• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.856-868
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate causes for health problems among college women by analyzing factors related to their dietary habits, physical development, health habits, and blood parameters. The subjects were ages 20 to 24 years, lived in the Seoul area and were randomly selected during March, 2008 to August, 2009. The average height and weight of the overall subjects were $162.02{\pm}4.89\;cm$ and $53.96{\pm}7.00\;kg$, respectively. According to a 3-point assessment scale for the subjects' dietary habits, the average point value was 21.2. The percentage of subjects that ate breakfast daily was only 30.5%, and they omitted regular meals at least once a week. Approximately 83.5% of the subjects reported eating out often or frequently, and preferred Korean foods when they ate out. The subjects had interim meals (snacks) one or two times daily, and 40.4% of them preferred unbalanced meals. As their interim meals, among the 'good' group, ate breaded potatoes (39.3%), carbonated beverages, and ice cream (36.8%), whereas the 'poor' group, drank milk and ate dairy products (38.0%) as well as fast food and fried food (22.8%). Intakes of energy, fat, vitamins $B_2$ and $B_6$, niacin, folic acid, calcium, iron, zinc, and phosphorus were higher in the 'poor' group. The average hemoglobin level ($13.77{\pm}1.00\;g/dL$) among the subjects was within normal range; while 2.7% of subjects had hemoglobin levels under 11.1 g/dL (standard value) and were examined as anemic. The degree of interest in health was 24.5% higher among the subjects who had poor dietary habits. In contrast, among those who had good dietary habits, 49.6% reported they had no interest in regular exercise. The subjects reported that regular meals, nutrient intake, sufficient rest, and sleep as necessary to maintain health. The average amount of sleep obtained by the subjects was 6~8 hours. Among the 'poor' group, 36.2% reported that they exercised regularly, whereas 18.5% of the subjects in the 'good' group reported regular exercise (p<0.05). In conclusion, it appears necessary to provide nutrition education through teaching and to promote nutrition and health to college women so they can control their individual health status and create practicable dietary plans.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.216-224
• /
• 1998

This study was performed to offer the basic and applicable data for improvement of Korean cattle and dairy cattle, according to finding the genetic construction obtained from analysis of genetic polymorphisms of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and ${\kappa}$-casein loci related Korean cattle and Holstein cows using PCR-RFLP. Genomic DNA used in this study was prepared from the blood of 253 individuals of Korean cattle in Korean Native Cattle Improvement Center, NLCF, and the blood of 113 individuals of Holstein cows in National Livestock Research Institute. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. This study confirmed amplified products of 530bp and 262bp fragments obtained from the amplification of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and ${\kappa}$-casein loci in Korean cattle and Holstein breed by PCR. 2. The ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin AA genotype showed 153bp and 109bp fragments, and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin AB genotype showed 153bp, 109bp, 79bp and 74bp fragments, and BB genotype showed 109bp, 79bp and 74bp fragments in amplified products of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin loci with the restricted enzyme digestion of Hae III. 3. The ${\kappa}$-casein AA genotype showed a 530bp fragment, and ${\kappa}$-casein AB genotype showed 530bp, 344bp and 186bp fragments, and BB genotype showed 344bp and 186bp fragments in amplified products of ${\kappa}$-casein loci with the restricted enzyme digestion of Taq I. 4. On ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin genotypes and gene frequencies, Korean cattle were 6.72%, 26.09% and 67.19% for AA, AB and BB genotypes, and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin A and B alleles were 0.197 and 0.803, and Holstein were 35.40%, 56.64% and 7.96% for AA, AB and BB genotypes, and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin A and B alleles were 0.637 and 0.363, respectively. 5. On ${\kappa}$-casein genotypes and gene frequencies, Korean cattle were 46.25%, 39.13% and 14.62% for AA, AB and BB genotypes, and ${\kappa}$-casein A and B alleles were 0.658 and 0.342, and Holstein were 60.18% and 38.94% and 0.88% for AA, AB and BB genotypes, and ${\kappa}$-casein A and B alleles were 0.796 and 0.204, respectively. 6. As a consequence, the gene frequency was 0.197 and 0.803 for ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin A and B alleles, and 0.658 and 0.342 for ${\kappa}$-casein A and B alleles in Korea cattle, but was 0.637 and 0.363 for ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin A and B alleles, and 0.796 and 0.204 for ${\kappa}$-casein A and B alleles in Holstein, respectively.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.40-54
