• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 2021

In this study, an eco-friendly combustion process of waste 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) was developed, and fundamental data for the quantity of the organic matter in the final combustion residues is presented. Because complete combustion of TNT is not possible theoretically, the combustion process was optimized to reduce organic matter content in the combustion residue by performing measures such as heating time changes, addition of propellant material, and after treatment using a high-temp electrical furnace. From the results, it was confirmed that the organic matter content in the residue could be decreased to 7 ~ 10% with each method. The quantity of the organic matter could be minimized by optimizing the combustion conditions of the process. With only a combustion time increase, the amount of organic matter in the combustion residues was measured at about 9 wt%. The environmental friendliness of the final exhaust gas was also confirmed by real time gas component analyses. In addition, the organic contents could be reduced by a further 2 wt% by applying an additional heat treatment using an external electric furnace after the first incineration treatment. In the combustion process of propellant added waste TNT, it was found that various TNT wastes could be treated using the same eco-friendly protocols because the organic content in the residue decreased in accordance with the amount of propellant. The amount of the organic matter content produced by all these methods fulfilled the requirements under the Waste Management Act.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2011

If the nondestructive analysis is carried out by using an X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer(XRF) for ingredient analysis with the target of gold plated silverware that plates gold on a silver basis, a singular point showing big difference at the value of weight percent(wt.%) according to the electron orbit of the principal ingredient can be confirmed. The present research made reproduced samples and carried out comparative analysis in order to suggest a basis that can judge whether the technique of gold plated silverware was used in case of remains uneasy to understand with eyes by using this singular point. As a result, the same result as analysis results of actual remains could be seen in specimens manufactured by a mercury amalgam plating method. However, in case of gold and silver alloy specimens, it could be confirmed that the difference according to the electron orbit of the principal ingredients is slight unlike plated specimens. The reason appearing at plated specimens seems to be generated while absorbing XRF beam at plated layers by double structure due to plating instead of single material. Accordingly, if this result appearing at nondestructive analysis is used, it was confirmed that the application of the technique of gold plated silverware can be judged without observing its section.

• 대한위암학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.9-17
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• 2002

위의 parietal cell 혹은 대식세포와 유사한 세포 내부에서 H. pylori가 발견된다는 보고가 있기는 하나 일반적으로 H. pylori는 Shigella와 같은 침습성 세균은 아닌 것으로 알려져 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 H. pylori에 감염된 위점막에는 많은 수의 호중구를 위시한 염증세포의 침윤이 관찰되는데 H. pylori가 위상피세포에 부착 할 경우 위상피세포를 자극하여 interleukin-8을 위시한 cytokine 을 발현케하고 이에 의하여 호중구 등의 염증세포가 몰려들게 된다. 한편 고유층에 몰려든 호중구에서는 다시 interleukin-8을 위시한 일련의 호중구 활성화 chemokine을 분비하여 염증반응을 증폭해 나갈 것이다. 호중구에서 발현되는 myeloperoxidase나 활성 산소 등도 위점막의 조직 손상에 기여할 것이다. 위상피세포를 덮고 있는 점액층은 위상피세포를 보호한다고 알려져 있으나 H. pylori 감염의 경우 점액층에 의하여 H. pylori의 운동성이 증가하고 이것이 위상피세포로부터의 cytokine 발현을 자극하여 염증반응을 증폭하는데 관여할 가능성도 있다. H. pylori는 위상피세포에 대하여 apoptosis를 유도함과 동시에 고유층에 몰려든 호중구에 대하여는 apoptosis를 억제케하여 궁극적으로 염증반응을 증폭 및 지속시켜 나가는 쪽으로 작용한다. 한편 H. pylori는 위상피세포로부터 COX-2의 발현을 증가시키는데 이는 위상피세포의 apoptosis를 억제하는 방향으로 작용한다. 이외에 H. pylori의 urease에 의하여 발생한 암모니아나 H. pylori 자신이 분비하는 세포독소가 세포 손상을 유발할 가능성도 있다. 상술한 여러 독성 인자들 중 어느 하나가 단독으로 작용하기보다는 여러 인자가 같이 동시에 또는 시차를 두고 작용할 가능성이 많다고 생각된다.(\gamma-FeOOH)$, 침철광$(\alpha-FeOOH)$, 적금광$(\beta-FeOOH)$, 그리고 자철광$(Fe_3O_4)$이다. 인위적 부식에서는 전부 인철광의 부식물이 생성되었고 자연적 부식에서는 모두 침철광의 부식물이 생성되었다. 특히 철제 표면에 자연적으로 생성된 공식 녹을 XRD 분석한 결과 적금광으로 동정되었다. 이런 모든 시편들을 각 탈염방법에 따라 탈염처리한 후 XRD와 SEM-EDS으로 분석한 결과 인철광과 침철광은 어떠한 변화도 보이지 않았고, 다만 적금광으로 동정된 시편만이 잔존하지 않았다. 철기 제작별 $Cl^-$ 이온 추출량과 탈염효과에 대한 비교 실험은 이온 크로마토그래피 분석 결과와 마찬가지로 단조 철제유물이 주조 철제보다 $Cl^-$ 이온을 많이 가지고 있었으며, 탈염 처리 후에는 $Cl^-$ 이온은 전혀 발견되지 않았다. 이상의 결과 $K_2CO_3$와 Sodium 용액은 탈염처리에서 가장 적합한 탈염처리 용액으로 알수가 있었으며 특히 어떠한 탈염 용액으로 유물을 처리한다 해도 철제유물에 생성된 부식물은 제거되지 않는다는 것을 알게 되었다. 따라서 보존처리자는 유물 표면의 부식 상태만을 보고 처리하기 보다는 철기제작물로 고려하여 처리하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 금속에 부식을 야기시키는 $Cl^-$ 이온과 부식물을 완전하게 제거하여 탈염처리를 하는 것이 유물 부식을 최대한 지연시킬 수 있는 것이라 생각된다.TEX>$88\%$)였다.(P=0.063). 결론: 본 연구에서는 MTHFR C/T & T/T 유전자 다형성이 위암의 발생과 그 위치에 대해 관련이 있는 것으로 여겨지고, 흡연력, 음주력과는 관련이 없는 것으로 여겨진다.험이

