• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1989

The circadian rhythm of spontaneous motor activity was not significantly altered by $T_4$(4mg/kg, i.p. inj. once a day for 5 days: $T_4$) and PTU (fed ad lib in 0.01% drinking water for 5 weeks: PTU). The plasma thyroxine level was markedly increased by $T_4$ but reduced by PTU, and the plasma thyrotropin level was markedly increased by PTU but moderately increased by $T_4$. Clonidine slightly increased the plasma CS level, but the clonidine effect was significantly enhanced by $T_4-pretreatment$. The brain NE and MHPG contents were little affected by $T_4$ but the NE content was significantly decreased by PTU. The SS-induced increase of plasma CS level was moderately decreased by PTU but increased by $T_4$. However, clonidine significantly inhibited the SS-induced increase, and the inhibitory effect of clonidine was not significantly affected by PTU and $T_4$, respectively. The brain MHPG content and MHPG/NE ratio were significantly decreased by clonidine but increased by SS. The clonidine- and SS-induced changes of brain MHPG content and MHPG/NE ratio were not altered by $T_4$. PTU did not affect the SS-induced increase of brain NE turnover but significantly attenuated the clonidine-induced decrease. The SS-induced increases of brain MHPG content and MHPG/NE rtatio were markedly inhibited by clonidine, and the inhibitory effect of clonidine was not affected by $T_4$ and PTU, respectively. These results suggest that the responses to swim-stress is not signigicantly affected by the alteration of thyroid function and that the hypothalamo-adenohypophysis-adrenocortical stimulation in response to swim-stress seems to be mediated via hypothalamic noradrenergic activation, and the stress response may be inhibited by the agonistic activity of clonidine on the presynaptic ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$.

• Exercise Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate regression models to estimate maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) from the 20 m Progressive Shuttle Run Test (20 m PSRT) in Korean middle-school girls aged 13-15 years. The 20 m PSRT and VO₂max were assessed in a sample of 194 participants. The sample was randomly split into validation (n=127) and test-retest reliability (n=99, 32 out of 127 participants also performed validity test) groups. 127 participants performed a graded exercise test (GXT, stationary gas analyser) and the 20 m PSRT (portable gas analyser) once to develop a VO₂max prediction model and to analyze the validity of the modified 20 m PSRT protocol (starting at 7.5 km/h and increasing by 0.5 km/h every 1 min). 99 participants performed the 20 m PSRT twice for test-retest reliability purpose. Mean measured VO₂max (39.2±5.1 ml/kg/min) from the potable gas analyzer was significantly increased from that measured during the GXT from stationary gas analyzer (37.7±5.7 ml/kg/min, p=.001) using the modified 20 m PSRT protocol. But it was a narrow range (1.5 ml/kg/min). The measured VO₂max from the potable and stationary gas analyzers correlated at r=.88(p<.001). Test-retest of the 20 m PSRT yielded comparable results (Laps r=.88 & final speed r=.85). New regression equations were developed from present data to predict VO₂max for middle-school girls: y=.231×Laps-.311×weight(in kg)+46.201 (r=.74, SEE=4.29 ml/kg/min). It is concluded that (a) the modified 20 m PSRT protocol is a valid and reliable test and (b) this equation developed in this study provides valid estimates of VO₂max of Korean middle-school girl aged 13-15 years.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.435-443
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• 2008