• /
• 2004

Purpose : Captopril (angiotension converting enzyme inhibitor) is known to have a radioproptective effect in the lungs, intestines and skin, but its effect in the heart is unclear. To investigate the radioprotectlve efiect and mechanism of captopril on the heart, the histopathological changes and immunohistochemical stains were compared with radiation alone, and radiation combined with captopril, in the rats. Materials and Methods : The histopathological changes and immunohistochemical stains ($TNF{\alpha}$, $TGF{\beta}1$, PDGF and FGF2) were examined in the radiation alone and the combined captopril and radiation groups, 2 and 8 weeks after irradiation. Each group consisted of 8 to 10 rats (Sprague-Dawley). Irradiation (12.5 Gy) was given to the left hemithorax in a single fraction. Captopril (50 mg/Kg/d) mixed with water, was given orally and continuously from the first week prior to, up to the 8th week of the experiment. Results : In the radiation alone group, the ventricle at 2 weeks after irradiation showed prominent edema (p=0.082) and fibrin deposit (p=0.018) compared to the control group. At 8 weeks, the edema was decreased and fibrosis increased compared to those at 2 weeks. The histopathological changes of the combined group were similar to those of the control group, due to the reduced radiation toxicity at 2 and 8 weeks. The endocardial fibrin deposit (p=0.047) in the atrium, and the interstitial fibrin deposit (p=0.019) and edema (p=0.042) of the ventricle were reduced significantly in the combined group compared to those in the radiation alone group at 2 weeks. The expressions of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $TGF-{\beta}1$, PDGF and FGF-2 in the radiation alone group were more increased than in the control group, especially in the pericardium and endocardium of the atrium at 2 weeks. At 8 weeks, the pericardial $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $TGF-{\beta}1$ in the radiation alone group continuously increased. The expressions of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $TGF-{\beta}1$ and PDGF were decreased in the combined group at 2 weeks. At 8 weeks, the expressions of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the atrial and ventricular pericardia were markedly reduced (p=0.049, p=0.009). Conclusion : This study revealed that the early heart damage induced by radiation can be reduced by the addition of captopril in a rat model. The expressions of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $TGF-{\beta}1$ and PDGF were further decreased in the combined compared to the radiation alone group at both 2 and 8 weeks. From these results, it may be concluded that these cytokines probably play roles in the radioprotective mechanism of captopril from the radiation-induced heart toxicity, similarly to in other organs.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.19 no.11
• /
• pp.1538-1546
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to estimate the in vitro fermentation characteristics and in situ degradabilities of total mixed rations fermented by the synbiotic co-cultures composed of various anaerobic microorganisms in the rumen of cow. Seventy two TMR bags (4 treatments $\times$ 6 fermentation days $\times$ 3 replications) were manufactured for in vitro and in situ experiments. The experiment was composed of four treatments including the control, the mould and bacteria synbiotics (T1), the mould and yeast synbiotics (T2) and the bacteria and yeast synbiotics (T3). Each treatment had six fermentation days (1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 day) with three replications. Two rumen cannulated Holstein cows (550 ㎏ of mean body wt) were used for in situ trial, and a total of 96 nylon bags were retrieved from the rumen according to eight fermentation times (1, 3, 6, 9, 18, 24, 48 and 72 hr). The mean fermentation temperatures of TMRs by supplementation of anaerobic