• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients with breast cancer and to identify demographic variables and clinical characteristics impact on depressive symptoms and health related quality of life in patients with breast cancer in a university hospital. Methods : Fourty-one patients with breast cancer were selected, who had visited the department of General surgery of the Wonkwang University hospital with a diagnosis of breast cancer regularly during the period November, 2010-May, 2011. All of subjects were evaluated for the depression, anxiety and the health related quality of life with Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), anxiety subscale of Personality Assessment Inventory(PAI) and Short-Form 36 Health Survey-Korean version(SF-36-K). Patients were divided into depressive symptoms and non-depressive symptoms group according to the BDI score. We compared SF-36-K between two groups, and analized multiple regression with depression and health related quality of life as criterion variables and demographic and clinical characteristics. Results : The prevalence of depression in patients with breast cancer in a University hospital was 36.4%. Compared to the non-depression, depressed patients with breast cancer appeared significantly lower mean scores on six subscales in SF-36-K : Physical function(p<.01), Role-physical(p<.001), General health(p<.05), Social function(p<.001), Role-emotional(p<.001) and Mental health(p<.001). But there was no significant difference between two groups in Vitality and Bodily pain. Anxiety, level of education and presence of enforcement of chemotherapy(63.6%) were significant explanation variables for depressive symptoms. And type of surgery and age(55.8%) were significant explanation variables for health related quality of life. Conclusions : The prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients with breast cancer in a University hospital was 36%. The depressive symptoms had not only negative impact on the health related quality of life but also important explanation variable for health related quality of life. These results suggest that depressive symptoms in patients with breast cancer should be evaluated and treated for improving patient's health related quality of life.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.209-220
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of depressive episode about major depression and bipolar disorder in child and adolescent. The subjects of this study were 34 major depression patients and 17 bipolar disorder patients hospitalized at child and adolescent psychiatry in OO university children's hospital from 1st March 1993 to 31st October 1999. The method of this study is to review socio-demographic characteristics, diagnostic classification, chief problems and symptoms at admission, frequency of symptoms, maternal pregnancy problem history, childhood developmental history, coexisting psychiatric disorders, family psychopathology and family history and therapeutic response through their chart. 1) The ratio of male was higher than that of female in major depressive disorder while they are similar in manic episode, bipolar disorder. 2) Average onset age of bipolar disorder was 14 years 1 month and it was 12 years 8 months in the case of major depression As a result, average onset age of major depression is lower than that of bipolar disorder. 3) The patients complained of vegetative symptoms than somatic symptoms in both bipolar disorder and depressive disorder. Also, the cases of major depression developed more suicide idea symptom while the case of bipolar disorder developed more aggressive symptoms. In the respect of psychotic symptoms, delusion was more frequently shown in major depression, but halucination was more often shown in bipolar disorder. 4) Anxiety disorder coexisted most frequently in two groups. And there coexisted symptoms such as somartoform disorder, mental retardation and personality disorder in both cases. 5) The influence of family loading was remarkable in both cases. Above all, the development of major depression had to do with child abuse history and inappropriate care of family. It is apparent that there are distinctive differences between major depression and bipolar disorder in child and adolescent through the study, just as in adult cases. Therefore the differences of clinical characteristics between two disorders is founded in coexisting disorders and clinical symptoms including onset age, somatic symptoms and vegetative symptoms.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.73-86
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of depressive symptoms on the relationship between avoidance(brooding, reflection, and behavioral avoidance) and sleep quality. Methods : In total, there were 947 subjects who were assessed using self-reports on three measures: Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D), Ruminative Response Style (RRS), Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale (CBAS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Assessment (PSQI). Results : First, depressive symptoms fully mediated the relationship between brooding and sleep quality. Second, reflection did not mediate the relationship between brooding and sleep quality, and reflection had no direct effects on depressive symptoms. Third, depressive symptoms partially mediated the relationship between behavioral avoidance and sleep quality. Conclusion : This study was confirmed the pathological characteristics of brooding compare to reflection, and the essential role of behavioral avoidance and depressive symptoms on sleep problems.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.401-411
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• 2015

The main object of the study is to investigate the relationship between depressive symptom and poverty and to analyze the interaction effect between poverty and informal social relationship on depressive symptom. The data for the study is survey data on Life of elderly in Chuncheon Area in 2014. The sample size of the survey is 2,023 and because of missing data, the analysis contains data for 1,934 persons. The survey is conducted by the face to face interview with the questionnaire. Results of the analysis are as follows. First, the poverty shows positive relationship with depressive symptom. Second, the level of contact with children and support exchange with friends show negative relationship with depressive symptom. Third, There is interaction effect between poverty and level of contact with children on depressive symptom.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1937-1945
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between depression and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) of college students. Collage students up to 350 people self-report survey was conducted using the Conners ADHD Rating Scale Korean version and Beck Depression Inventory. Adult ADHD symptoms prevalence was 5.1 % and the highest form of carelessness. Depression grade was $8.38{\pm}6.86$ points of college students and female students was higher than male students is depression grade, severe depression and modurate depressive symptoms were 2.1 %. Model of explanatory were slightly higher in 33.5%, adult ADHD affects depression and coexistence rate of adult ADHD symptoms and depressive symptoms was found to be 3.1%. Therefore, adult ADHD symptoms prevalence and depression of collage students seems to be relationship. Given the wide range of social and emotional problems due to adult ADHD seems necessary measures to establish a social dimension to adult ADHD.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.409-420
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to examine the level of stress and depressive symptom and to assess the utilization of professional consultation. Data extracted from Community Health Survey (CHS), conducted by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The subjects were 174,975 (19-65 years). In result, 'Managers', 'Professionals and related workers', 'Clerks', 'Service workers', and 'Sales workers', 'Equipment, machine operating assembling workers', and 'Armed forces' were more in risk of stress. However, theses groups were less in probability of utilization for stress consultation. Based on these findings, mental health screening program for detecting risk group among occupation classification and employment status will be essential. It may be necessary to have sustainable strategies for utilizing mental health service to reduce the level of stress and depressive symptom of workers.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2021