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.343-351
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• 2012

Excavated archaeological iron objects are prevented from being corroded going through desalination which slow down being corroded. However archaeological iron objects are liable to be corroded due to the high ionization tendency even though they are stored in environment restricted from corrosion factors. Iron objects could be deteriorated more than just excavated. Therefore this study investigated about the characteristic of re-corrosion and the effect on objects. In study, archaeological iron nails in storage for 4 years after conservation treatments were tested. Optical microscopy and X-ray photography for appearance, XRD, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy for chemical composition, IC for chloride ions concentration inside iron nails were used. As results, iron nails carried out conservation treatments measured a high concentration of chloride ions after the long storage period. The form of objects were not in good condition such as broken or destroyed when the high chloride ions concentration was detected. In addition, the yellow and red powdery corrosion product were detected on the boundary between corrosion products and substrates and they were identified as akaganeite which is symptom of active corrosion.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.299-308
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• 2015

Aim of this study is to identify dyestuff of the Dallryeong(official's robe in Joseon Dynasty, 16th century) excavated from Yuryang-dong, Cheonan, in 1996. For this purpose, extracted dyestuffs from Dallryeong fabric and from natural dyestuffs for red color(safflower, Sapanwood, Madder) which are presumed to have been used in the Dallryeong, are analyzed and compared by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). As a result, HPLC chromatogram of extracts of the Dallryeong's dyestuff and safflower are showed a peak at 17.5 minutes. The UV/Vis spectra of the samples are showed the maximum absorption wavelength at 519nm. This result is identical with the analysis of the previous studies on red dyestuff of safflower. In addition, the analysis of Mass Spectrometry(MS) showed the identical result of the peak with m/z 910. Following these results, excavated pink Dallryeong were considered to have been dyed with safflower.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.154-168
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• 2021

Various types of wooden relics are being unearthed following the full-scale excavation in Wolseong palace site, Gyeongju in Korea. In particular, a large number of relics were found in the moat surrounding the Wolseong Fortress. This study attempted to secure basic data on the shields of the Silla era through species identification, radiocarbon dating, and shape analysis of the two wooden shields excavated from the Wolseong moat. As a result of the radiocarbon dating, it was confirmed that the shields were made of wood procured in the period between the mid-4th century and the early 5th century. The species identification confirmed that the body of the relic was made with Pinus soft pine group and the handle with Zelkova serrata. It was also confirmed that the excavated wooden shield was made by first marking a thin line on a flat grain board, then marking double concentric circles and perforating small holes. The distance between the division lines is constant at about 6cm, and spaces between them are colored in red and black. The shape analysis estimated that two artifacts were more than 50cm and 36cm in width, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.64-87
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• 2017