micoorganism co-cultures ranged from $22.97^{\circ}C$ to $26.07^{\circ}C$, and tended to increase steadily during the entire period. pH values of the F-TMRs ranged from 4.39 to 4.98 and tended to decrease with the extension of the fermentation period, and decreased by supplementation of synbiotics (p<0.05). The ammonia concentrations of F-TMRs were not affected by addition of synbiotic co-cultures during the early fermentation period (within 7 days), but was lowest (p<0.05) in T3 during the late fermentation periods (after 14 days). Lactic acid concentration of F-TMR was lowest in T3 at 1 day of fermentation, but was not different from treatments in the other fermentation days. Microbial growth rates of F-TMR reached a peak at 7 days of fermentation, and afterward tended to decrease. In in situ experiment, the DM disappearance rates were higher in T1 than the control during early fermentation times (within 3 hours), but was vice versa at 48 hours of fermentation (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in effective DM degradability among treatments. NDF and ADF disappearance rates in situ were similar to those of DM. From the above results, the supplementation of synbiotics, particularly the mould and bacteria synbiotics, resulted in improving the pH and concentration of lactic acid of F-TMR as parameters of fermentation compare to the control, and also had higher in situ disappearance rates of DM, NDF and ADF than the control at early fermentation time. However, effective DM degradability was not affected by supplementation of synbiotics.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.191-199
• /
• 1996

Purpose : To evaluate 5-year survival rate, patterns of failure and complications of cervical cancer treatment, fifty nine patients treated by curative radiotherapy for the uterine cervical cancer were analyzed retrospectively. Materials and Methods : From March 1986 to May 1990, fifty nine patients with histologically proven uterine cervical cancer were analyzed. According to FIGO stage, there were 2 patients ($3.4\%$) in stage Ib, 2 patients ($3.4\%$) in stage IIa, 31 patients ($52.5\%$) in stage IIb, 15 patients ($25.4\%$) in stage IIIb, 9 patients ($15.3\%$) in stage IV. External RT was per formed by 6 MVLINAC with daily 1.8 Gy, 5 times per week and followed by ICR. A point dose of ICR was calculated to 30-43.66 Gy (median: 34.6 Gy). These techniques delivered total A Point dose of 80.4 to 109.8 Gy (median: 85 Gy). Patients had been followed up from 2 to 110 months (median: 61 months) Results : The overall 5-year survival rate & disease free survival rate were $55.9\%$ and $55.0\%$ respectively. According to FIGO stage, the 5-year survival rate for less than IIa, IIb, IIIb, IV were $75.0\%$, $74.8\%$, $26.7\%$, $33.3\%$, respectively. In univariate analysis, the 5-year survival rate for stage IIb and below versus stage IIIa and above revealed $74.8\%$, $29.2\%$ respectively (P<0.005). According to the hemoglobin level during RT, the 5-rear survival rate of was $73.3\%$ for patients with Hg 10 gm/dL or higher, in contrast to $0\%$ for those with lower than 10 gm/dL (p<0.005). In 18 patients with nonbulky tumor (<5cm), the 5-year survival rates were $71.8\%$. The 5-rear survival rates for 18 patients with 5 cm or greater in tumor diameter were $22.2\%$ (p<0.005). The 5-year survival rate for Patient age of above 50 years and below were $65.3\%$ $34.2\%$ respectively (p<0.05). ECOG performance status. pathologic finding, total dose, total treatment time were not statistically significant factors. The significant prognostic factors affecting overall 5-year survival rate by multivariate analysis showed the hemoglobin level during RT (P=0.0001), tumor size (p=0.0390), FIGO stage (p=0.0468). Total recurrence rate was $23.7\%$ local failure $15.2\%$ (9/59), distant metastasis $6.8\%$ (4/59), local and distant metastasis $1.7\%$ (1/59). According to the RTOG/EORTC Soma Scales, the late complication rate was $23.8\%$ (14/59) The late complication rate of colorectum and genitourinary tract were $15.3\%$ (9/59), $8.5\%$ (5/59), respectively: 10 patients ($17.0\%$) were grade 2, 3 Patients ($5.1\%$) were grade 3 and one patient ($1.7\%$) was grade 4. The late complications were radiation proctitis, rectal bleeding, radiation colitis, diarrhea and radiation cystitis in decreasing order. Conclusion : For improvement of therapeutic results, prospective randomized trials are recomended to discover new prognostic factors and more aggressive radiation therapeutic methods are needed for poor prognostic patients. The adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation-sensitizing agents must be considered to inhibit regional and distant metastasis.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.221-228
