separately, considerable associations between stillbirth and reproductive history of women, are observed, ana it is found that prematurity is the the far most important factor in the early neonatal mortality.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.64-79
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• 2010

Students with intellectual disabilities typically have great difficulties communicating their needs and wants and may get frustrated, anxious or show signs of aggressive behaviour. They are often unable to understand the concept of relationships with other people as well. This lack of social communication and interaction leads to poor motivation which increases other areas of difficulty in their lives. Therefore, to teach students with intellectual disabilities, it is essential to find special teaching methods to support their positive behavior. This paper proposes that special educational curriculum for students with intellectual impairments utilize natural environments(forests) and materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Educational Programs Utilizing Forests on maladjusted behavior of students with mental retardation and to examine the positive effects of such planning practices. The subjects were middle school students who attended a special school for mentally-retarded students. They were divided into two separate groups- an experimental group and a control group. All subjects received the pre and post test using the same method. This program was applied to the formal educational process of middle school from March 1st to October 30th, 2009. In this experiment the results indicate that the effect of using a natural environment(forest) and the materials within a formal educational curriculum was positive as a type of horticultural therapy and that it supports positive behavior strategies in students with intellectual impairments. The usage of various natural materials including plants and flowers within the natural environments provide students with increased opportunities to participate. Teaching methods including natural materials help teachers engage with their students more easily during routine activities as their interest is already stimulated. This project will help students with intellectual impairments to build skills which enable effective participation and increase independence throughout their lives. This should be embedded into both routine and planned activities of the classroom Also, it offers a needed interior plan for the treatment space through an analysis of psychological factors of how the environment affects students.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 2014

In the course of study for the development of functional food using red beans (azuki beans, Phaseolus radiatus L.), the ethanol extracts from raw-red bean (RRB) and boiled-red bean (BRB) were prepared, and the components and various biological activities of both were compared. It was observed that the extraction yield, and the total polyphenol content, of the BRB were 1.2 times higher than that of the RRB. However, the contents of total flavonoid, total sugar and reducing sugar in the BRB were 30, 27.9 and 30.8% respectively when compared with those of RRB. In relation to antioxidative activity, both RRB and BRB exhibited moderate DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite scavenging activities and reducing power, though in all cases RRB demonstrated stronger activities than BRB. The extracts of RRB and BRB did not reveal any antimicrobial activities. In a ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity assay, RRB was higher than BRB, while BRB showed higher ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity than RRB. A strong and particular activity was observed in an anti-thrombosis activity assay of RRB. The extract of RRB demonstrated strong inhibitions against prothrombin and blood coagulation factors, with moderate thrombin inhibition. However, the extract of BRB did not exhibit any significant anti-thrombosis activity. Our results indicate that RRB has different, but useful biological activities, and loss or elimination of the biologically active substances in RRB occurs during the production of BRB. Therefore, to develop more functional foods from red beans, a study of suitable boiling, heating and drying processes is essential, and the efficient re-use of boiled waste water from the boiling process is necessary. These results could be applied to the further development of functional red bean beverages and sweat red bean pastes.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.257-265
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• 2015

Heat conditioning at an early age has been known to help chickens cope with heat stress later in life. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of heat conditioning at 5 days of age in broilers repeatedly exposed to high ambient temperature later in life. A total of 256 day-old Arbor Acre boiler chicks were housed in two identical rooms with a 23-h light/1-h dark cycle and provided with feed and water ad libitum. At 5 days of age, the birds in one room were exposed to $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, while those in the other room served as controls. On day 21, half of the birds in each room were moved into the other room so that each room contained both control and heat-conditioned birds. After a 7-day adaptation period, the birds in one room were exposed to high ambient temperature ($21^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}31^{\circ}C$) for 3 days, whereas those in the other room were kept at normal temperature. The same 3-day exposure to high ambient temperature was repeated two weeks later. Hence, there were four treatment groups (CON+CON: control+control; CON+HS: control+high ambient temperature; HC+CON: heat conditioning+control; and HC+HS: heat conditioning+high ambient temperature). Repeated heat stress resulted in decreased feed intake, water intake, body weight gain, and spleen weight (p<0.05) and increased rectal temperature (p<0.05), mortality, and plasma corticosterone concentrations. The relative weight of the spleen was increased in the heat-conditioned group (p<0.05). Plasma biochemicals were also influenced by high temperature. Thus, no beneficial effects of heat conditioning at an early age were detected in broilers repeatedly exposed to high ambient temperature later in life.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1351-1359
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• 2013

