• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2009

Objective: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is an uncommon cause of male infertility. We investigated the outcome of gonadotropin therapy for restoring fertility and pregnancy outcomes in patients with HH. Methods: Medical charts of 10 infertile male patients with HH treated with gonadotropin were reviewed. Initial testicular volume were estimated. Semen analysis parameters (semen volume, sperm counts, motility), serum leutenizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone were determined before and after human chorionic gonadotropin/human menopausal gonadotropin (hCG/hMG) treatment. Differences were analyzed statistically. Results: Of 10 patients, 7 (70%) succeed at pregnancy (nature pregnancy in 4). Semen analysis parameters, serum FSH, and testosterone were increased significantly after treatment. The population was stratified according to initial testicular volume into a small testis subset (testicular volume less than 10 cc in 4) and a large testis subset (testicular volume 10 cc or greater in 6). Semen analysis parameters and serum testosterone were increased significantly after treatment in large testis subset. Conclusion: Infertile men with HH initiate and maintain spermatogenesis with gonadotropin (hCG/hMG alone or combined) therapy, thus gonadotropin therapy is good choice in infertile men with HH.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2002

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of the maturation media such as a modified TCM-199 (mTCM-199) medium, modified Waymouth MB 752/1 (mWaymouth MB 752/1) medium or NCSU-23 medium on penetrability of pig oocytes by liquid boar sperm. Oocytes (30~40) were transferred into each well of a Nunc 4-well multidish containing 0.5 $m\ell$ maturation medium. When immature pig oocytes were cultured in mTCM-199, mWaymouth MB 752/1 and NCSU-23 maturation media for 44 h in 5% $CO_2$, in air at 38.5$^{\circ}C$, the germinal vesicle breakdown (CVBD) rates of the oocytes were 95.6, 94.1 and 94.9%, respectively, and the maturation rates (metaphase II) of oocytes were 92.5, 90.1 and 91.1%, respectively. No differences were observed among the maturation media. The spermrich portion of ejaculates with greater than 90% motile sperm were used in the experiment. The semen was cooled 22 to 24$^{\circ}C$ over 2 h period. The semen was diluted with Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) extender at room temperature to give 2$\times$10$^{8}$ sperm/$m\ell$ in 100 $m\ell$ plastic bottle. Liquid boar semen of 30 $m\ell$ in 100 $m\ell$ plastic bottle was kept at 17$^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. The sperm with greater than 70% motility after day 5 of storage were used for in-vitro fertilization (IVF). After 44 h maturation of immature oocytes, cumulus cells were removed and oocytes (30~40) coincubated far 6 h in 0.5 $m\ell$ mTCM-199 and mTBM fertilization media with 2$\times$1061$m\ell$ sperm concentration. At 6 h after IVF, oocytes were transferred into 0.5 $m\ell$ mTCM-199 and NCSU-23 culture media for further culture 6 or 42 h. Sperm penetration, polyspermy and male pronuclear formation of oocytes at 12 h after IVF, and developmental ability of oocytes at 48 h after IVF were evaluated. The oocytes in combination with NCSU-23 medium for maturation and mTBM medium for IVF increased male pronuclear formation (48.0%) compared to those in combination with mTCM-199 media for maturation and IVF, and mWaymouth MB 752il medium for maturation and mTCM-199 medium far IVF. The rates of cleaved embryos (2~4 cell stage) at 48 h after IVF were 24.1% in combination with mTCM-199 media for maturation, IVF and culture, 43.6% in combination with mWaymouth MB 75211 medium fur maturation and mTCM-199 media for IVF and culture, and 71.2% in combination with NCSU-23 medium for maturation, mTBM medium for IVF and NCSU-23 medium for culture. In conclusion, we found out the oocytes matured in vitro were fertilized by liquid boar sperm stored in BTS extender at 17$^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. We recommend the simple defined NCSU-23 medium for nuclear maturation, mTBM medium and liquid boar sperm for IVF, and NCSU-23 medium for embryo culture.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 1989

This study was carried out to investigate the general semen characteristics of the Korean native goat and the effect of temperature, incubation time, dilution rate, freezing rate and glycerol concentration on motility and NAR (normal apical ridge) acrosome of fresh and frozen Korean native goat spermatozoa. 1. Average semen volume per ejaculate, motility, concentration and pH of fresh Korean native goat spermatozoa were 0.19${\pm}$0.09 ml, 94.5${\pm}$0.47%, 26.17${\times}$108${\pm}$1.68/ml and 6.63${\pm}$0.18, respectively. 2. Motility and NAR acrosome of fresh spermatozoa during incubation were higher at 22$^{\circ}C$ than at 5$^{\circ}C$ or 37$^{\circ}C$(P<.01). 3. Motility and NAR acrosome of spermatozoa diluted 1:4 during incubation were higher at 22$^{\circ}C$ than at 5$^{\circ}C$ or 37$^{\circ}C$(P<.01). 4. Motility and NAR acrosome of spermatozoa during incubation were higher for samples diluted 1:1, 1:2, or 1:4 than for samples diluted 1:6(P<.01). 5. Motility and NAR acrosome of post-thaw spermatozoa were higher at freezing rate of 12$^{\circ}C$/min than at freezing rate of 1$^{\circ}C$/min or 24$^{\circ}C$/min when glycerol concentration was 9%(P<.01).

