• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.587-597
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• 2004

Over the past 20 years, great strides have been made in research regarding the mechanisms involved in the progression of carious lesions, but new equipment and research tools need to be developed to continue these advancements in caries research. Various methods have been applied to reduce the incidence of carious lesions, which have led to a significant decrease in the number of occlusal caries, but a concurrent increase in the proportion of proximal carious lesions. New diagnostic equipment has been developed to detect early stage carious lesions, and these have demonstrated excellent laboratory results and show promise in clinical applications. The research presented here examines the efficacy of the newly developed $DIFOTI^{TM}$ system in detecting proximal carious lesions compared to traditional intraoral exam and bitewing radiography, possible problems or deficiencies of using the system in clinic, possible improvements that can be made to the system, and the efficacy of detecting early, reversible carious lesions that can be remineralized by preventative fluoride applications. The subject pool consisted of 23 grammer school age patients just prior to entering the mixed dentition phase. Each patient was given a thorough oral examination, radiographic examination consisting of bitewing radiographs of the posterior teeth, and $DIFOTI^{TM}$ examination of the anterior and posterior teeth. Each examination was carried out two times by two examiners, and the data were statistically analyzed. The results are as follows: 1. The mean alpha value of reliability test of the visual oral examination was as follows; occlusal surface was 0.8470. mesial surface was 0.6430, distal surface was 0.5727. lingual surface was 0.2807 and distal surface was 0.2339. When the examination was limited to posterior teeth, the mean alpha value was as follows; occlusal surface was 0.8577, distal surface was 0.8211, lingual surface was 0.7728, buccal surface was 0.7152 and mesial surface was 0.6782. 2. The alpha value of reliability test of the radiographic analysis of carious lesions of the occlusal, mesial, and distal surfaces was 0.8500. 3. The alpha value of reliability test of the $DIFOTI^{TM}$ diagnostic analysis of carious lesions of the occlusal, buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal surfaces was determined to be 0.7917. 4. The $DIFOTI^{TM}$ diagnostic system was found to be the most accurate means of detecting occlusal, buccal, and lingual surface carious lesions (p<0.05), while mesial and distal proximal carious lesions were most accurately assessed using bitewing radiography (p<0.05).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a 3 tone plaque disclosing gel in assessing the risk of caries related to the population of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus spp. quantified using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 15 healthy children of ages 9 - 12 years were randomly examined. The 3 tone plaque disclosing gel was applied on teeth surfaces, which changed the color to pink or red, blue or purple and light blue. Plaque was divided into 3 groups based on staining. Genomic DNA from each sample was subjected to a qRT-PCR assay for quantitative detection of target bacteria. The Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted for correlation between the color of plaque and the number of bacterial species. The levels of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus spp. were significantly different in the plaque samples of the 3 groups (p < 0.05). The proportion of S. sobrinus to S. mutans showed correlation to the color of plaque. The different color-dyed plaque was related to the number of acidogenic bacteria. The 3 tone plaque disclosing gel could be used as one of the indicators to assess the clinical risk of caries associated with the population of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus spp.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.271-274
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to understand the oral health promotion behavior and dental health condition of primary school children and to examine the relationships between the two variables. For that purpose, 729 fifth and sixth graders from four primary school located in Seoul were surveyed. In addition to the survey responses, dental examination results were used for analysis. The findings were as follows: 1. The children scored 3.51 out of full 5 points in oral health promotion behavior. they scored the highest at 3.82 in dietary habits, which were followed by going to a dentist for prevention purposes at 3.43, the method and frequency of brushing teeth at 3.40 and the use of fluorine at 3.39. 2. It turned out that 46.9% of the children had decayed permanent teeth. The number of decayed teeth was $1.66{\pm}2.32$, that of missing teeth was $0.03{\pm}0.24$. 3. There were reverse correlations(r = -0.32) between the children's subjective perception of their dental health condition and decayed teeth. The more positive perceptions they had for their own dental health condition, the less decayed teeth they had(p < 0.01). 4. There were also reverse correlations(r = -0.10) between the children's oral health promotion behavior and decayed teeth. The more they were engaged in Behavior of alimentation, the less decayed teeth they had(p < 0.01). The results indicate that primary school children can keep their dental health by practicing the right oral health promotion behavior, which calls for a need to develop and apply dental health education programs to promote the oral health promotion behavior among primary school children.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.383-389
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of severe early childhood caries and feeding pratices in preschool children. The subjects of study were six hundred and seventy-two preschool children in Iksan city. Severe early childhood caries(S-ECC) was defined as the presence of one or more cavitated, missing due to caries, or filled smooth surfaces in primary maxillary anterior teeth. The caregivers of children were given a questionnaire including age, gender, birthweight, and feeding practices. The prevalence of S-ECC was 34.5%. The prevalence was significantly higher when there were the habit of sleeping while feeding, the habit of feeding sour or sweet content in the bottle, and the habit of using the pacifier. Birth weight, breast-feeding, bottle-feeding, and the sippy cup habit showed no significant association with the prevalence of S-ECC. There were significant positive associations between breast-feeding and sleeping while feeding, between bottle-feeding and the pacifier, between sleeping while feeding and sour or sweet content in the bottle, between sleeping while feeding and the sippy cup, between sleeping while feeding and the pacifier, and between the sippy cup and the pacifier. There were significant negative associations between breast-feeding and the pacifier.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.1483-1491
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine current status of the types of dental filling materials and preventive materials among Korean children in mixed dentition. Seven elementary schools were randomly selected from four metropolitan regions in South Korea. The total of 711 children aged 9-10 years old were examined with their parents’ informed consents. Oral examination was conducted by one trained dentist. The mean number of dfs was $7.9{\pm}8.0$ ($ds=1.3{\pm}2.5,\;fs=6.6{\pm}7.6$) and DMFS was $1.4{\pm}2.2$ ($DS=0.2{\pm}0.8,\;FS=1.1{\pm}2.1$). The average of filled surfaces using amalgam, composites, sealants, and others were $2.8{\pm}3.9,\;1.6{\pm}2.8,\;2.9{\pm}3.2$, and $4.5{\pm}7.0$, respectively. The use of dental filling material according to region, the amalgam was the highest in Daegu and the resin was the highest in Pusan. In permanent teeth, about 70% of total filling surfaces had sealant and about 20% was resin fillings, and the proportion of amalgam filling surfaces was less than 10%.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.611-619
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to apply the quantitative light-induced fluorescence(QLF) and use of fluorescein-enhanced QLF method for quantitative assessment of early enamel demineralization in vitro, comparing effectiveness of light sources : argon laser, halogen lamp, light emitting diode (LED) and plasma arc lamp. Sixty extracted teeth were used, prepared by gentle pumicing and coating in an acid-resistant nail-varnish, except for an exposure to a demineralizing solution. Teeth were removed at regular intervals (24, 48 and 72hrs), air-dried and QLF image were taken. Mineral loss, as measured by difference of optical density, was recorded. For dyeenhanced QLF a 0.075% sodium fluorescein dye was applied after QLF examination and mineral loss was recorded. The following result were obtained : 1. Comparing with mean difference of optical density, plasma arc lamp was higher than other light sources in all group (p<0.05). 2. Comparing each group with mean difference of optical density, there was significant different using plasma are lamp and halogen lamp. 3. For use of dye-enhanced QLF, comparing with mean difference of optical density, plasma arc lamp were higher than other light sources in all group(p<0.05). 4. With this model dye-enhanced QLF compared with QLF in optical density, dye-enhanced QLF was higher than QLF in optical density. From the results presented in this paper, it was concluded that plasma light source was more effective compared with other light source for the detection and the quantification of early enamel caries.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.275-287
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• 2010

