• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.437-443
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• 2019

This study examined the productivity, blood characteristics, and cecal microorganisms with the addition of mixed enzymes in broiler chickens. Three hundred chickens (Ross 308) were assigned randomly to five treatment groups (control, 0.5 MXG, 1.0 MXG, 2.0 MXG, and 1.0 G) with three replications. Based on the results, the weight, feed intake, feed efficiency, and daily gain increased slightly by the treatment assignment. Carcass, stomach, and heart weights increased slightly in all treatment groups compared to the control. On the other hand, liver weight was significantly low by enzyme addition compared to the control group (p<0.05). The total number of appendix bacteria decreased significantly in all treatment groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). The total protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and glucose level did not differ after treatment. On the other hand, the IgG level was significantly higher in the 1.0 MXG and 2.0 MXG groups than in the control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of a mixed enzyme (MXG) will improve the feed efficiency and IgG, as well as reduce the liver weight and total bacteria in broiler chickens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.255-264
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• 2022

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with ginseng by-products on growth, organ development, blood biochemical profiles, immune response, and stress parameter of broilers reared in high ambient temperatures. One hundred one-day-old male chicks (Ross 308) were used. At week two, the birds were randomly allocated into five dietary groups; control (CON), 0.5% ginseng berry (GB1), 1.0% ginseng berry (GB2), 0.5% ginseng leaves and stems (GLS1), and 1.0% ginseng leaves and stems (GLS2). The temperature was maintained at 32±1℃from 9 AM to 5 PM. Growth, serum immunoglobulins and corticosterone levels were monitored and analyzed. No significant differences among groups were observed in growth. However, during the finisher period (21~35d) and overall period (7~35 d), body weight gain in all supplemented groups tended higher than CON group. Blood biochemical profiles did not significantly differ among treatment groups except in bilirubin level. Serum immunoglobulins and corticosterone level showed no significant differences among groups. IgM and IgG levels were numerically higher in GLS1 than in other groups, but the difference was not significant. Corticosterone level also tended lower in all supplemented groups than in CON group, and larger decreases were observed in groups with higher ginseng by-product concentration. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of ginseng by-products shows potential to reduce heat stress in growing broilers with no negative effect on productivity.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of rare earth, individually and in combination with colloidal silver on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and immune response in broiler chicks. A total of 3,872 day-old chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were four pens per treatment and 242 chicks per pen. The dietary treatments were T1) CON (control diet), T2) colloidal silver (control diet+20 ppb colloidal silver), T3) rare earth elements (control diet+500 ppm rare earth), T4) colloidal silver +rare earth elements (control diet+20 ppb colloidal silver+500 ppm rare earth). There were no significant differences in feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among dietary treatments during the whole experimental period (0 to 5 weeks). Body weight gain was greatest in birds fed T3 and T4 diets (p<0.01). Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and calcium were greatest in birds fed T4 diet (p<0.05), while apparent digestibility of phosphorus was lowest in birds fed T3 diet (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in bone strength, carcass characteristics and immune response among dietary treatments. Dry matter content of bone was greatest in birds fed T4 diet (p<0.05), and phosphorus content of bone was greater in birds fed T3 diet than in birds fed T2 and T4 diets (p<0.05). Thus, the results of this study suggest that rare earth elements supplementation, individually and in combination with colloidal silver could improve performance of broilers.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2017