Dahoe is a traditional braid in Joseon Dynasty. There are many Dahoe artifacts, which can give us a glimpse of the costume, culture, and life of that era. The study of Dahoe is necessary in various fields, but it is difficult because this manufacturing technique has been passed down from hand to hand. Few studies have been done so far. This research examines the manufacturing technique of KwangDahoe which is passed down by Maedeupjang (Decorative Knotting) and is generally used for knotting and/or tying objects. The main characteristic of TieKwangDahoe, made through the same method as WonDahoe, is the square hole in the middle. It was impossibile to remake the original braid because there is no confirmed number of the strand. Especially it is very difficult to do conservation and restoration on serious degradation state of the fiber. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the non-destructive manufacturing techniques method for Dahoe and assess their applicability. First, we analyzed the artifacts' manufacturing technique based on the database of the Dahoe's manufacturing technique. In order to do that, we undertook schematization, restoration, morphological analyzation of the Dahoe. And then, X-ray CT scans were performed to improve the reliability of the DB. These results of scanning were interpreted based on the manufacturing technique. The selected Tie-KwangDahoe on the sword for the study are artifacts including artistic value and symbolism in Joseon Dynasty. Based on the analysis of the manufacturing technique, we found that both artifacts were made of 20-strand braid of single cross according to the length-scale measure. It was manufactured using 8-strand on left-right side, 12-strand on front-back side by the braiding manufacturing technique method Finally, this research suggests non-destructive analysis method of Dahoe's manufacturing technique is based on the database and the analysis results. I hope this research can be useful in various professional fields of Dahoe in the future. Moreover, I hope this can be of any help in preserving Korean cultural heritage.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.210-223
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• 2014

When sarira reliquary was found in stone pagoda of Mireuksa Temple, there were 494 gold artifacts, including inner gold pot, gold plate with inscription for Sarira enshrinement, etc. Most of gold artifacts were crafted, but there were 22 gold plates and 4 gold ingots, which did not have any specific shape. It was considered that they had not been crafted. Since gold exists as a metal rather than a metallic oxide in nature, in general, it can be crafted by melting and shaping. However, gold in nature has impurities so it has to be refined to have malleability. The characteristic features were identified through the analysis of gold artifacts from sarira reliquary found in stone pagoda of Mireuksa Temple. The analysis result showed that there were 3 types of gold; pure gold artifacts, artifacts produced with silver containing gold and natural gold ingots. Inner gold pot, gold earrings and gold small beads were produced with pure gold and they contained less than 1wt.% of copper. It seemed like they were produced as pure gold to be shaped by hammering. Gold plate with inscription, tweezers, gold earrings, ingots, etc. were produced with silver containing gold as they had to be more solid. Gold ingots seemed to be natural gold considering the distribution of silver and copper in them, but it cannot be concluded as there are not enough information on gold ingots in Korea. The comprehensive research on gold ingots from various regions in Korea has to be carried out to confirm the above. Sarira Reliquary showed the very sophisticated gold craftsmanship. Gold ingots with the inscriptions, which say 1 nyang, were approximately 14g. Considering the weight of these ingots as standard, weights of other ingots were half nyang(7g), 2 nyang(28g), etc.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.241-252
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• 2018

It was estimated that the Imdang-dong site of Gyungsan was constructed in the 2nd to 4th century based on excavated layers and artifacts. This study was carried out to verify the result using the dendrochronological analysis of six wooden pillars excavated at the site. As a result, it was proven that 6 specimens were not cut at the same age because their tree-ring chronologies were not synchronized each other. And more, it was reconfirmed in wiggle matching dating as confirming two of them were dated to A.D. 94-135 and A.D. 224-289, respectively. It was coincided with the above-mentioned estimated age. In wood identification, most of them were identified as Hovenia dulcis Thunb., Tilia spp., Ulmus spp. which grow usually under cool environment. Based on the result, we could conclude that the climate at that time was cooler than the present.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.32
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• pp.75-87
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• 2011

The materials analysis is important in conservation science for cultural assets since conservators can make appropriate decision of treatment and environment through understanding manufacturing, period and materials. Palsapumdo is the painting of Palsapum which was given by Yi Sun-shin from the emperor Shinjong in The Ming Dynasty. Palsapumdo painted with various pigments on the fabric has remained to adhere a sheet of lining paper. In this study, we carried out the fiber identification about the fabric and lining paper and the analysis of the pigments. This study identified a fabric and a lining paper and analised pigments for the painting. As a result of fabric analysis, it was confirmed as cotton because ribbon twists and shape of kidney bean in a cross section. After the analysis of lining paper, color changed to yellow by Graff "C" staining tests, and had short fiber and tracheid. Therefore, it is supposed to be a paper which is made of conifer pulp. In addition, the results of SEM-EDS, the pigments are indicated as Orpiment($As_2S_3$), Minium($Pb_3O_4$), Hematite($Fe_2O_3$), Emeraldgreen ($C_2H_3As_3Cu_2O_8$), Ultramarine [$2(Na_2O{\cdot}Al_2O_3{\cdot}2SiO_2){\cdot}Na_2S_2$], talc[$Mg_3Si_4O_{10}(OH)_2$], bariumsulfate($BaSO_4$) and brass.