Purpose: Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT provides not only myocardial perfusion status but also various functional parameters of left ventricle. We compared left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, LV mass by cardiac SPECT using Quantitative Gated SPECT (QGS), 4D-MSPECT software and standard 2D-echocardiography. Materials and Methods: One hundred fourteen patients (male 51, female 63; 29-85 years old, mean $61.3\;{\pm}\;13.3$ years old) with normal perfusion status on Tc-99m tetrofosmin gated myocardial perfusion SPECT were analyzed retrospectively. Ejection fraction (LVEF), End-diastolic volume (LVED), LV mass (LVM) were calculated using QGS, 4D-MSPECT, and LVEF, LVM using 2D-echocardiography. Statistical analysis including Bland-Altman plot was performed using $MedCalc^{(R)}$ (MedCalc software, Mariakerke, Belgium). Results: The correlation of LVEF between methods was good: 0.95/0.96 (stress/rest) between QGS and 4D-MSPECT, 0.79 between QGS and echocardiography, 0.79 between 4D-MSPECT and echocardiography (p<0.001). Using Bland-Altman plot, the 95% confidence interval of agreement between QGS and 4D-MSPECT ranged from -12.7% to 7.3% / from -12.2% to 6.5% (stress/rest). The agreement between QGS and echocardiography, 4D-MSPECT and echocardiography ranged from -17.4% to 24.0%, and -14.8% to 27.0% respectively. The correlation of LVM between methods was also good: 0.95 between QGS and 4D-MSPECT, 0.76 between QGS and echocardiography, 0.73 between 4D-MSPECT and echocardiography (p<0.001). The 95% confidence interval of agreement between QGS and 4D-MSPECT ranged from -33.8g to 14.1g (stress/rest), The 95% confidence interval of agreement between QGS and echocardiography, 4D-MSPECT and echocardiography ranged from -148.7 g to 21.8. g, and -142.8 g to 35.5 g, respectively. Conclusion: There was a good correlation for LVEF, LVEO, LVM among methods (QGS, 4D-MSPECT, echocardiography), but the variance between methods was big. Therefore, the functional parameters by each method cannot be used interchangeably.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.278-287
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• 2003

Purpose: The performance of nitroglycerin-challenged Tc-99m-MIBI quantitative gated SPECT for the detection of viable myocardium was compared with rest/24-hour redistribution Tl-201 SPECT Materials and Methods: In 22 patients with coronary artery disease, rest Tl-20l/ dipyridamole stress Tc-99m-MIBI gated/24-hour redistribution Tl-201 SPECT were peformed, and gated SPECT was repeated on-site after sublingual administration of nitroglycerin (0.6 mg). Follow-up gated SPECT was done 3 months after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. For 20 segments per patient, perfusion at rest and 24-hour redistribution, and wall motion and thickening at baseline and nitroglycerin-challenged state were quantified. Quantitative viability markers were evaluated and compared;(1) rest thallium uptake, (2) thallium uptake on 24-hour redistribution SPECT, (3) systolic wall thickening at baseline, and (4) systolic wall thickening with nitroglycerin-challenge. Results: Among 100 revascularized dysfunctional segments, wall motion improved in 66 segments (66%) on follow-up gated myocardial SPECT after bypass surgery. On receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the sensitivity and specificity of rest and 24-hour delayed redistribution Tl-201 SPECT were 79%, 44% and 82%, 44%, respectively, at the optimal cutoff value of 50% of Tl-201 uptake. The sensitivity and specificity of systolic wall thickening at baseline and nitroglycerin-challenge were 49%, 50% and 64%, 65% at the optimal cutoff value of 15% of systolic wall thickening. Area under the ROC curve of nitroglycerin-challenged systolic wall thickening was significantly larger than that of baseline systolic wall thickening (p=0.004). Conclusion: Nitroglycerin-challenged quantitative gated Tc-99m-MIBI SPECT was a useful method for predicting functional recovery of dysfunctional myocardium.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.798-803
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• 2009

Purpose : We aimed to examine the effectiveness of the head-up tilt test (HUT) for the diagnosis of syncope or presyncope in children and adolescents. Methods : HUT results and clinical features of 160 children and adolescents with syncope or presyncope were studied from May 2003 through March 2008 at the Chonbuk National University Hospital. The children and adolescents were subjected to $70^{\circ}$ HUT for 45 minutes. The testees were divided into 2 groups: group I (children) comprising 39 children in the age range 7-12 years (mean, $10.59{\pm}1.60$ years) and group II (adolescents) comprising 121 adolescents in the age range 13-20 years (mean, $15.93{\pm}2.28$ years). Positive result rates of the HUT and types of hemodynamic response to the test in the 2 groups were compared. Results : Of the 160 testees, 92 (57.5%) showed positive HUT results; they showed 3 patterns of response to tilting. Twelve patients showed a predominantly vasodepressor response; 10 patients showed a cardioinhibitory response; and 70 patients showed a mixed response. The positive result rates were 43.6% (17/39) and 62.0% (75/121) in groups I and II, respectively. Mixed response was the predominant positive hemodynamic response in both the groups. Conclusion : The HUT is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating the condition of pediatric patients, including adolescents, with syncope. Further, it may be considered as the first step for evaluating the condition of such patients.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2012