This study examined the effects of adding dried blood mixed with Macsumsuk to the feed of broiler chickens. The blood had been dried at $200^{\circ}C$ in an ultra-high-temperature injection system and mixed in a 70:30 proportion of blood meal to Macsumsuk. The experiment consisted of four treatment groups of 150 chickens each. The control group received common broiler feed only, while treatment groups T1, T2, and T3 received feed supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0% of the blood meal/Macsumsuk mixture, respectively. The diets were fed for a total of 35 days. Compared with the controls, body weight gain was improved in groups T1 (1,621 g), T2 (1,749 g), and T3 (1,739 g) (1,621-1,749 g vs. 1,448.5 g, respectively) and feed efficiency increased (p<0.01). The carcass rate in group T3 was higher by 83.26% than that in the controls (75.96 %) (p<0.01). The water holding capacity (WHC) increased in groups T1 and T2 (62.27 and 63.80% respectively) compared with controls (p<0.01). The intestine length was longer in groups T1 and T2 (53.98-55.48) than in controls (45.81) (p<0.01). Adding 0.5-1.0% of the dried blood meal Macsumsuk supplement resulted in a significant reduction in the cholesterol content (39.28~47.34 mg/100 g) compared with the controls (50.44 mg/100 g) (p<0.001); furthermore, the proportions of fatty acids including oleic (C18:1n9), ${\gamma}-linoleic$ (C18:3n6), eicosenoic (C20:1n9), and arachidonic (C20:4n6) acids were significantly increased (p<0.01). Compared with controls, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and proportion of UFA / SFA in group T1 was (68.66 vs. 69.35%, 51.22 vs 52.00%, and 2.19 vs. 2.26%, respectively) (p<0.05). However, the amino acid content of cystine and methionine of the treatment group (0.43~0.57%) was significantly higher than that of controls (0.38~0.46%) (p<0.05). Overall, supplementing the feed with 0.5-1.0% of the mixture of blood meal Macsumsuk improved productivity by increasing weight gain and feed efficiency, improved meat quality by increasing the water-holding capacity and levels of unsaturated fatty acids, and improved meat color.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of germanium biotite on the growth performance, blood composition , fecal NH$_3$-N and volatile fatty acid(VFA) in broiler chicks. Two hundred forty broiler chicks were randomly allocated into five treatments with four replicates for five weeks. Dietary treatments included 1) Control, 2) GB1(basal diet + 200 mesh 0.5%), 3) GB2(basal diet + 325 mesh 0.5%), 4) GB3(basal diet + 200 mesh 1.0%) and 5) GB4(basal diet +325 nesh 1.0%) For overall period, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were not significantly different among treatments (P>0.05). Digestibilities of nutrients were not affected by adding GB(P>0.05). No differences occurred in red blood cell(RBC), white blood cell(WBC), hematocrit(HCT), hemoglobin(Hb), lymphocyte, monocyte and platelet of blood among the treatments (P>0.05). Fecal NH$_3$-N concentration of chicks fed GB1.0 diets(GB3 and GB4) was lower(P<0.03) than chicks fed GB0.5 diets(GB1 and GB2). Propionic acid and butyric acid in feces of chicks fed GB diets were lower(P<0.04) than in chicks fed control diet. GB diets reduced fecal acetic acid significantly compared to control (P<0.01). Also, acetic acid of feces in chicks fed GB1.0 diets(GB3 and GB4) was lower(P<0.02) than GB 0.5 diets(GB1 and GB2) treatments. In conclusion, dietary germanium biotite was an effective means of decreasing fecal NH$_3$-N and volatile fatty acid(VFA) emission.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental feather digests on the growth of broiler chicks and taurine content in the broiler meat. In experiment 1, a total of 40 broiler chickens(Ros $s_{R}$) were assigned to four dietary treatments: control(T1), regular feather meal(FM) diet(R-FM,T2), NaOH treated FM diet(NaOH-FM,T3), HNO) treated FM diet($HNO_{3}$ -FM, T4). In experiment 2, a total of 70 broiler chickens were assigned to seven dietary treatments: T1 to t4(same as those of Exp. 1), modified $HNO_{3}$ treated FM diet(M- $HNO_{3}$-FM, T5), hair meal diet(HM, T6) and 0.22% cystine supplemented diet(CYS, T7). Feather meals and hair meal were supplemented at the level of 5% in the diet. In experiment 1 and 2, weight gain of chicks frd with R-FM or NaOH-FM tended to be higher than control or $HNO_{3}$ -FM. In experiment 2, weight gain of chicks frd with CYS was the highest followed by R-FM, M-HN $O_3$-FM, NaOH-FM, control, HM and $HNO_{3}$ -FM. In experiment 1, taurine content in breast muscle of chicks fed NaOH-FM was sogmofocamtly higher(P<0.05) than control. In experiment 2, taurine content in breast muscle of chicks fed NaOH-FM and CYS tended to be higher than other groups. Taurine content in leg muscle was significantly different among treatments as NaOH-FM and R-FM being highest followed by M- $HNO_{3}$-FM, CYS, control, $HNO_{3}$ -FM and HM. Taurine content in the liver(Exp. 1 and 2) and heart(Exp. 2) were not significantly affected by the supplemental feather digests. These results indicated that 5% NaOH-FM in the diet was effective in increasing taurine content in breast and leg muscle of broiler chicks.s.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.247-256
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• 2015