• /
• 1996

Purpose : We tried to evaluate the clinical characteristics, the treatment methods, the results of treatments, and the Patterns of failure in ovarian dysgerminoma retrospectively According to the results we would like to suggest the proper management guideline of stage la ovarian dysgerminoma patients who want to maintain fertility. Materials and Methods : Between 1975 and 1990, 34 patients with ovarian dysgerminoma were treated at the Yonsei University Hospital. The case records of these patients have been reviewed for presenting symptoms, treatment methods, local control and survival following treatment. Excluded from analysis were five patients with mixed ovarian germ cell tumors and gonadoblastomas (46,XY) Treatment results of the twenty nine patients were analysed by each treatment modality. Twenty one patients were treated with surgery and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (group 2). The other eight patients were treated with operation alone (group 2). The median age of twenty-nine patients was 23 years with a range of 8 to 39 years. Presenting symptoms were abdominal mass (20) pelvic discomfort or pain (5) et al. Radiotherapy was performed by 10MV LINAC or Co-60 teletherapy unit. The total radiation dose of the whole abdomen was 20-25 Gy/3weeks, 1-1.5 Gy/fraction with a boost to the whole pelvis 10-15 Gy/l-2weeks 1.8-2.0 Gy/fraction. Advanced stage disease (stage II or stage III) patients received prophylactic mediastinal and supraclavicular irradiation to a dose of 16-26 Gy. Median duration of follow-up of living patients was 80 months (range 13-201 months). Results : All of the twenty one patients of group 1 were alive without disease ($100\%$). Among the eight patients who were not treated with radiotherapy (group 2), six patients developed local recurrence. Four Patients referred with recurrent disease were treated with salvage radiotherapy. Three of four patients were salvaged and one Patient who had recurrent intra-abdominal disease died of progressed carcinomatosis at 11 months after salvage radiotherapy. The other two patients with recurrence were salvaged with chemotherapy (1 patient) or re-operation (1 Patient). Twenty eight patients remained alive without disease at last follow up, so the 5 year local control rate and 5 year overall survival rate for all groups were $96.6\%$ (28/29), respectively. Among thirteen patients with stage la unilateral tumors seven patients were treated with postoperative radiotherapy and the other six patients were treated with unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy alone. Five patients who did not received radiotherapy developed local failure but all of the recurrent ovarian dysgerminomas were salvaged with radiotherapy, chemotherapy or re-operation. So all the 13 patients with stage la ovarian dysgerminoma were free of disease from 20-201 months (median 80 months). Conclusion : The authors consider external irradiation to be an effective treatment as a complement to surgery in ovarian dysgerminoma. For those patients with disease presenting in stage la tumors who wish to maintain fertility, unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy alone may be curative and spare ovarian function considering excellent salvage rate of recurrent ovarian dysgerminoma in present study.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.596-602
• /
• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the association of peripheral neutrophil count with the development of respiratory failure in preterm infants. Methods : A retrospective study was conducted from January 1993 to December 1999 on 44 preterm infants, who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of St. Francisco hospital. Preterm infants(birth weight 500 to 1,350 gm) who had a complete blood count obtained within 2 hours after delivery. Patients in the lowest of neutrophil count(early neutropenia, < $1.0{\times}10^9/L$) were compared with patients in the remaining group. Results : Low neutrophil count were transient in early neutropenia group. The concentration the circulating neutrophil count rose from $0.85{\pm}0.11{\times}10^9/L$ at average of 2 hours after delivery to $5.3{\pm}2.7{\times}10^9/L$ at 24 hours after delivery in the early neutropenia group and from $3.6{\pm}1.6{\times}10^9/L$ to $5.8{\pm}3.2{\times}10^9/L$ in the