Objectives : Based on the fact that cognitive functions decline known as comorbid symptoms of depression can precede depression, this study seeks to observe the effects of depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms on cognitive function in healthy subjects. Methods : To recruit 50 general populations to evaluate cognitive and clinical symptoms and to find out the effects of clinical symptoms on cognitive functions, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression were conducted. Correlation analysis of subdomain cognitive function was conducted for reliability analysis. Results : Trail making test-B that evaluates the execution function correlates with depressive symptoms (r=0.300, p=0.03) and age (r=0.323, p=0.02). Depressive symptoms (β=0.304, p=0.03) and age (β=0.335, p=0.01) were significantly related to Trail making test -B (Adjusted R²=0.148). Subjective cognitive tests correlates with anxiety symptoms (r=0.434, p=0.002). In the correlation between cognitive functional items, Subjective cognitive tests was found to be correlated with other test except Spotter. Conclusions : In this study, depressive symptoms contribute independently to executive functions in addition to demographic characteristics such as age and duration of education. Given that cognitive decline is a common long-term clinical outcome in depression, we expect active early intervention and evaluation of cognitive function to be helpful.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.587-600
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• 2021

The aim of this research is to verify the mediating role of optimism and self-efficacy on the association between social support and depressive symptoms on among college students. 329 college students answered the survey questionnaires which assessed their social support, depressive symptoms, optimism, and self-efficacy. The results revealed that the higher levels of social support predicted the lower levels of depressive symptoms, the higher levels of optimism, and self-efficacy. In addition, the higher levels of optimism and self-efficacy predicted the lower levels of depressive symptoms. Lastly, the mediation analysis indicated that optimism and self-efficacy mediated the negative relationship between social support and depressive symptoms. That is, college students who highly perceived social support reported higher levels of optimism and self-efficacy, which led to lower levels of depressive symptoms. Finally, the implication and limitations of the present research were discussed and the directions for developing research were suggested.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2014

Objectives : Mild cognitive impairment(MCI) and dementia of Alzheimer's type(AD) are characterized by progressive decline of cognitive abilities and a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms like depression. Among various diagnostic tools of AD, many studies showed that elevated levels of serum total homocysteine are associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. We investigated whether elevated homocysteine concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in MCI and AD. Methods : A total of 86 patients diagnosed with MCI or AD participated. Total serum homocysteine levels in fasting blood samples were measured. We examined cognitive symptoms by MMSE-KC, Global Deterioration Scale(GDS), Clinical dementia rating(CDR) and depressive symptoms by Korean version of Geriatric Depression Scale(K-GDS). Results : The total serum homocysteine levels were significantly higher in MCI with depression than in MCI without depression. There was no significant difference in the mean homocysteine levels between AD patients with depression and AD patients without depression. The total homocysteine levels showed a negative correlation with MMSE-KC and a positive correlation with CDR, GDS. Conclusions : These findings suggest that elevated homocysteine level is a risk factor for the decline of cognitive function and depression. We found a significant relationship between elevated serum homocysteine level and depressive symptoms in MCI. But our study had several limitations, thus more research is needed to confirm this finding.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2003

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate 1) the prevalence of depressive symptoms, 2) the severity of depressive symptoms, 3) the correlation of depressive symptoms with clinical variables, and 4) factors that contribute to depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods: One hundred eighteen patients with Parkinson's disease referred from the Parkinson's Disease Clinic of Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea, completed a self-administered questionnaire package, which included basic demographic data, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Parkinson's disease quality of life questionnaire, the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision(SCL-90-R), and the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. In addition, a structured interview and a complete neurological examination, including the Hoehn and Yahr stage, the motor part of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale(some selected scales of UPDRS part III), the Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living scale(ADL), and the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination were performed. Results: 1) Based on BDI score, subjects were divided into four groups:severely(40.7%), moderately(13.6%) and mildly(12.7%) depressive and non-depressive(33.1%). 2) The severity of depressive symptom in Parkinson's disease was positively correlated with Hoehn and Yahr(H & Y) stage(r=0.34, p<0.0001), the severity of motor symptom(r=0.35, p<0.0001), and trait anxiety inventory(r=0.33, p<0.001). On the other hand, the severity of depressive symptom was negatively correlated with educational level(r=-0.34, p<0.001), ADL(r=-0.37, p<0.0001) and Parkinson's disease quality of life (PDQL)(r=-0.69, p<0.0001). Among several clinical variables, the PDQL was the most influential factor predicting whether the depressive symptom was present or not. Conclusion: This study suggests that depressive symptom is very prevalent among patients with Parkinson's disease. Data from this study indicate that medical staffs who take care of patients with Parkinson's disease should pay attention to finding and treating depressive symptom among their patients. With appropriate psychiatric intervention, patient's depressive symptom can be minimized or alleviated and thus, the quality of life in these patients is likely enhanced.