The anti-proliferative activity of ${\beta}$-ionone was investigated on human non-small lung cancer A-549 cells (designated A-549 cells). A-549 cells were treated with various concentrations of ${\beta}$-ionone (1, 5, 10, and 15 ${\mu}M$) for two, four, and six days. Biochemical markers related to the growth inhibition of A-549 cells by ${\beta}$-ionone were measured at the second day of incubation. ${\beta}$-Ionone inhibited the growth of A-549 cells by dose-and time-dependent manners, resulting in an $IC_{50}$ of 5.0 ${\mu}g/ml$ at the second day of incubation. ${\beta}$-Ionone induced apoptosis by a dose-dependent manner. ${\beta}$-Ionone increased levels of p53, p21, and Bax proteins, but suppressed expression of the Bcl-2 protein. Similarly, ${\beta}$-ionone enhanced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and induced activation of caspase-9 and -3. Additionally, ${\beta}$-ion-one reduced $cPLA_2$ and COX-2 protein levels. These results suggest that the ${\beta}$-ionone inhibits the proliferation of A-549 cells through reciprocal regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression and suppression of $cPLA_2$ and COX-2 protein expressions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.111-120
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• 2012

This study regards a series of achievement on Wonlim(Garden) Cultural Properties Excavation Project, led by field of landscape architecture. It will mainly describe excavation results of Gwiam(龜巖: Turtle rock) and historical value of it in terms of Nakseojae(樂書齋) restoration in Bogil-do Yun,Seondo Wonlim(Scenic Sites, No.34). Gwiam(Turtle rock) was found 14.6m apart from the north of Nakseojae, and it covered with 10~15m topsoil tilted toward Nakseojae, The size of Gwiam, which was Granite, was 360cm length, 270cm width, 95cm high. The Edge of Gwiam's North west part was of triangular shape forming Turtle head. The back of the Turtle head was form of Tortoise-shell because of wide backboard with both side groove. The southeast part of Gwiam projected was Turtle's tail. This Granite was obvious Turtle shape artificially made, and there are less likely to relocate from place to place. This Turtle-shaped Gwiam is important landmark for Nakseojae, which is one of the four spiritual creatures written in Bogildoji(甫吉島識) and Gosanyugo(孤山遺稿) by Yunwi. According to Bogildoji, it is estimated that Gwiam were on the axis with Soeunbyung(小隱屛), Nakseojae and was buried when Yiguan(Gosan's grandson) reconstructed a building. Also, it was place for enjoying the moon. But, Even after three times excavation in Nakseojae, there was no way to identify further information regarding Gwiam, so it was a matter of mystification. As a result of this study, Gwiam is laid bare to light in at least 260 years, so it is good example for boosting importance of landscape architecture field and restoring Nakseojae. Furthermore, firm base-soil was discovered in 135m high Rock Mass below, so natural ground of Nakseojae can be estimated by this basis. To be conclusion, Preservation Process for Gwiam and Estimation Space through interpretation of four spiritual creatures(四靈) in Gosan's Poetry should be continue.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.17-52
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to measure the clustering change and analyze empirical results. Additionally, by using k-means, hierarchical, and mixed models on Asian container ports over the period 2006-2015, the study aims to form a cluster comprising Busan, Incheon, and Gwangyang ports. The models consider the number of cranes, depth, birth length, and total area as inputs and container twenty-foot equivalent units(TEU) as output. Following are the main empirical results. First, ranking order according to the increasing ratio during the 10 years analysis shows that the value for average linkage(AL), mixed ward, rule of thumb(RT)& elbow, ward, and mixed AL are 42.04% up, 35.01% up, 30.47%up, and 23.65% up, respectively. Second, according to the RT and elbow models, the three Korean ports can be clustered with Asian ports in the following manner: Busan Port(Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Qingdao, and Singapore), Incheon Port(Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, Manila, and Bangkok), and Gwangyang Port(Gungzhou, Ningbo, Qingdao, and Kasiung). Third, optimal clustering numbers are as follows: AL(6), Mixed Ward(5), RT&elbow(4), Ward(5), and Mixed AL(6). Fourth, empirical clustering results match with those of questionnaire-Busan Port(80%), Incheon Port(17%), and Gwangyang Port(50%). The policy implication is that related parties of Korean seaports should introduce port improvement plans like the benchmarking of clustered seaports.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.229-240
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• 2009

