• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.121-146
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• 2018

In traditional international law, a state was internationally responsible only for its activities. With the diversification of the subjects of international law and with the expansion of state's activities, however, bearing international responsibility by the state for its nationals or private enterprises has been recognised in international case law and states practices. Also, this was codified in 2001 by International Law Commission, finishing Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. Yet, international responsibility of state for private entities carrying out space activities including launching of satellites and space launch vehicles has been dealt with as an exception from state responsibility in general international law. As we have seen the successful launching of 'Falcon Heavy' by SpaceX which is an american private entity, the private activities in outer space are expanding to even as far as deep space such as Mars. In other words, the scope of the private activities is too enormous to deal with the activities, irrespective of general theories on state responsibility in international law. Therefore, it will be significant to see the constituent elements of state responsibility for private activities in outer space from the point of general international law, without prejudice to provisions related to international space law.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 2006

제품보증은 크게 품질보증과 설계보증으로 구분될 수 있으며, 설계보증은 다시 신뢰성 보증, 전자 부품 및 재료 공정 관리, 오염 관리 등으로 구분된다. 품질보증의 경우에는 이미 여러 기업에서 보편적으로 적용되고 있는 개념이며, 항공우주 업계에서도 공인된 민간 인증 체계를 활용하고 있다. 반면 설계보증은 인공위성 등과 같이 운용 중 수리가 불가능한 시스템에서는 특별히 강조되어야 하는 활동이며 안정적인 위성 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 시스템의 개발 초기부터 체계적인 설계보증 활동이 수행되어야 한다. 이에 따라 각국은 관련 기술 정보를 공유할 수 있는 국가적인 체계를 구축하여 자국 기업들의 경쟁력을 향상시키고 있다. 후발 주자인 우리나라도 이러한 추세에 발맞추어 자체적인 제품보증 기술을 확립하고 국가적인 제품보증 기술 연구 체계를 구축하여 민간 기업의 위성 시장 진출을 촉진시키고 기존 위성 개발 업체의 대외 경쟁력을 높일 필요가 있다.

• Aerospace Industry
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• v.49
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• pp.34-41
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• 1997

21세기를 눈앞에 둔 오늘날 항공여행은 보편화되고 있다. 따라서 그만큼 항공기의 수요도 늘고 운항 회사간의 경쟁 또한 치열하다. 이러한 민간항공에 쓰일 항공기 제작업체는 기업합병이나 매수등 조류를 타고 이제 미국세, 유럽세, 러시아세의 3파전으로 압축된 느낌이다.

• Journal of Space Technology and Applications
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.121-130
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• 2021

Since the 1960s, the United States has developed and implemented policies to encourage commercial space launches. Specifically, national policies have been implementing to expand the role of commercial space actors, which required establishing a process for private space launches. In the early days of the space age, private launches accounted for a small portion of the total launch rate, but, since the 1990s, the proportion has exploded, with private space companies presenting large projects one after another, accounting for more than 50% of the total launch rate. This diversification of space actors and the increase in orbital space objects have led to changes in the perspectives of existing space environmental management processes. During and after the Cold War, when the space age began, civilian actors' actions were limited, and policies limited their actions, too. So they had little impact on government space activities. However, space technology's entry barrier has lowered since, and policies to facilitate commercial space launches have been implemented for a long, and the accumulated amount of space waste over the past 60 years is also threatening the safety, stability, and sustainability of space use. This paper examined how the United States, the most active country in commercial space launches, has managed commercial space launches. The United States has a Space Traffic Management (STM), distributed to departments such as the Department of Defense, Department of Commerce, Department of Transport, NASA, etc. A review of changes in U.S STM management policy could also provide implications for us to manage commercial space launches in Korea.

• Satellite Communications and Space Industry
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• v.7 no.3 s.17
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• pp.82-89
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• 1999

무궁화 위성을 이용한 위성 서비스에 대하여 국내의 민간 기업들의 서비스 형태를 분석하고 향후 위성 통신사업의 발전방향을 모색한다.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.183-221
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• 2013

