• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.717-722
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• 2010

The safety of animal feed was evaluated by analyzing the levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Se and Ag) in cattle, swine, and poultry feeds and the levels of Cu, Zn and P in swine feed. Feeds used in the analysis were produced in Korea from 2004 through the first half of 2007. The results of the study revealed that, with the exception of Cd, the concentration of heavy metals were much lower than the Minimum Regulation Levels (MRLs). However, the Cd concentration exceeded the MRL in 1 of 987 swine feed samples in 2005, as well as in 4 of 1,239 swine feed samples and 1 of 778 poultry feed samples in 2006. The levels of Cu, Zn and P in swine feed were compared with the swine breeding standard. The results of this analysis revealed that the Cu concentrations in the samples exceeded the MRL for growing pigs by 0.97%, and that for finishing and breeding pigs by 9.9%. In addition, the Cu levels (80.98 ppm for piglet, 44.82 ppm for growing pigs, 19 ppm for finishing and breeding pigs) in swine feed showed higher levels compared to 3.5-6.0 ppm, which is the Cu requirement for swine. Furthermore, the results of the Zn analysis revealed that the samples exceeded the MRL for piglets, growing pigs, and finishing and breeding pigs by 5.7%, 7.7%, and 9.3%, respectively. Finally, the average concentration of P in swine feed was 0.74%, which is almost the same as the phosphate requirement for swine.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.473-483
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• 2018

Green-blue coloured supergene minerals are covering host rocks along the gallery wall in the Gukjeon mine, a lead - zinc skarn deposit located in Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do. These minerals have been described as azurite or malachite, but recent study recognized that the green minerals are devilline and blue minerals are Cu-Zn hydrated sulfates, but exact identification and detailed mineral characteristics are also not well known. In this study, we divide green-blue minerals into five groups (GJG) according to their external features and conducted XRD and SEM analyzes in order to identify mineral name and clarify the mineralogical characteristics. GJG-1, a bright bluish green group, consists of brochantite and quartz and GJG-2, a pale green colour with easily crumbly, of schulenbergite and a small amount of gypsum. Although pale blue GJG-3 and glassy lustrous bluish green GJG-4 have the same mineral assemblages with serpierite and gypsum in spite of different colour and luster, gypsum content may control the physical properties. GJG-5 with a gel phase mixture of pale blue and dark blue mineral is comprised of hydrowoodwardite, glaucocerinite, bechererite, serpierite and gypsum. The six green-blue minerals from the Gukjeon mine could be classified by Cu:Zn ratio, (Si + Al) content, Si:Al ratio, and Ca content. The physico-chemical environment of mineral formation is considered to be controlled by the geochemical factors in the surrounding fluid, and it looks forward that the accurate formation environment will be revealed through additional research. This paper gives greater mineralogical significance in the first report of several hydrated sulfate such as serpierite, glaucocerinite and bechererite in Korea. It has also rarely been reported the occurrence of several Cu-Zn hydrated sulfate in the same deposit in the world.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.441-446
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• 2012

In this study, mercury, methylmercury and heavy metals in sediment from the lake Andong were analyzed, along with the estimation of mercury flux between sediments and water in the lake Andong. Average mercury concentrations in sediments sampled in 2009~2011 were $155.0{\pm}71.9$ ng/g, $211{\pm}62$ ng/g and $198{\pm}6.88$ ng/g, respectively. The average methylmercury concentration were $1.85{\pm}1.09$ ng/g (2009) and $3.49{\pm}1.79$ ng/g (2011), and %methylmercury, the fraction of methylmercury in total mercury were $1.17{\pm}0.39%$ and $1.77{\pm}0.94%$, respectively. Heavy metal (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu) concentrations of the sediments exceeded ERL (Effect Range Low) level of US NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)'s sediment quality criteria. Estimated mercury sedimentation flux was found to be 83.7 $ng/cm^2{\cdot}yr$ and mercury diffusion flux was estimated as 1.24 $ng/cm^2{\cdot}yr$.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.425-436
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• 2016

