• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2012

Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication system, which is used by many bacteria to regulate diverse gene expression in response to changes in population density. Bacteria recognize the differences in cell density by sensing the concentration of signal molecules such as N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) and autoinducer-2 (AI-2). In particular, QS plays a key role in biofilm formation, which is a specific bacterial group behavior. Biofilms are dense aggregates of packed microbial communities that grow on surfaces, and are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). QS regulates biofilm dispersal as well as the production of EPS. In some bacteria, biofilm formations are regulated by c-di-GMP-mediated signaling as well as QS, thus the two signaling systems are mutually connected. Biofilms are one of the major virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria. In addition, they cause numerous problems in industrial fields, such as the biofouling of pipes, tanks and membrane bioreactors (MBR). Therefore, the interference of QS, referred to as quorum quenching (QQ) has received a great deal of attention. To inhibit biofilm formation, several strategies to disrupt bacterial QS have been reported, and many enzymes which can degrade or modify the signal molecule AHL have been studied. QQ enzymes, such as AHL-lactonase, AHL-acylase, and oxidoreductases may offer great potential for the effective control of biofilm formation and membrane biofouling in the future. This review describes the process of bacterial QS, biofilm formation, and the close relationship between them. Finally, QQ enzymes and their applications for the reduction of biofouling are also discussed.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.525-529
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• 2013

Contents of the total polyphenols and flavonoids in the dietary fiber from tubers and stalks of domestic sweet potatoes were investigated. In addition, their antioxidant activity as well as the potent anti-cancer effects through the growth inhibition in human colon cancer cells (HT-29) in vitro were tested. The total flavonoids as naringin equivalents in dietary fiber from tubers and stalks of sweet potatoes were $0.5{\pm}0.001$ naringin/g extract and $2.0{\pm}0.008$ mg naringin/g extract dry basis, respectively. The amounts of the total polyphenols as gallic acid equivalents were $2.8{\pm}0.01$ mg gallic acid/g dry basis and $6.3{\pm}0.03$ mg gallic acid/g dry basis, respectively. 1,2-Diphenyi-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity of the dietary fiber from stalks was 2.4 times higher than that of the dietary fiber from tubers. Interestingly, a strong growth inhibition on HT-29 cells was observed in both dietary fibers originated from stalks and tubers of sweet potato in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, we found that the dietary fiber from tubers and stalks of sweet potato increased the gene expression of tumor suppressor p53. The great potential value in the prevention of various diseases including cancer the potential value could be confirmed through effects of the dietary fiber from tubers and stalks of sweet potato on antioxidant activity and anticancer in human colon cancer.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.691-695
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of glycoprotein isolated from Morus indica L. (MIL) on plasma cholesterol levels and on the activities of hepatic detoxicant enzymes in ICR mice. MIL glycoprotein evidenced good scavenging activities against lipid peroxyl radicals. When the mice were treated with Triton WR-1339, the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in plasma increased significantly by 53.9 and 47.5 mg/dL, respectively, as compared to the controls. However, when pretreated with MIL glycoprotein $(100{\mu}g/mL)$, ICR mice showed marked reductions to 55.4 and 47.0 mg/dL, as compared to Triton WR-1339 treatment alone. Interestingly, high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were unchanged. These results indicate that the MIL glycoprotein is capable of scavenging lipidperoxyl radicals, lowering plasma lipid levels, and increasing the activities of detoxicant enzymes in the mouse liver.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.2024-2028
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• 2007