While in the early stages of space activities only a few states engaged in the use of outer space, as is well known, commercial space activities have grown dramatically in recent years. Both states, state institutions, and international governmental organizations as well as many private enterprises are engaged in such commercial use of outer space by now. This development is not reflected in the present state of space law. The existing international instruments of space law were developed and finalized before this development and thus only provide very few and sometimes unfitting provisions for the commercial use of outer space and particularly the use by private enterprises. Law formulated in an era when the word "privatization" had not even been coined cannot contain potential problems caused by the increasing commercialization of outer space. For the promotion and further development of such commercial use of outer space it is necessary to clarify and establish the legal framework for such use, because participants will need this information for their future investments in this field. The purpose of this paper is to research and make an analysis of the contents and international regulation of international space commerce, which is rapidly proliferating and to review the process of improvement on national legislations relating to the commercialization of outer space in a few main space advanced countries to make the sustainable progress of commercial space activities project in international society. The legal implications of matters such as international commercial launch services, the liability aspects of such services, intellectual property rights, insurance, product liability insurance and materials processing could one day will be subject to regulated by international space law as well as domestic law. In fact, the question of commercialization is linked to the question of sharing benefits of space activities, and this currently is an agenda item in the Legal Subcommittee of UN COPUOS. Most of developed countries have enacted the national legislation for commercial space activities relating to the development of our space as follows : The National Aeronautic and Space Act of 1958 and the Commercial Space Act of 1998 in the United States, Outer Space Act of 1986 in England, Establishment Act of National Space Center of 1961 in France, Canadian Space Agency Act of 1990 in Canada, Space Basic Act of 2008 in Japan, and Law on Space Activity of 1993 in Russia. Becides there are currently three national legislations relating to space development and commercial space activities in Korea as follows : Aerospace Industry Development Promotion Act of 1987, Outer Space Development Promotion Act of 2005, Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008. Commercial space great promise for the utilization and expansion of human outer space activities but aspring commercial actors must recognize that foreign policy, as well as obligations to the international community as a whole, ensure that commercial space activities will not operate in a legal and regulatory vacuum. As commercial space matures the law and accompanying regulation will most certainly evolve and choose to become participants in the inevitable evolution of law and regulation.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.419-477
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• 2017

In Space contains valuable natural resources. These provide a compelling reason for entrepreneurs, investors, and governments to pursue space exploration and settlement. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet. Article II of the Outer Space Treaty states that "outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means." The U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 (CSLCA), however, makes significant advances in furthering U.S. commercial space industry, which explicitly allows U.S. citizens to engage in the commercial exploration and exploitation of 'space resources' including water and minerals. Thus, some scholars argue that the United States recognizing ownership of space resources is an act of sovereignty, and that the act violates the Outer Space Treaty. This paper suggests that it is necessary to guarantee the right to resources harvested in outer space. More specifically, a private ownership of extracted space resources needs to promote new space business and industry. As resources on Earth become increasingly difficult and expensive to mine, it is clear that our laws and policies must encourage private appropriation of space resources. CSLCA which addresses all aspects of space resource extraction will be one way to encourage space commercial activity.

• Aerospace Industry
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• v.68
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• pp.10-13
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• 1999

유럽의 유일한 국제합작 대형 민간 항공기 제작업체인 에어버스가 올해로 창립 30주년을 맞는다. 동사의 1998년 수주 금액은 보잉사와 필적하는 규모에 달했다. 동시에 본거지인 프랑스의 툴루즈에서는 지난 5월초에 전세계의 항공 평론가와 보도 관계자 등 약 90명을 초청하여 예년처럼 Technical Press Briefing을 열고 동사의 현황과 전망 그리고 기업전략등이 소개되었다.

• Aerospace Industry
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• v.53
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• pp.30-33
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• 1997

미국의 보잉사와 록히드의 양사가 여타 항공기 제조업자를 합병 혹은 흡수하여 사실상 맘모스 기업으로 발판을 굳힘에 따라 유럽세인 에어버스를 비호하는 유럽연합측이 실질적인 시장 독점을 위한 기업연합이라고 항의하는 등 국제 항공기 시장을 놓고 항공기 제조업계의 경쟁은 갈수록 치열해지고 있다. 한편 지난 6월의 파리 에어쇼를 전후하여 보잉사와 에어버스 양사는 민간 여객기 판매에 더욱 열을 올리고 있으며 그중에도 에어버스사의 세계 시장 절반 점유계획이 크게 돋보이고 있다. 이러한 세계시장의 열띈 기운을 배경으로 항공기 수요의 장기 전망과 시장점유동향에 대하여 그 개관을 알아 보기로 한다.

• Defense and Technology
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• no.10 s.128
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• pp.62-69
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• 1989

Avibras사는 세계적인 기업으로 지속적인 성장을 하고 있는 가장 큰 브라질회사의 하나로서, 연구 및 사업개발과 고도의 기술제품 및 장비를 생산하는 민간 기술회사이다. 이 회사는 순수 브라질 회사로서 1961년이후 방위산업, 화학, 전자통신분야에서 그의 전문성을 발휘하면서 국가적인 항공우주산업을 선도해 왔다