There are approximately 1,500 broiler farms in Korea, each raising 55,000 birds. Ninety-five percent of the farms are contracted with Integration Company. According to the Korean broiler performance index, broilers in Korea are marketed at 32 days with 1.52 kg of body weight. In contrast, the market age and body weight of broilers are 47 days/2.8 kg in the United States and 42 days/2.5 kg in Europe. Because of the younger market age of the Korean broiler, the pre-starter feed is important. Chicks exhibit poor absorption of dietary nutrients up to 7 days after hatching due to an immature digestive system and low enzyme secretion rate and activity. At the beginning of hatching, chicks obtain their nutrients from the egg yolk sac. It is highly recommended that chicks, after consuming the nutrients in the egg yolk sac, are given supplemented pre-starter feed to increase early growth rates and improve the performance of broiler production. Pre-starter nutrient requirements are not expressed in NRC, so Korean feeding standards for poultry and commercial breeding companies determine the nutrient requirements of pre-starter broiler chickens. Three approaches are followed to formulate specially designed pre-starter feeds for broiler chicks: (i) selective use of raw materials, (ii) proper standards of nutrient supply, and (iii) application of feed additives such as exogenous enzymes. In the selection of raw materials, those with high digestibility can be used. The absorption rate of carbohydrates in grains can be increased through feed processing at high temperature and high pressure. Soy proteins and fish meal can also be added as protein sources. As an energy source, vegetable oils are preferred over animal fats because of the former's high digestibility. It is suggested that the levels of proteins and amino acids are higher in pre-starter feed than in starter feed. With regard to energy, the sources of energy are more important than the levels of energy in feed. Feed additives such as exogenous enzymes can be used to improve nutrient digestibility. In addition, organic acids and plant extracts can be used as alternatives to animal growth promoters to stimulate immunity and prevent diseases. The growth performance of broilers is affected by various factors, such as management and disease control, in addition to the nutritional strategy; however, nutritional strategies play an important role in improving the productivity of broilers. Therefore, nutritional strategies, along with management and disease control, are required for improving the productivity of broilers in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.263-269
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• 2019

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an acute respiratory disease, causing economic losses in poultry production. IBV commonly manifests respiratory disease symptoms and poor egg quality in poultry, affecting overall performance of both broilers and layers. IBV infection further predisposes poultry to secondary opportunistic bacterial infections. IBV undergoes rapid genetic evolution resulting in various new strains. There is no cross protection among IBV serotypes which makes full protection against wild-type IBV virtually impossible. In this study, recently isolated IBVs (K24/18, K29/18, K183/18) from Korean broiler farms were genetically analyzed based on S1 gene. According to the results, IBV isolates showed highest homology with QX-IBV. However, phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that isolates were divided into distinct sub-clusters within QX-IBV. To determine pathogenicity of IBV, day-old chicks were challenged with IBV through ocular route. After challenging the chicks, we executed microscopic examination, virus detection in their organs, and observation of clinical signs and mortality. We found that the K24/18, K29/18, K183/18 challenge groups showed 28%, 57%, and 42% mortality, respectively, with high microscopic trachea lesion scores, indicating that these QX-IBV-like strains are pathogenic to chicks and can therefore be a threat to poultry production.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.482-489
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• 2012