우리나라의 물관련 이슈는 수자원뿐만 아니라 사회, 경제 환경 등의 범위까지 확대되어 복합적이며, 기존 방법론과 기술만으로는 해결에 어려움이 있다. 따라서 새로운 기술적/방법론적 도구 개발의 필요성에 따라 통합수자원관리가 하나의 방법으로 받아들여지고 있다. 통합수자원관리는 지속가능한 수자원관리를 목표로하며, 물과 이와 관련 다양한 요소를 고려하는 통합적인 방법론이다. 그러므로 의사결정에 있어 전체론적인 접근이 필요하며, 세부적인 요소와 요소간의 연관관계를 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 통합수자원관리의 기반 도구 중의 하나인 통합수자원관리 모델링 환경인 WaterRing 시범시스템을 개발하였다. WaterRing은 모델연계에 있어 필수적인 표준성, 사용편의성 및 모델공유를 제공하며, 모델코드 자체보다 모델의 개발에 많은 노력을 기울일 수 있도록 설계되었다. 따라서 수자원분야 및 다양한 분야의 모델을 연계할 수 있다. 모델의 연계를 위하여 기본모델단위를 설정하고 각각의 기본모델단위의 결합을 통하여 보다 큰 시스템으로 구성할 수 있도록 하였다. 기본모델단위는 입력/상태/출력의 세 가지 기본요소와 내부수행 루틴으로 구성되어 있다. 기본모델단위 사이의 결합을 정의하기 위하여 BPM(Business Process Management)(Arkin, 2002)와 STELLA의 모델 결합방식을 활용하였다. 기본모델단위는 독립적인 수행단위로 표준적인 입력과 출력을 수행한다. 따라서 입력과 출력의 속성이 같은 기본모델단위는 결합할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 시범적으로 개발된 수자원통합모델링환경 WaterRing은 통합수자원관리의 실현에 있어 평가, 계획에 이용될 수 있다. 그러므로 향후 시스템의 개발이 완료되면 우리나라의 통합수자원관리의 실현을 위한 기반도구로서 많은 역할이 기대된다. 홍수기에 측정된 성과를 바탕으로 고수위대의 수위-유량관계 곡선식을 개발하여야 할 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통해 일부 확인된 바와 같이, 일반적인 자연하천이 아닌 감조하천의 경우는, 각각의 수위대별 유량 값의 변화가 발생하는 바 기간별 혹은 간조와 만조부를 포함하여 유량측정을 하여야 할 것으로 판단된다. 청폐화담탕(淸肺化痰湯)은 LPS로 유도된 macrophage에서 NO와 염증Cytokine 생성량을 억제하였고 murine macrophage에서 NF-${\kappa}$B 활성을 억제함으로써 iNOS와 염증Cytokine 유전자 발현을 하향조절 하였다. 이러한 청폐화담탕(淸肺化痰湯)의 항염작용으로 천식, 기관지염, 폐렴, 결핵, 산후감모 등의 호흡기 질환에 응용할 수 있으리라 사료된다.im}$5개월), 9.44${\pm}$1.05 6${\sim}$ll개월)으로 개월에 관계없이 전반적으로 유사한 비율을 나타내었다. 분획물(첨가농도 15.6 ${\mu}$g/ml)은 60%의 저해효과를 나타내면서 농도 의존적으로 그 저해효과가 컸으며 250 ${\mu}$g/ml 농도에서는 80%의 저해효과를 관찰 할 수가 있었다. 에틸아세테이트분회물의 경우 디글로로메탄 분회물에 비해 다소 낮은 저해효과를 나타내었지만 250 ${\mu}$g/ml 농도에서 약 60%의 세포독성 효과를 나타내었다. 디클로로메탄 분획물과 에틸아세테이트 분획물에 의한 면역 활성 증진 효과를 검토한 결과, 디글로로메탄 분획물은 첨가농도 1 ${\mu}$g/ml에서 94%로 Yac-1표적세포를 사멸시켰으며 에틸아세테이트 분획물도 동일 농도에서 96%의 억제효과를 나타내었다. CTLL세포를 이용

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.404-411
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• 1989