The Yakhyeon catholic church (Historic Site No. 252 in Korea) that was constructed in 1892 has been the first western brick structure to ever have existed and one of the most important historical materials in the Korean modern architecture. After a fire had broken out at the catholic church in 1998, the stained glass on the back wall, the slab glass (dalle de verre) introduced by Lee Nam Guy in 1974, was repaired in 1999 because of singe scorch and water leakage. An analysis of the coloration elements showed that yellow, red and green included Zn, K and Cd, respectively. The glass of red contained Se, dark green contained Mn and Cr, and blue contained Pb and S. According to material analysis, the masonry joint was identified dolomite ($CaMg(CO_3)_2$) and calcite ($CaCO_3$), which was observed plate, columnar, rhombic and square of crystalline particles. Meanwhile, ultrasonic velocity in the stained glass recorded low speed in the middle and lower right of the window (an average of 4,130 m/s). And the joint was measured the lowest physical properties of the top left and middle of the window (an average of 2,053 m/s). This study have showed that extensive physical damage was founded to the left and middle rather than the right side. In this respect, more research in needed to conserve the correlation between color and physical properties.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.377-386
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• 2016

The purposes of this research are to examine soil pollution in the nation and to explore the contaminated soil management of the public housing agency in public land for residential development. In so doing, the primary and secondary data were utilized, the former made use of the public data annually released by the Korea Ministry of Environment, and the latter relied on a self-administerd questionnaire survey conducted in the staff of the public housing agency, particularly those in charge of soil contamination in large-scale land, housing and urban development projects. The findings reveal that the national concentrations of 21 inorganic and organic soil contaminants (e.g., Cd, Cu, As, Hg, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, F, P, PCB, CN, Phenol, BTEX, TPH, TCE, PCE, Benzo(a)pyrene, and pH) in the land were extracted to be well below the risk level designated by the statutory guidance while industrial areas had them at a relatively modest level. In addition, the survey results indicate that the public housing agency didn't establish specific and clear guidelines for soil pollution and its remediation in the residential land development, so that contaminated sites have been primarily remediated by outsourcing companies. As the unexpected occurrence of contaminated sites causes the incurring expenses added to total project budget, the provision of both professional training and on-site manuals with the sufficient information on techniques and methods of soil contamination is critical to promptly and systematically deal with soil pollution.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.1357-1364
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• 2000

Our study was performed to evaluate the effect of leaching parameters including the physicochemical characteristics and the fractionated composition of heavy metals on the release of heavy metals in fly ash discharged from MSWI. Leaching parameters such as pH, CEC, particle size, and exchangeable fraction among the fractional composition classified by sequential extraction procedure are considered. The leaching rate of heavy metal released by KSLT method is largely dependent on the pH of fly ash. The effect of pH on the release of heavy metals is different from elements. It appears that the leaching rate of cadmium and copper decreases with increasing pH, while lead and zinc increases at the condition of neutral or strong alkali condition, which suggests that the leaching of heavy metals are limited by the solubility. It is found that the effect of CEC is similarly to that of pH, $D_{10}$ among the particle size of fly ash is negative correlated with the concentration of heavy metals leached by KSLT method. In the case of exchangeable fraction, the leaching rate of heavy metals is linearly correlated with the exchangeable fraction for the fly ash below 40 meq/l00g of CEC, but not related out of the range.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.338-356
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• 1994

Sediment samples from the continental shelf of the South Sea of Korea are analysed to determine the concentration of Al, Fe, Mn, cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Cr and Pb. among these samples, fine-grained sediments were also analysed by a sequential extraction technique to know geochemical forms of the metals in this environments. The total concentration of Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn in bulk sediments decreased gradually with the increase of distance from the coastal zone. This distribution patterns are well coincide with grain size distribution. However, the patterns of Mn, co and Pb do not follow such and overall distribution. The concentration of Pb, particularly, did not show any features in areal distribution, which may be result from different pathways to the sediments, compared to the other metals. the speculation data show that a considerable amount of Cd, Mn and Co are bounded in the carbonate fraction, accounting for 42.8%, 40.3% and 30.6%, respectively. Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe are largely associated to oxide fraction with proportions of 34.4%, 23.1%, 15.5% and 13.7%, respectively. However, the metals in residual fraction account for more than 50% of the total metal concentration, except for Mn. These observations emphasize that residual fraction in the dominant component controlling the elemental concentration.quartz and glauconite grains.Accordingly,these sediments are interpreted as an extension part of transgressive sand deposit that are widely distributed on the continental shalf floor of southern Yellow Sea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.155-159
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• 1992