Effect of Trichosanthes kirilowii extract on the inflammatory responsse was investigated in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated broiler chickens. Plasma ceruloplasmin and ${\alpha}$-acidic protein concentrations of all the experiment groups were increased at 3, 9 and 24h after LPS treatment. Plasma ceruloplasmin and ${\alpha}$-acidic protein concentrations of Trichosanthes kirilowii extract groups were lower than those of control group. Plasma nitrogen oxide concentration of all the experiment groups was rapidly increased at 3h after LPS treatment. However, plasma nitrogen oxide concentration was decreased at 3 and 9h after LPS treatment with increasing amount of Trichosanthes kirilowii extract added. Liver IL-2 mRNA concentration of all the experiment groups was rapidly increased at 2h after LPS treatment, and then gradually decreased to the level similar to that before LPS treatment at 9h after LPS treatment. Liver IL-2 mRNA concentration of Trichosanthes kirilowii extract groups were lower than that of control group. Spleen IL-2 mRNA concentration was the highest at 4h after LPS treatment in all the experiment groups. Spleen IL-2 mRNA concentration of 0.2 and 0.3% Trichosanthes kirilowii extract groups were higher than that of 0.1% Trichosanthes kirilowii extract group and control group at 3 and 4h after LPS treatment. Liver and spleen IFN-${\gamma}$ mRNA concentrations were increased at 2 and 3h after LPS treatment, decreased at 4h after LPS treatment, and then reached to the level similar to that before LPS treatment at 9h after LPS treatment. Liver and spleen IFN-${\gamma}$ mRNA concentrations of Trichosanthes kirilowii extract group were lower than those of control group at 2h and 3h after LPS treatment. Liver and spleen iNOS mRNA concentrations were the highest at 3h after LPS treatment, and then decreased to the level similar to that before LPS treatment at 9h after LPS treatment. Liver and spleen iNOS mRNA concentrations of Trichosanthes kirilowii extract groups were lower than those of control group at 2, 3 and 4h after LPS treatment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.657-664
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• 1993

To reveal the immunogenicity of ${\gamma}-irradiated$ E tenella and its progeny, a series of experiments on the effects of Cobalt-to ${\gamma}-irradiation$ was performed. The SPF chickens inoculated with diffenrt doses of inoculum were challenged with $1{\times}10^5$ oocysts of virulent E tenella. The levels of 100 Gy ${\gamma}-irradiation$ from $^{60}Co$ and of inoculum with $1{\times}10^4$ oocysts were recognized as proper as immunogen by comparison of survival rates, body weight gains, blood in feces and lesion scores in the chickens. In these trials of challenge with virulent E tenella after inoculation with $1{\times}10^4$ oocysts of the ${\gamma}-irradiated$ E tenella and its progeny, the survival rates of the chickens challenged with the virulent E tenella after immunization with the 1st and the 3rd progeny groups of ${\gamma}-irradiated$ E tenella oocysts were higher(l00%) than that(87.0%) of the challenged control group. The signs of blood in feces and the lesion scores were seen markedly lower with the ourput of the smaller number of oocysts, i.e. OPG 103,900 and 25,800 in the groups of the 1st and the 3rd progeny, respectively, than those(OPG 1,658,900) of the challenged control group. The body weight gains of the 1st and the 3rd progeny groups, the 1st week and the 2nd week after challenge, were higher (2.6g and 155.4g, 11.6g and 168.9g respectively) than those(-85.8g and 63.6g, respectively) of the challenged control group, and the feed conversion ratios(FCR 3.28 and 2.96) of the 1st and the 3rd progeny groups were lower than that(FCR 5.60) of the groups challenged control group. The anticoccidial indices(70.5 and 93.9) of the groups challenged with the virulent oocysts of E tenella after immunization with the 1st and the 3rd progeny of the ${\gamma}-irradiated$ E tenella were significantly higher than that (ACI -81.9) of the challenged control group. It was thought that the immunogenicity of ${\gamma}-irradiated$ E tenella would be increase according to increase the number of generation passaged in chicken. That might be because of increasing the pathogenicity of ${\gamma}-irradiated$ E tenella according to increase the number of generation passaged in chicken.