In this study, we attempted to determine the precise patterns of protein synthesis during the second cleavage in mouse. F1 hybrid 2-cell embryos showing a highly synchronized cell cycle and outbreed ICR strain 2-cell embryos were used. The patterns of protein synthesis during the second cleavage showed the sequential changes in the F1 hybrid and ICR strain 2-cell embryos. Moreover, we examined the effects of mitotic and transcriptional inhibitors such as colcemid and a-amanitin on the protein synthesis in the late 2-cell embryos of ICR strain. Treatment of colcemid (0.1mg/ml) blocked the second cleavage, but did not affect on the change of protein synthesis. However, treatment of a-amanitin induced the synthesis of two set of polypeptides without affecting on synthesis of other proteins and cleavage. It thus seems that the appearance of a-amanitin-sensitive proteins may be not involved in the second cleavage. Therefore, these results indicate that the second cell cycle in mouse embryos appears to be regulated at post transcriptional level, presumably independent on the expression of embryonic genome. 본 연구는 생쥐 배아의 2세포기 분열과정중 단백질 합성양상과 단백질합성에 미치는 colcemid와 $\alpha$-amanitin의 영향을 조사하였다 이를 위하여 체내 수정된 ICR strain의 2세포기 배아와 매우 일치된 초기배아 분열양상을 보여주는 체외 수정된 F1 (C57BL x CBA) hybrid 2세포기 배아를 사용하였다. 두 종류의 2세포기 배아에서 단백질 합성은 분열단계에 따라서 매우 일치된 변화를 보여 주었다. 또한 유사분열 억제제인 colcemid (0.1mg/ml)의 처리는 2세포기 배아분열을 억제하였으나, 단백질 합성에는 아무런 변화를 주지 못하였다. 그리고 후기 2세포기 배아에 전사 억제제인 a-amanitin (100mg/ml)을 처리하였을 때 세포분열이나 다른 단백질의 합성에는 아무런 영향이 없이 단지 두개의 단백질의 합성만을 유도하였다. 이는 아마도 a-amanitin의 stress효과에 기인하는 것으로 추측된다. 따라서 생쥐 2세포기 배아의 분열과정은 배아게놈의 유전자 발현과는 무관하게 이미 합성되어 존재하는 mRNA에 의하여 조절되는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2008

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an infectious and highly contagious virus of swine. In order to develop the transgenic tobacco culture cells producing PEDV antigen protein, four vectors expressing PEDV spike protein (SP) gene under the control of a CaMV 35S promoter were constructed. Four fragments of the SP region of PEDV, SP1 (444 bp, 1487-1930 bp), SP2 (1.7 kb, 2300-3987 bp), SP3 (1.4 kb, 1559-2950 bp), and SP4 (2.6 kb, 9-2643 bp) were amplified by PCR and then C-MYC tag was fused to the end of each SP gene, respectively. These cassettes are inserted into the pCAMBIA2300 (named as 35S::SP1-M, 35S::SP2-M 35S::SP3-M, and 35S::SP4-M, respectively). Tobacco (cv. BY-2) cultured cells were transformed by co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring expression vector. We selected kanamycin-resistant calli and checked for the presence of the introduced SP gene using PCR, resulting 70% of them showed the foreign gene. We selected the lines with high-level expression of PEDV antigen protein based on dot blot analysis. Southern blot analysis confirmed that the PEDV SP gene was integrated into the genome of the tobacco cultured cells. Northern blot analysis showed that the introduced gene was highly expressed in transgenic cultured cells. Transgenic tobacco cultured cells-derived antigen induced immunogenicity in mice as determined by a plaque reduction neutralization assay. These results suggest that the vectors expressing PEDV spike protein gene in this study will be useful for the development of transgenic plants and cultured cells producing PEDV antigene protein.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 2002

5-Hydroxytryptamine(5-HT; serotonin) system has been implicated in the modulation of male sexual behaviors and the secretion of reproductive hormones. In human males, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors(SSRIs) are known to improve the major male sexual dysfunction, premature ejaculation, through the central nervous system-mediated pathways. As numerous hormone and local factors, 5-HT may have peripheral role in the regulation of male sexual function. The expression of 5-HT receptor subtypes in the target tissue, however, has not been explored yet. The present study was undertaken to test whether the 5-HT receptor subtypes are expressed in the reproductive tissues of male rat, especially in ejaculatory machinery such as seminal vesicle and vas deferens. To do this, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and Southern blot analysis were employed. The transcripts for the 1A, 1B and 2C subtypes of 5-HT receptor were amplified in all the tested tissues. The present study demonstrated the expression of 5-HT receptor in the rat ejaculatory machinery, suggesting that 5-HT may play a pivotal role in the male sexual function via not only central pathway but also peripheral route. Further study on the receptor subtype-specific effect and their harmonized mode of action will be needed to establish the understanding of ejaculation mechanism and drug design.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2019

