• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.683-693
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of the organic liquid fertilizer and find out optimum fermentation conditions of Effective Microorganisms (EM) including ascidian tunic. During the EM fermentation by adding ascidian tunic, electrical conductivity (EC) was increased, contrast to decrease the pH value, on related to the initial dosage molasses rate. Additionally, the total nitrogen quantity was shown to be increased on EM fermentation and the most effective increasing was recorded up to 220% on more than 15% molasses dosage condition. The phosphorus quantity was to be maximum rate on 21th of EM fermentation, and other contents, such to potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, had be shown an increasing patten during the fermentation period. After the EM fermentation, the concentration of hazardous material (Zn, As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, pb) was measured below than the official criteria for commercial fertilizer. As a effective material in fermentated fertilizer, the 29 kinds free amino acids were detected and their total concentration was measured to 7080.94 mg/L.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of ascidian tunic shell the effects of its dietary supplementation on laying performance, egg-yolk pigmentation, egg-shell strength and egg taurine content. A total of 168 brown layers at the age of 29wks in commercial cage were fed for 4 wks with 7 different diets containing ascidian tunic shel1(AST) at varying levels of 0$\sim$5% Dm or 0% AST with 100ppm carophyll red. No differences were found in egg production and weight among the treatments indicating that ascidian tunic shell did not adversely affect the laying performances. Adding the ascidian tunic shell to the diets increased egg-yolk pigmentation compared to the control and resulted in simillar or better effect on egg-yolk pigmentation compared to 100ppm carophyll red. The data suggest that ascidian tunic shell may be used as feed ingredients in layer diet enrichment of egg-yolk pigmentation in the place of carophyll red(chemical pigment). Specific gravity and breaking strength of egg shell were significantly increased by the adding ascidian tunic shell to the diet, suggesting that ascidian tunic shell may be used as feed ingredients for increasing egg shell strength. Also taurine content of egg was significantly increased with increasing supplementation of ascidian tunic shell to the diet(p<0.05). Therefore, ascidian tunic shell may be used as feed ingredients in laying hen diet to improve egg quality such as egg-yolk pigmentation, egg-shell strength and egg taurine enrichment.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.232-239
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• 1994

In order to determine the utilization of ascidian tunic, which has been blamed for problems of costal environmental pollution when discharged into the sea after being used as a natural dietary pigment sources for rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss), fingerlings were fed on experimental diets containing acetone-extracts for 6 weeks. The amounts of acetone-extracts were 11,000mg/Kg and contained 50mg/100g wet tissues of carotenoid and $6\%$ of carotenoids were astaxanthin. From the results of feeding experiments, the growth rate in the extract group was a little higher than that of the control and pink groups after 6 weeks. The redness and yellowness of the fish skin and muscle in the extract group were similar to the pink group. Therefore, acetone-extracts of ascidian tunic were judged to be a natural dietary pigment source suitable as a substitute synthetic pigment for aquaculture use.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.168-169
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• 2001

우렁쉥이는 생식으로 기호성이 높은 수산 식품원으로 그 생산량이 양식기술의 발달과 함께 매년 증가하여 과잉생산에 의한 가격 하락 상태에 있다 특히 현재 생식이외의 특별한 가공방법이 개발되어 있지 않으므로 수산가공공장에서는 육을 소금물과 포장하여 냉장 판매하고 있으며 이때 발생하는 껍질은 전량 폐기물로, 분해가 어려울 뿐만 아니라 그 이용도가 거의 없어 바딘가와 해변가에 버려져 폐기물로 인한 새로운 연안환경오염문제로까지 대두되고 있다. (중략)

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.344-350
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• 1994

Seasonal and regional variation of carotenoid contents in the muscles and tunic of the cultured ascidian(Halocynthia roretzi) was investigated. Carotenoid contents of tunic(47.87 mg/100g wet base) was much higher than that of muscles(2.35mg/100g wet base). The carotenoid contents was increased from April to August and then decreased in September. A total of 13 components were separated from the carotenoids extracted from ascidian tunic. The carotenoids of ascidian tunic accounted for followed by those of alloxanthin($31.3\%$), halocynthiaxanthin($15.5\%$), diatoxanthin($11.9\%$), diadinochrome($11.6\%$), mytilo-xanthin($10.8\%$), and astaxanthin($7.8\%$).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.357-368
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• 1996