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 1989

In order to study the effects of $Ca^{++}$ and dbcAMP on sperm motility, cauda epididyal spermatozoa of mouse were incubated in the media containing the various concentrations of $Ca^{++}$ and dbcAMP, and Its motility were observed and analyzed. The rate(%) of the sperm with forward motility which may be fertile, reached at the equilibrium state in 30-60 min. after the beginning of incubation. $Ca^{++}$ requirement for the maintenance of sperm motility obviously appeared in 3hrs. after the beginning of incubation. In the medium containing 0.01mM $Ca^{++}$, the rate of sperm forward motility was highest(30.6-40.6%), whereas in 10mM $Ca^{++}$ medium, the rate was rather reduced because of a severe agglutination phenomenon. On the other hand, 1mM dbcAMP in the medium was significantly effective for the maintenance of sperm forward motility.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2000

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of polycystic ovarian follicular fluid on sperm motility in human in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods: From May, 1998 to July, 1999, 55 patients who complained of infertility were involved in this study. We obtained ovarian follicular fluids from the patients by ultrasono-guided aspiration. Subjects were divided into two groups. 20 patients who had polycystic ovarian disease were belong to study group, and 25 patients who had normal ovarian follicular fluid were belong to control group. The follicular fluid dilution was done with Ham's fluid as 10%, 20%, 50%, 100%. The sperm motility was analyzed by CASA at 6hr and 12hr after incubation in follicular fluids. Results: The levels of average path velocity (VAP) in all concentration fluid didn't show significant difference between study and control group. The other parameters including curvilinear velocity (VCL), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), and linerity (LIN) were didn't show any significant difference between both groups. Conclusion: PCOD fluid had seemed to have an adverse effect on the sperm biological function. But, this study showed that PCOD fluid had no different effect on sperm motility with normal follicular fluid.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.1192-1194
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• 2005

선형전동기는 일반적으로 회전형 전동기를 잘라 평면에 펼친 다음 회전형 전동기와 같이 구동할 경우 직선운동을 하는 전동기이다. 회전형 전동기에 비해서 효율특성을 다소 떨어지지만 직선운동을 위한 전동기가 필요할 경우에는 많이 사용하고 있는 실정이며 회전형의 경우 고정자와 회전자의 극간격을 유지하기 위해서 축을 중심으로 구동할 수 있게 제작하고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 선형전동기의 경우 정확한 극간경의 유지를 위해서 LM guide를 사용하는 것이 일반적이며 이로 인해서 고정자회 이동자 사이의 정확한 간격을 유지할 수 있게 된다. 또한 자속의 흐름과 이동자의 이동방향에 따라 일반적으로 선형전동기를 구분하는데 자속의 흐름으로 인해 만들어지는 평면과 이동자가 움직이는 방향이 같은 면 상에 있으면 종자속이라고 하고 횡방향으로 놓여질 경우 횡자속 선형전동기라고 부른다. 본 연구에서는 횡자속 선형전동기에서 발생되는 추력특성을 고려하여 선형액추에이터를 설계할 경우 발생되는 추력읜 불균일성에 대한 내용으로 전동기의 추력 특성 파형에 따른 성형 액추에이터의 동특성을 알아보았다. 특히 액추에이터에서 발생되는 공진특성을 기준으로 불때 같은 에너지로 약 2배의 동특성을 얻을 수 있었고 반력은 거의 같은 특성을 얻을 수 있었다.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.89-109
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• 2002

필수 미량원소인 셀레늄은 인간의 건강에 기본적으로 중요한 역할을 하는 물질이다. 항산화 관여 효소의 작용과 구조역할을 담당하는 셀레늄이 함유된 단백질(selenoproteins)은 항산화 기능이 있을 뿐만 아니라, 갑상선호르몬의 활성화에 관여하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한, 셀레늄은 정상적인 면역체계의 유지에 필요하며, HIV(human immunodeficiency virus)가 진행되어 AIDS로 발전되는 것을 억제하는 작용이 있다는 사실도 밝혀지고 있으며, 정자의 생성과 운동성에 관계하기도 한다. 우울증 환자가 셀레늄을 섭취하게 되면 효과가 있으며, 셀레늄이 순환계질환의 발생을 억제하는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 특히 최근에는 셀레늄의 섭취가 암발생을 예방할 수 있다는 역학조사결과를 토대로, 대규모 셀레늄 임상실험이 다국적 연구의 형태로 2개의 프로젝트(PRECISE, SELECT)가 수행 중이다. 한편, 셀레늄의 항암효과에 대한 세포수준에서의 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있으며, 어느 정도 가시적인 결과를 보이고 있다. 따라서, 셀레늄에 대한 재평가가 우리 나라에서도 이루어져야 한다. 그러기 위해서는 지역별로 셀레늄의 정확한 섭취량조차도 파악되어 있지 않을 뿐만 아니라 일일권장량 값조차 정확하지 않은 현실을 볼 때, 셀레늄의 기본적 연구에 대한 관심을 가져야 할 때라고 판단된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.287-291
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• 1995