Recently, due to the increase in skin diseases caused by particulate matter, endocrine disruptor and environmental changes, the trend of development of cosmetic materials has been shifting to the more safe and effective ingredients based on natural materials rather than existing synthetic compounds like steroids and antihistamines. This study aimed to develop a new natural cosmetic materials using oriental herbs such as Eucommiae cortex, Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel and Bombyx batryticatus. First, DPPH assay was performed to examine the antioxidative activity of the herbal extract (Mix) and 98.8% DPPH radical scavenging activity was confirmed at $400{\mu}g/mL$ concentration of it. In order to confirm the whitening efficacy of oriental herbal extracts(mix), the amount of melanin synthesized after stimulation of ${\alpha}-MSH$ with B16F10 cells was measured. Results showed that it was decreased to 27.1% comparing with the only ${\alpha}-MSH$ treated group, which confirmed the whitening efficacy. Also, both nitric oxide(NO) production and iNOS and COX-2 expression were significantly reduced in RAW264.7 macrophages activated by LPS in the presence of the extracts(Mix). The mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines such as $IL-1{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ was also analyzed to confirm the inhibition effect of the extracts on inflammation. Finally, to confirm the enhancement of skin barrier function, the expression of claudin 1 gene, a tight junction protein, was observed using human keratinocyte HaCaT cells and increased as concentration dependent manner. From these results, it is concluded that the oriental herbal extracts(Mix) containing Eucommiae cortex, Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel and Bombyx batryticatus is effective for antioxidant, anti-inflammation, skin whitening, and skin barrier and thus could be applied as a new natural cosmetic material.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.141-146
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• 2004

Fungal products indirectly mediate anti-tumor effects in vitro and in vivo. To investigate whether Lentinus edodes might possess direct anti-tumor substance, L. edodes was extracted and tested on human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 oncogenes-associated animal tumor cells (TC-1) and in an animal tumor model. Only water extract displayed direct anti-proliferative effects in TC-1 tumor cells in vitro. This inhibition was dose-dependent, and inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) was $800\;{\mu}g/mL$. Fungal extracts also showed growth inhibition to human cervical cancer cells (CaSki and HeLa) similarly to TC-1 tumor cells. When fungal extracts were added at a high dose (1.5 mg/mL), cell growth was inhibited within 6 hr following extract treatment. Cell growth inhibition was blocked by heat treatment, but not by low pH, which is indicative of heat sensitivity of this anti-proliferative substance. Cell growth suppression was mediated by apoptosis, as determined by Annexin V and propidium iodide staining. When challenged with TC-1 cells, direct intratumoral injection of fungal extracts resulted in some positive effect on tumor growth inhibition, as compared to oral delivery. Results suggest that heat labile substance of L. edodes suppresses growth of HPV oncogenes-associated tumor cells through apoptosis.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2006

Cathepsin K (cat K) is the major cysteine protease expressed in osteoclasts and was thought to play a key role in matrix degradation during bone resorption. It was shown that the intracellular maturation of cat K was prevented by the cAMP antagonist, Rp-cAMP, and the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors of KT5720 and H89. In contrast, forskolin, a adenylate cyclase agonist, rather induced Cat K processing and maturation in osteoclasts. Furthermore, to determine whether cat K processing and maturation signaling involves protein kinase C (PKC), mouse total bone cells were treated with calphostin C, a specific inhibitor of PKC, however, no effect was observed, indicating that calphostin C did not affect to osteoclast-mediated cat K processing and maturation. Thus, it is indicated that the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway regulates cat K maturation in osteoclasts. Since secreted proenzymes have the potential to reenter the cell via M6P receptor, to prevent this possibility, it was tested cAMP antagonist Rp-cAMP and the PKA inhibitors KT5720 and H89 in the absence or presence of M6P. Inhibition of cat K processing by Rp-cAMP, KT5720, or H89 was observed in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the addition of M6P resulted in enhanced potency of Rp-cAMP, KT5720 and H89. These dose-dependently inhibited in vitro bone resorption with a potency similar to that observed for inhibition of cat K processing.