Objectives : The objective of this study is to measure and to compare the rate of depression, anxiety, self-es-teem and the quality of life of the patients with chest pain. Based on the result of this study, the necessity of the psychiatric assessment and treatment of the patients with chest pain is emphasized. This study is a preliminary research for a larger scale investigation to be carried out in the future. Methods : Thirty nine patients with chest pain who visited Cardiovascular Division of Dept. of Internal Medicine Pusan National University Hospital and fourty normal control group(NC) were included in this study. The patients were classified into typical chest pain group(TCP, N=19) and atypical chest pain group(ACP, N=20) based on the cause of the pain. The cause was determined by cardiac computed tomography, exercise stress test, coronary angiography, and questionaires by a cardiology specialist. The patients were assessed with Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale(RSES) and Korean version of the Smith Klein Beecham 'Quality of Life' scale(KvSBQOL). Results : 1) When the risk factors of cardiac disease is compared, most of the factors(Hypertension, Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia, Cerebral infarction) did not differ significantly among the two chest pain groups, except for the family history, for which TCP group showed higher risk than ACP group did. 2) As for the self-report questionaires scores, BDI score, which indicates the rate of depression, of both ACP group and TCP group was significantly higher than that of NC group in BDI for depression. STAI score, which measures anxiety, was also significantly high in both groups. Especially, STAI score was significantly higher in ACP group than TCP group. 3) In the aspect of self-esteem and quality of life, ACP group scored significantly lower than TCP group and NC group. The scores for TCP group and NC group did not differ significantly. Conclusions : The patients with chest pain showed more depression and anxiety than normal control group, regardless of the cause of the pain. However, TCP group did not show significantly larger drop in self-esteem and quality of life than ACP group did. This result implies that early psychiatric assessment and treatment is needed for the patients with such chest pain, since it is highly likely that the pain would lead to lower quality of life of the patients.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.164-173
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• 2004

To delineate geothermal water movement at the Pohang geothermal development site, Self-Potential (SP) survey and monitoring were carried out during pumping tests. Before drilling, background SP data have been gathered to figure out overall potential distribution of the site. The pumping test was performed in two separate periods: 24 hours in December 2003 and 72 hours in March 2004. SP monitoring started several days before the pumping tests with a 128-channel automatic recording system. The background SP survey showed a clear positive anomaly at the northern part of the boreholes, which may be interpreted as an up-flow Bone of the deep geothermal water due to electrokinetic potential generated by hydrothermal circulation. The first and second SP monitoring during the pumping tests performed to figure out the fluid flow in the geothermal reservoir but it was not easy to see clear variations of SP due to pumping and pumping stop. Since the area is covered by some 360 m-thick tertiary sediments with very low electrical resistivity (less than 10 ohm-m), the electrokinetic potential due to deep groundwater flow resulted in being seriously attenuated on the surface. However, when we compared the variation of SP with that of groundwater level and temperature of pumping water, we could identify some areas responsible to the pumping. Dominant SP changes are observed in the south-west part of the boreholes during both the preliminary and long-term pumping periods, where 3-D magnetotelluric survey showed low-resistivity anomaly at the depth of $600m\~1,000m$. Overall analysis suggests that there exist hydraulic connection through the southwestern part to the pumping well.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2000