To utilize the ascidian tunic as a natural pigment and dietary sources for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), juvenile were fed on experimental diets containing enzymatic hydrolysates of ascidian tunic treated with three commercial mined enzymes (ultrazyme, cellulase, viscozyme) for 12 weeks. From the results of feeding experiment, similar growth rate was checked in the enzymatic hydrolysis group compared with control, and those were a higher than of ascidian tunic powder group. The total acetone extractable pigment in muscle of the enzymatic hydrolysates group was lower than that of the ascidian extracts group and carophyll pink group until 8 weeks, but the level of those pigment of the enzymatic hydrolysates was similar to the ascidian extracts and carophyll pink group after 12 weeks. The lipid content was increased with the pigment concentration in the all experimental group. But the ascidian tunic pigment did not influence on the composition of the fatty acids in the muscle and liver. From the consideration of results for pigmentation, the enzymatic hydrolysates of ascidian tunic were suitable for both a natural pigment and dietary protein and carbohydrates sources as a substitute synthetic pigment for aquaculture use.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.351-356
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• 1994

The stability of carotenoid extracts from ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, tunics during heating and solvent storage was examined. After 4 hours of heating at $100^{\circ}C,\;10\%$ of total carotenoids was decomposed. The stability of carotenoid extracts were determined in 4 organic solvents. Stability was checked for 1, 2, and 4 weeks at room temperature($15{\pm}2^{\circ}C$), $4^{\circ}C$, and $-20^{\circ}C$ by measuring absorbance. B7(alloxanthin) and B10(halocynthiaxanthin) were more stable than the other carotenoid components. The stability of carotenoid extracts from ascidian tunic was dependent on storage temperature.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.519-524
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• 1997

As an investigation for utilization of ascidian tunic carotenoids as a food color additives, we attempted to collect the volatile thermal degradation compounds from ascidian tunic carotenoids. Oxygenate volatile compounds were extracted by simultaneous distillation and extraction/concentration apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometery. Total 63 compounds were identified and some of them were caused by thermal degradation. They included 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 3,5,5-trimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-ol, 3,5,5-trimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-one, 1,1,2,3-tetramethyl-2-cyclohexen-5-ol, 1,1,2,3-tetramethyl-2-cyclohexen-5-one, 2,3,4,4-tetramethyl-6-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one, 1,2,3,8-tetrahydro-3,3,6-trimethyl-1-naphtol, dihydroacetinidolide, ${\beta}-ionone$, 2-(1,1,5-trimethyl-3-hydroxy-5-cyclohexen-6-yl)-1-tolylethene, 2,6-dimethyl-8-(1,1,5-trimethyl-3-hydroxy-5-cyclohexen-6-yl)-1,3,5-octatriene-7-yne. Proposed mechanism of formation of some compounds as thermal degradation products of ascidian tunic carotenoids are provided.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.64-67
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• 2000

Jellies enhancing physiological functions were prepared with using 5 and 10% dietary fiber isolated from ascidian (Halocynthia roretzi) tunic collected from recycled seafood waste. The texture development of the samples was examined with two-bite compression test and analyzed using five sorts ofrheological parameters with texture profile analysis as follows; hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness and gumminess. All the rheological parameters decreased in the fiber enhanced jellies. However, the springiness and cohesiveness increased slightly in the fiber enhanced jellis. Hunter L' and d' values increased in the fiber enhanced jellies and accordingly the color was light yellow. a' value showed green with the addition of fiber. As a result of sensory evaluations, the color and overall acceptability of 10% fiber enhanced jelly were significantly different at p<0.05. The 10% fiber enhanced jelly was noted as having high sensory scores and peferable acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1068-1072
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• 2000

Strawberry jams were prepared with addition of 1.0 and 2.0% dietary fiber isolated from ascidian (Halocynthia roretzi) tunic for recycling wastes of seafood source and developing new food products. The texture of the jams examined were using a back extrusion rig. All of the rheological parameters decreased in the fiber-enhanced jams. Viscosity profiles were also decreased in the fiber-enhanced jam samples. Hunter L' and a' values increased in the fiber-enhanced jams, accordingly revealing reddish color. As a result of sensory evaluations, the result of taste tests and overall acceptability were significantly acceptable. In the list of acceptability factors, except spreadibility, jam where 1% fiber was added, high sensory scores and preferable acceptability were noted.