Deep caries may induce pulpitis and the pulpal tissue interacts with microbial invasion. The immune response to protect the pulpal tissue can be mediated by cellular signal molecules produced by the pulpal cells. The understanding of these processes is important to find future therapeutic method for the diseased pulp. The pulp tissue from sound teeth was set as control group (n=30) and the pulp tissue from decayed teeth was set as test group (n=30). Total RNA was extracted from the pulp of each group and it was used for cDNA microarray and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The expression of TGF-${\beta}1$ was studied by immunohistochemistry. The results were as follows: 1. cDNA microarray analysis identified 520 genes with 6-fold or greater difference in expression level with 143 genes more abundant in health and 377 genes more abundant in disease. 2. The RT-PCR analysis was done for randomly selected 14 genes and the results supported the result of cDNA microarray assay. 3. TGF-${\beta}1$ was highly expressed in the carious pulp and it was found in odontoblast by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, many cytokines were found to be significantly changed their expression in the diseased pulp(/M/>1.6).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.283-292
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and dental caries by considering related factors in Korean children and adolescents. A total of 2,874 children, aged from 2 to 18, who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 - 2015 were included. BMI ($kg/m^2$) was calculated, and participants were categorized into 4 groups using age and gender specific criteria. Decayed and filled teeth index were obtained. There were statistically significant differences in DMFT index between overweight group and other groups (p < 0.01). Underweight group showed the highest mean DMFT index compared to other groups. These findings suggest that children in obesity and underweight group tend to have more caries than normal group in this study.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.405-413
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• 2021

The purpose of this in vivo study was to assess the clinical screening performance of a quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) device in detecting proximal caries in primary molars. Fluorescence loss, red autofluorescence and a simplified QLF score for proximal caries (QS-proximal) were evaluated for their validity in detecting proximal caries in primary molars compared to bitewing radiography. Three hundred and forty-four primary molar surfaces were included in the study. Carious lesions were scored according to lesion severity assessed by visual-tactile and radiographic examinations. The QLF images were analyzed for two quantitative parameters, fluorescence loss and red autofluorescence, as well as for QS-proximal. For both quantitative parameters and QS-proximal, the sensitivity, specificity and area under receiver operating curve (AUROC) were calculated as a function of the radiographic scoring index at enamel and dentin caries levels. Both quantitative parameters showed fair AUROC values for detecting dentine level caries (△F = 0.794, △R = 0.750). QS-proximal showed higher AUROC values (0.757 - 0.769) than that of visual-tactile scores (0.653) in detecting dentine level caries. The QLF device showed fair screening performance in detecting proximal caries in primary molars compared to bitewing radiography.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for diagnosis of interproximal caries in pediatric intraoral radiographs. A total of 500 intraoral radiographic images of first and second primary molars were used for the study. A CNN model (Resnet 50) was applied for the detection of proximal caries. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and area under ROC curve (AUC) were calculated on the test dataset. The diagnostic accuracy was 0.84, sensitivity was 0.74, and specificity was 0.94. The trained CNN algorithm achieved AUC of 0.86. The diagnostic CNN model for pediatric intraoral radiographs showed good performance with high accuracy. Deep learning can assist dentists in diagnosis of proximal caries lesions in pediatric intraoral radiographs.