Background: Echocardiography is rapidly establishing itself as the primary diagnostic technique for investigation of children with heart diseases, and referrals are increasing to the pediatric cardiology clinic for investigation. However, because there is a lack of analyzed data on the patients referred to the pediatric cardiology clinics, we have proceeded to compare and analyze their characteristics to provide basic data base. Methods: From Oct. 1, 1998 to Jul. 10, 1999, total 443 cases referred to the pediatric cardiology clinic of Yeungnam University Hospital were studied retrospectively by medical records, chest X-ray, EKG and echocardiography, etc. Results: The results were as follows. 1. The proportion of male was 61.0%(261 cases) and that of female was 39.0%(67 cases). The ratio of male to female was 1.6:1. The proportion infants less than 1 year-old was 62.6% (26R cases) of all patients. 2. Cardiac murmur was present in 248 cases(57.9%), which was the most common case of referral ed to the pediatric cardiology clinic. The impression at referral was more congenital heart disease(70.6%) than acquired heart disease(17.8%) and arrhythmia01.6%). 3. The final diagnosis was as follows : congenital heart disease was present in 212 cases(49.5%), acquired heart disease, 59 cases(13.9%); arrhythmia. 13 cases(3.0%); normal heart. 144 cases(33.6%). Conclusion: Among the patients referred to pediatric cardiology clinic, 33.6%(144 cases) had normal hearts and why these patients were referred may be possibly due to more dependence on echocardiography than on auscultation instruction. Therefore, clinical and auscultatory skill should be emphasized to minimize dependence on expensive echocardiography for evaluation of pediatric heart disease.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.442-447
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to establish norm-referenced criteria for the isokinetic strength of the elbow joint in Korean high school baseball players. Two hundred and one high school baseball players participated in this study, none of whom had any medical problem with their upper limbs. The elbow flexion/extension test was conducted four times at a speed of $60^{\circ}/sec$. The HUMAC NORM (CSMI, USA) system was used to obtain the values of the peak torque and peak torque per body weight. The results were presented as norm-referenced criterion valuesusing the 5-point scale of Cajori which consists of five stages (6.06%, 24.17%, 38.30%, 24.17%, and 6.06%). In the results of this study, the peak torques of the elbow (flexor and extensor?) at an angular velocity of $60^{\circ}/sec$ were $37.88{\pm}8.14Nm$ and $44.59{\pm}11.79Nm$, and the peak torque per body weight of the elbow (flexor and extensor?) were $50.06{\pm}8.66Nm$ and $58.28{\pm}12.84Nm$, respectively. The reference values of the peak torque and peak torque per body weight of the elbow flexor and extensor were setat an angular velocity of $60^{\circ}/sec$. On the basis of the results analyzed in this study, the following conclusions were drawn. There is a lack of proper studies on the elbow joint strength, even though the most common injury in baseball players occurs in the elbow joint. Therefore, we need to establish a standard muscle strength in order to prevent elbow joint injuries and improve their performance. The criteria for the peak torque and peak torque per body weight established here in will provide useful information for high school baseball players, baseball coaches, athletic trainers and sports injury rehabilitation specialists in injury recovery and return to rehabilitation, which can beutilized as objective clinical assessment data.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.299-306
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• 1992

Gastic emptying scan in diabetic patients is widely used to assess the degree of motility disturbance and the symtoms such as nausea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal pain and early gastric fullness which we can't find anatomic lesion by fiberoscopic or barium study In order to determine the relationship among diabetic gastropathy, neropathy, retinopathy and disease duration, gastric emptying scan using $^{99m}Tc-tin$ colloid labeled scramble egg in hamburger was performed in 10 healty male controls and 50 diabetic patients which were subdivided to no neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy groups according to the degree of diabetic neuropathy and no retinopathy, background retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy groups according to the degree of diabetic retinopathy. After medication of cisapride for 2 weeks, we observed the presence of improvement of gastric motility in diabetics. The results were as following: 1) In controls, gastric emptying time (GET1/2) was $75{\pm}13.6$ min and 2 hour gastric retension rate (GRR2) was $32{\pm}11.1%$. 2) In diabetics, GET/2 was prolonged more than 2 hours and GRR2 was $58{\pm}23.1%$. According to degree of neuropathy, GET1/2 was prolonged more than 2 hours in all three groups and GRR2 was $54{\pm}24.1%$ in no neuropathy group, $57{\pm}24.3%$ in peripheral neuropathy group and $69{\pm}24.6%$ in autonomic neuropathy group. According to degree of retinopathy, GET1/2 was $110{\pm}23.4$ min in no retinopathy group and prolonged more than 2 hours in other two groups and GRR2 was $45{\pm}21.6%$ in no retinopathy group, $71{\pm}19.7%$ in background retinopathy group and $73{\pm}21.5%$ in proliferative retinopathy group. 3) After cisapride medication for 2 weeks, GET1/2 and GRR2 were improved as $90{\pm}14.6$ min and $40{\pm}13.8%$ (initial GET1/2 and GRR2 were above 2 hours and $61{\pm}15.4%$). We can conclude from above findings that gastropathy in diabetic neuropathy suggesting main underlying factor in motility disorder The degree of retinopathy and disease duration were correlated with severity of gastropathy in diabetics. From the results of gastric emptying scan, we can conclude that cisapride was useful drug for improving diabetic gastropathy and gastric emptying scan was valuable for assessing severity of diabetic gastropathy as non-invasive method.