This study was carried out to know the effects of two kinds of peper mill sludge manure compost(SMC-1 and SMC-2) on the growth and chemical comments of carrot(Daucus carota L.) : SMC-1 contained 18% of swine manure and 8 % of sawdust on a fresh weight basis and SMC-2 contained swine manure without sawdust a third of the total weight of the manure and S-0(control) was treated with chemical fertilizer only, S-1 and S-2 was with SMC-1 and SMC-2 respectively, in addition to the chemical fertilizer. Carrot treated with S-1 and S-2 showed the increasing tendency of fresh weight per root and fresh yield of carrot per unit area than control(S-0), and the contents of nitrogen(N), phosporus(P), potassium(K) and calcium(Ca) in carrot grown on SMC treatments were higher than those on control(S-0), The S-2 treatment tended to increase values of the fresh weight of live leaves, root diameter, fresh weight per root and fresh yield of carrot per unit area than S-1 treatment. The contents in carrot were higher in the order of K>Ca, N. P>Mg, and the contents of aluminium, zinc, copper and chromium were below the level of toxicity for plant growth, and the contents of cadmium and lead were negligible. From the results obtained, it can be said that SMC application showed favorable effects on the growth of carrot when compared to control(S-0), and with the SMC treatments SMC-2 aplication was favorable.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 1992

A study was carried out to know the effects of two kinds of paper mill sludge manure compost(SMC) on the growth and chemical components of kidney bean(Phaseolus vulgaris) : Control(SMC-0) contained chemical fertilizer only, sludge manure compost-1(SMC-1) contained 18% of swine manure and 8% of sawdust of the total weight of the manure in addition to the chemical fertilizer, and sludge manure compost-2(SMC-2) contained swine manure without sawdust a third of the total by weight on a fresh weight basis, 1) Kidney bean treated with SMC-1 and SMC-2 showed the increasing tendency of values meristem height, stem diameter, pod number per plot and total grain yield when compared to control(SMC-0) treatment 2) Though there was not a significant difference between SMC-1 and SMC-2 treatments on the growth, SMC-1 tended to increase the value of meristem height, stem diameter, pod number per plot and total grain yield of kidney bean, 3) The contents of aluminium, iron and zinc in kidney bean were higher than other elements, though there was no significant difference between the treatments, And those of chromium, lead and cadmium were negligible. 4) From the results obtained, it can be said that SMC application has more favorable effects on the growth of the plant than control(SMC-0). The effects of SMC-1 application on the growth of kidney bean was more favorable than those of SMC-2.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2008

This study aims to evaluate the mechanical-chemical stability of used coal ash blocks, for improving fishing grounds. The surface of weathered ash blocks in seawater showed a decrease in the Ca and an increase in the Mg contents, compared to that of fresh blocks. This result reflects the substitution of Ca by Mg in seawater. The compressive strengths of ash blocks submerged into seawater during 12 months ranged from 235.23 to $447.43\;kgf/cm^2$; this is higher than the standard strength of wave-absorbing blocks($180\;kgf/cm^2)$ that are used for harbor construction. In addition, the compressive strength of ash blocks tends to increase with increasing installation time in seawater. The result of leaching experiments on coal ash blocks by Korean Standard Leaching Test(KSLT) method showed that leached concentrations of most metals except Cr(that leached up to 50 ppb, approaching standard concentration) do not exceed the seawater quality standards. A long-term(112 days) heavy metal leaching test to analyze seawater without mixing-dilution also showed that the concentrations of leached heavy metals, except for Cu, under anaerobic conditions do not exceed the seawater quality standards. Accordingly, the use of coal ash blocks in marine environments appears to be safe from chemical and mechanical factors that decrease the efficiency of concrete. Also, leaching concentration of Cu seems to be stable by decrease of leaching concentration due to dilution of seawater.