non-neutropenia group during the same time period. Compare to the non-neutropenia group, the neutropenia group had a lower birth weight($1,046.50{\pm}180.76gm$ Vs $1,156.70{\pm}124.99gm$), a lower Apgar score(1 min : $3.41{\pm}1.18$ Vs $4.30{\pm}1.46$, 5 min : $5.41{\pm}0.87$ Vs $6.15{\pm}0.95$), and a higher incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia(27.27% Vs 7.0%). Patients who had early neutropenia were more likely to require mechanical ventilation, supplemental oxygen and hospital stay. Also, main effect factors for the two groups were birth weight(Odds ratio=5.457, 95% CI=1.551-27.525), initial peripheral blood white cells(odds ratio=8.308, 95% CI=2.054-52.699), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia(odds ratio=0.099, 95% CI=0.017-0.397). Conclusion : A low count of neutrophil in the systemic circulation of premature infants within 2 hours of birth is associated with more severe respiratory distress.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.85-96
• /
• 1993

To investigate the alteration of transferrin receptor (TfR) in the proliferating or transformed liver cells, $^{125}I-transferrin$ binding experiment was carried out in the isolated parenchymal cells (PC) or nonparenchymal cells (NPC) from normal regenerated rat liver after partial hepatectomy and from the liver of 3-methyl-4-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene (3-Me-DAB) treated rat. With the administration of 3-Me-DAB for 8 weeks, the liver tissue showed marked morphologic changes of oval cell proliferation, regenerations of hepatocytes, and atypical proliferations of bile ducts, but these changes were little affected by partial hepatectomy. Transferrin binding values in PC or NPC homogenate from the regenerated liver of normal rat, were increased by 3rd day and diminished to control level at 7th day after partial hepatectomy. With the treatement of 3-Me-DAB for 8 weeks, transferrin binding sites in homogenates were higher than those of normal rat liver and increased by 7th day after partial hepatectomy. Transferrin binding sites (Bmax) in the cell membrane of NPC were higher than those of PC of normal rat liver, but there was no significant difference in Kd values between both groups (5.05, 6.3 nM). In the normal resenerated rat liver, transferrin binding sites in the PC or NPC plasma membrane, were increased by 3rd day and diminished to control level at 7th day after partial hepatectomy. With 3-Me-DAB tratment, transferrin binding sites in both liver NPC and PC plasma membrane were increased about 3 folds, compared to those in each plasma membrane of normal rat liver. And after partial hepatectomy of 3-Me-DAB trated rat, transferrin binding sites were increased by the 3rd day in the NPC plasma membrane but increased by the 7th day in the PC plasma membrane. In the transferrin binding sites of the PC or NPC plasma membrane of 3-Me-DAB treated liver, two kinds of Kd values $(3.1{\sim}4.7\;nM,\;25.4{\sim}54.1\;nM)$ were detected. The present results suggest that 1) TfRs are distributed in the liver PC as well as NPC; 2) Increased TfRs in PC or NPC plasma membrane of normal regenerated liver after partial hepatectomy and 3-Me-DAB treated rat liver, may be due to increased intracellular synthesis; 3) Increased TfRs in normal regenerated liver after partial hepatectomy might be related to the expression of a single type of high affinity site $(Kd,\;3.1{\sim}7.5\;nM)$, but in 3-Me-DAB treated rat liver might be related to the expression of high and low affinity types of receptors $(Kd,\;25.4{\sim}54.1\;nm)$.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.16 no.3 s.32
• /
• pp.171-179
• /
• 1977

Since the outbreak of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in 1915 caused tremendous losses in rice production, one of the more effective method of prevention of such a disaster could be the establishment of longterm forecasting system, In 1916 the author indicated there was a correlation between sunspot activities and brown planthopper and the white back planthopper outbreaks. However, the examples seem to be too small size to state a definite correlation. The purpose of the present study IS to revi~w the history of the brown planthopper outbreaks, and to establish a more effective forcasting system. The present forcasting methods are based on light trap catches of adults which already migrate into this country from mainland China. The regular cycle of 11.2 years of sunspot activity began in 1710, and was continued to present. To gather more records of brown planthopper, the author