• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.703-711
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• 2018

Recently, as various metro lines have been constructed and connected to other lines the rate of utilization has also been increased. However, the existing fare policy which the government does still stick to causes not only inappropriate action to the demand pattern but aggravation of the profit of the operation company. This study reviewed rail fare policy of major countries such as Japan and U.K etc. to improve the rationality of fare policy in Korea. In order to systematical analysis of fare policy, such viewpoints as of fare decision method, the card fare discounting system, the structure of fare, and the government subsidy policy were reviewed. Based on the results from the review, various problems and improvement plans were drawn. Through this study, appropriate fare systems to urban railway users could be given to improve the chronic deficit problem of urban railway operators.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.10 no.3 s.40
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• pp.327-336
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• 2007

Operation a subway company requires high amount of early construction, operation and maintenance costs. Seoul Metro, one of the public subway companies in Seoul, Korea, has undergone operational deficit from its establishment, and the main reason is that the early construction and operation cost exceed the total revenue. Therefore, detailed researches on current operation system and possible alternatives are conducted to settle down finance trouble of the company. In particular, problems on operation and ticketing systems are analyzed, and based on that, necessity and detailed plan of railroad pass for one day are introduced and analyzed.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.1023-1027
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• 2005

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2012

This paper has investigated the unreasonable pricing system for container cargo with special reference to inland transport since it is determined by administrative boundary without considering travelling distance. This research is primarily intended to improve the current pricing system by introducing a pricing support system about the container cargo in the country which applies GIS service area analysis to transportation data. Price simulation maps were generated to find out reasonable pricing strategy. Pricing alternative integrating travelling distance into administrative zoning brings about more desirable results than individual driving cost alone. The research can contribute to more reasonable pricing for the fuel consumption expense and serve as useful instruments for planning pricing system for container cargo. It is anticipated that this research output could be used as a valuable reference to increase the scientific and objective pricing for container cargo by overcoming serious constraints suffered from the past non-GIS-based approach.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.489-491
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• 1999

본 연구에서는 경부고속철도 수익관리시스템 구축방안 연구의 일환으로 철도에 수익관리기법을 도입의 타당성과 그 효과를 검토하기 위하여 현재의 철도에서 사용되고 있는 예약체계, 운임체계 및 좌석할당 방법을 분석하였다. 지금까지 널리 사용되고 있는 여러 가지 수익관리기법을 적용하기 위한 조건을 제시하였으며, 예약실적자료를 사용하여 그 효과를 계산하였다.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.83-90
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• 2001

Generally, fare system is divided diminishing fare rate to distance into proportional fare rate to distance. In this paper, it is simulated the financial effect on the HSR operator introduced the diminishing fare rate to distance system. The diminishing fare rate to distance system increase the railroad demand, so profit of HSR operator is increased. We find that the diminishing fare rate to distance system is better than proportional fare rate to distance system.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.756-760
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• 2009

In 2010, the second phase of Kyeongbu KTX high speed train construction is expected to be completed. Therefore KTX's fare system need to be further improved. In this study, analyze the present condition and problems whit applying the existing fare system into the second phase of KTX high speed train, and then suggests improvement measures that divide KTX's fare system with distance-based fare and service-based fare.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.539-545
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• 2018

In recent years, research on shipping market forecasting with the employment of non-linear AI models has attracted significant interest. In previous studies, input variables were selected with reference to past papers or by relying on the intuitions of the researchers. This paper attempts to address this issue by applying the stepwise regression model and the random forest model to the Cape-size bulk carrier market. The Cape market was selected due to the simplicity of its supply and demand structure. The preliminary selection of the determinants resulted in 16 variables. In the next stage, 8 features from the stepwise regression model and 10 features from the random forest model were screened as important determinants. The chosen variables were used to test both models. Based on the analysis of the models, it was observed that the random forest model outperforms the stepwise regression model. This research is significant because it provides a scientific basis which can be used to find the determinants in shipping market forecasting, and utilize a machine-learning model in the process. The results of this research can be used to enhance the decisions of chartering desks by offering a guideline for market analysis.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.93-106
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• 2020

Trade is an important economic activity. In particular, since the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the scope of trade has been expanding due to events such as the entry of China into the WTO in 2001, the establishment of a multilateral trading system, mitigation and integration of trade barriers, and the establishment of the free trade agreement (FTA). Despite the expansion of the trade market, however, extreme events such as the 2008 global financial crisis, the 2016 Brexit, and the 2018 US-China trade war have had a direct negative impact on the trade market. Therefore, the present this study analyzed the dependence structure between the international shipping freight rate index, a variable representing trade activities, and the trade uncertainty between the US and China. The following is a summary of the analysis results. First, the US-Chinese trade policy uncertainty and international shipping freight rate index presented a Frank copula and rotated Clayton copula 270° distribution, respectively, showing the same distribution structure for each country. Second, the Kendall's tau correlation revealed a negative dependence between the international shipping freight rate index and US-Chinese trade policy uncertainty. The degree of dependence was greater in the combination of uncertainty in China's trade policy and international shipping freight rates. In other words, the dependence of global demand and trade policy uncertainty confirmed that China was stronger than the US. Finally, the tail dependence results revealed that the US-Chinese trade policy uncertainty and international shipping freight rates were independent of each other. This means that extreme events related to the trade policy uncertainty or international shipping rate index were not affected by each other.

• Aerospace Industry
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• v.66
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• pp.26-29
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• 1999

미국의 항공산업은 바야흐로 백화재방 전성기에 있다. 이것은 항공기의 제조, 운항 등 전분야에 걸쳐있으나 처음부터 이렇게 백가쟁명형은 아니었다. 항공기 제조업계가 최근에 와서 냉전 체제의 종식에 따라 구조조정이 불가피하여 지금은 유수 몇개사로 집중되고 있다. 그러나 운항회사의 경우는 약육강식의 경향이 없는 것은 아니지만 약 20여년 전부터 언제나, 어디서나, 어떤 운임 체계로나 설립도 자유이고 폐업도 자유라는 완전 자유 풍토가 되어있다.