The high temperature and water content in soil profile probably affect the physiological disorder especially on cool-season turfgrasses in warm and humid weather of Korean summer. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of soil temperature and water content on the growth and stress response of creeping bentgrass(Agrostis palustris Huds.) under a humid and warm temperature. USGA(United State of Golf Association) green profile in laboratory test, Daily temperature changes were tested under a dried sand, 70% water content of field capacity, and saturated condition at $34^{\circ}C$ of the USGA green in lab. In this test, the dried sand reached to $80^{\circ}C$, however, the surface temperature decrease of $10^{\circ}C$ on the saturated condition. In the thermal properties test in field, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and soil temperature were increased followed by irrigation practise. In the water-deficient condition, the highest soil temperature was reached temporally right after irrigation, however, the excessive soil water content higher than field water holding capacity showed the highest soil temperature after a while. This result indicated that a heat damage to root system was caused from the thermal conductivity of a high surface soil temperature. The excessive irrigation when a high turf surface temperature should occur a negative result on tufgrass growth, moreover, it would be fatal to root growth of creeping bentgrass, especially when associated with a poor draining system on USGA sand green. Overall, this study shows that high soil temperature with water-excessive condition negatively affects on cool-season grass during the summer season, suggesting that excessive irrigation, over 70% field capacity of soil condition, does not help to reduce soil temperature for summer season in Korea. In the study that cool-season grass were treated with different water content of soil, The soil had higher temperature and more water holding capacity when treatment rate of soil conditioner was increased. The best growth at the normal water condition and the worst state of growth at thee water-excessive condition were observed.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.5_2
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• pp.1281-1293
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• 2021

The recent launch of the GOCI-II enables South Korea to have the world's first capability in deriving the ocean color data at geostationary satellite orbit for about 20 years. It is necessary to develop a consistent long-term ocean color time-series spanning GOCI to GOCI-II mission and improve the accuracy through validation using in situ data. To assess the GOCI-II's early mission performance, the objective of this study is to compare the GOCI-II Chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), and remote sensing reflectances (R_rs) through comparison with the GOCI data. Overall, the distribution of GOCI-II Chl-a corresponds with that of the GOCI over the Yellow Sea, Korea Strait, and the Ulleung Basin. In particular, a smaller RMSE value (0.07) between GOCI and GOCI-II over the summer Ulleung Basin confirms the GOCI-II data's reliability. However, despite the excellent correlation, the GOCI-II tends to overestimate Chl-a than the GOCI over the Yellow Sea and Korea Strait. The similar over-estimation bias of the GOCI-II is also notable in CDOM. Whereas no significant bias or error is found for R_rs at 490 nm and 550 nm (RMSE~0), the underestimation of R_rs at 443 nm contributes to the overestimation of GOCI-II Chl-a and CDOM over the Yellow Sea and the Korea Strait. Also, we show over-estimation of GOCI-II R_rs at 660 nm relative to GOCI to cause a possible bias in Total suspended sediment. In conclusion, this study confirms the initial reliability of the GOCI-II ocean color products, and upcoming update of GOCI-II radiometric calibration will lessen the inconsistency between GOCI and GOCI-II ocean color products.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2021

Cyber Kill Chain is derived from Kill chain of traditional military terms. Kill chain means "a continuous and cyclical process from detection to destruction of military targets requiring destruction, or dividing it into several distinct actions." The kill chain has evolved the existing operational procedures to effectively deal with time-limited emergency targets that require immediate response due to changes in location and increased risk, such as nuclear weapons and missiles. It began with the military concept of incapacitating the attacker's intended purpose by preventing it from functioning at any one stage of the process of reaching it. Thus the basic concept of the cyber kill chain is that the attack performed by a cyber attacker consists of each stage, and the cyber attacker can achieve the attack goal only when each stage is successfully performed, and from a defense point of view, each stage is detailed. It is believed that if a response procedure is prepared and responded, the chain of attacks is broken, and the attack of the attacker can be neutralized or delayed. Also, from the point of view of an attack, if a specific response procedure is prepared at each stage, the chain of attacks can be successful and the target of the attack can be neutralized. The cyber command and control system is a system that is applied to both defense and attack, and should present defensive countermeasures and offensive countermeasures to neutralize the enemy's kill chain during defense, and each step-by-step procedure to neutralize the enemy when attacking. Therefore, thist paper proposed a cyber kill chain model from the perspective of defense and attack of the cyber command and control system, and also researched and presented the threat classification/analysis/prediction framework of the cyber command and control system from the defense aspect