checked 'Joseon Wangjo Silrok' and analized the so-called 'Hwang' 'Hwang-chung' and 'Chung' which have multiple meanings, together with 'Samguk Sagi' 'Goryo Sa' and 'Munheon Bigo.' The results obtained by the about from review of these old literature citations revealed that ten species of insect and unknown species were involved: i. e., pine moth (Dendrolimus spectabilis), army worm (Mythimna separata), brown planthopper (Nilarvata lugens), white-back planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), migratory locust (Locutsa migratoria), rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis,), mole cricket (Gryllotalpa africana), rice-plant weevil (Echinocnemus squameus), cut worm (Euxoa segetum), and mulberry pyralid Margaronia pyloalis) The suspected incidence of planthopper in old records expressed by 'Hwang' or 'Chung' revealed a total or 25 out of 37 in 'Samguk sagi,' 21 out of 49 in 'Goryo sa,' 9 of 73 in 'Wanjo-silrog,' and none of 8 in 'Munheon bigo' were planthoppers. Therefore, a total of 36 out of 167 records of insect incidence in the old literature can be possibly attributed to planthoppers. The brown planthopper and white-back planthopper migrate together to Korea every year from mainland China, However, the number of each species are differ by year. In 1975 outbreak the brown planthopper was dominant; and the white-back planthopper prevailed in 1946 and 1977 outbreaks, During the course of this study, the author was able to add a new record of outbreak of planthop per. In 1916 the white-back planthopper outbreak caused serious losses in Chungcheong-namdo and Jeonla-namdo, with losses estimated as high as 160 and 190 thousand seok (23.2 and 27.5 thousand M/T), in Naju and Secheon county, respectively. Since 1912, major outbreaks of brown planthopper or white-back planthopper have been recored 5 times. These occurrences coincide and well matched the period of minimum number of sunspots, With these authenticated records of planthoppers, the author believes there is a close correlation between brown planthopper and white-back planthopper outbreaks in Korea and sunspot activities. Therefore, in years of low number of sunspots, we should watch for and expect outbreaks of these. insects. At this time, it will be necessary to provide all possible prevention measures.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.227-241
• /
• 2005

Objective & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Asari Herba Cum Radice herbal-acupuncture solution(AHCR-HAS) on arthritis of mice induced by Collagen II at Joksamni(ST36). The author performed several experimental items. First, it is the cell survival rate of mice lung fibroblasts and expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ in synovial cells. Second, it is the incidence rate of arthritis and the weight of spleen. Third, it is the levels of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, INF-${\gamma}$, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II in serum Fourth, it is histological analysis of the mice joint. Fifth, it is expression ratio of CD3e+ to CDl9+ cell, CD4+ to CD8+ cell, CD69+/CD3e+ cells, CD11+/CD19+ cells and CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells. Result : 1. The highest survival rate of mice lung fibroblasts were measured in the 1% AHCR-HAS, and the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ in synovial cells were significantly decreased in the 1% AHCR-HAS. 2. In the AHCR-HA I & AHCR-HAII groups, the incidence of arthritis and the weight of spleen were significantly decreased. 3. In AHCR-HAI & AHCR-HAII groups, the levels of IL-6, INF-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II in serum of CIA mice were significantly decreased. 4. In histology, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased in the AHCR-HA I & AHCR-HAII groups, and the collagen fiber expressions in the AHCR-HA I & AHCR-HAII groups were similar with that of the Normal group. 5. In the AHCR-HA I & AHCR-HA II groups, the expression ratio of CD3e+ to CD19+ cell and CD4+ to CD8+ cell were similarly maintained as Normal group in lymph nodes, and CD69+/CD3e+ cells and CD11a+/CD19+ cells were decreased in Iymph nodes, and CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells were decreased in synovium. Conclusion : Taking all these observations into account, AHCR-HA is considered to be effective in prophylaxis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and then more effective in prophylaxis than treatment, so put to practical use in future rheumatoid arthritis clinic.