Hemospermia is not an uncommon disease and may affect the sperm motility. But the research about sperm motility in hemospermia is rare. So we studied the change of sperm motility between control group and patients with hemospermia and also studied the change of sperm motility between patients with hemospermia and those whose hemospermia was improved, the change of sperm motility between control group and artificially induced hemospermia group. We observed that the sperm motility in patients with hemospermia was decreased than that of control group, and that, as hemospermia being better, sperm motility was improved. We also observed that sperm motility in artificially induced hemospermia was decreased. The results provide that hemospermia has an effect on decreasing hemospermia motility.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.78-91
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• 1995

한국산 산민달팽이(Incilaria frushtorferi)의 웅성생식기관 및 자웅공통생식기관에 대하여 조직화학적 방법을 이용하여 염색하고 광학현미경으로 관찰한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다.1. 자웅동체관은 가늘고 꾸불꾸불하고 긴 관으로 대부분 성숙한 정자로 가득차 있었다. 이 관의 내강상피는 단충섬모상피와 단층섬모원주상피 그리고 위중층 원주상패 등 다양한 세포로 구성되어 있었다.2. 대자웅동체관은 위로 소자웅동체관과 알부민성이 있으며, 그 밑으로는 수란관과 연결되어 있었다.이들의 내강상피는 불규칙한 단층섬모원주상피로 구성되어 있으며, 결합조직내 선세포로부터 형성된 산성 및 중성 점액성 과립들이 기막을 통과하여 내강 속으로 분비되었다.3. 전립선의 내강은 키 큰 단층원주섬모세포로 구성되었으며, 결합조직 내의 분비과립세포에서 형성된 중성 점액과립을 상피세포를 통해 내강으로 분비하였다.4. 정관은 직경 0.5 x 0.25mm 정도인 타원형의 관상구조로 이루어져 있고, 이 관을 0.1mm정도의 매우 두터운 근육층이 둘러싸고 있었다.5. 수정관의 내강은 결합조직성 돌기에 의해 4부분으로 분지되어 있으며 내강은 키 큰 단층섬모원주상피세포로 구성되어 있었다. 또한 수정관 주위에는 두터운 환상근층이 둘러싸고 있었는데, 이들 사이에서 2종의 분비성 과립이 확인되었다.6. 상음경은 내강이 십자로 열려있으며, 키 큰 단층섬모원주상피와 단층입방상피세포로 구성되어 있었다. 내강을 구성하는 근육들은 매우 두터웁고 환상근층과 종주근층이 교대로 둘러싸고 있었다.7. 음겨은 상음경이 점점 굵어져서 형성된 큰 형성된 큰 생식기관으로 내강은 주름 형태인 많은 돌기들을 가지고 있었다. 내강상피 세포는 키가 단층원주상피세포와 단층입방상피가 부위에 따라 다르게 분포하고 있으며, 상피세포 및 결합조직에는 두터운 근육층이 있어 음경의강한 운동성이 감지 되었다.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.418-425
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate extraction properties of crude saponin and ginsenosides, and their effects on sensory properties of emulsified pork sausage. Non-dried ginseng root was boiled in 0 (e.g., 100% distilled water), 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100% ethanol, and powdered by a freezing dry method. Weight of dried powder for the 0% ethanol extraction was 20% of initial non-dried ginseng weight, while $20{\sim}80%$ and 100% ethanol extractions resulted in approximately 15 and 10% of their initial weights, respectively. On the other hand, crude saponin content in the dried powder was linearly increased for a higher ethanol content where 100% ethanol extraction resulted in 123.52 mg/g. LC/MS analysis of crude saponin for quantifying ginsenosides showed that Rb1, Rb2 and Rc were significantly (p<0.05) higher levels for both 80 and 100% ethanol extractions. In the case of Rg1 ginsenoside, 60, 80 and 100% ethanol extractions resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher levels. Emulsified pork sausages containing 0, 1 or 2% ginseng extracts were smoked or non-smoked and their sensory characteristics and preference were evaluated. Smoking process significantly (p<0.05) decreased juiciness and tenderness, but the treatment significantly (p<0.05) improved flavor and consumer preference. It was particularly noticed that a 2% addition of ginseng extract prevented the adverse effects of smoking process on juiciness and tenderness while the 2% addition significantly (p<0.05) improved consumer preference. The current results implied that addition of ginseng extract in emulsified pork sausage could improve sensory quality.