• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.315-332
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• 2005

This study was conducted to assess the nutritional value and the safety of the fermented food wastes (FFW) made by adding lactobacillus spp. and bacillus spp. at the ratio of 3:7, respectively to food wastes collected everywhere, and also to determine effects on the performances, carcass characteristics and economical profitability when FFW was fed to pigs. For swine trial, FFW was formulate to pellet by utilizing different feed ingredients, and its formulated FFW pellet was used in this feeding trial. Treatments were consisted of different ratios (T1: $100+0\%$, T2: $75+25\%$, T3: $50+50\%$, T4: $25+75\%$, T5: $0+100\%$) of FFW pellet to commercial diet. A total of 20 male pigs were allotted to treatments of five groups of four pigs per pen. Experimental period lasted for 4 months. The nutritional composition of FFW was 56.7, 19.5 and $19.5\%$ for moisture, crude protein and ether extract, respectively. Salt content was $0.39\%$. Noxious microorganisms such as salmonella and E. coli were not detected in FFW, and contents of heavy metal and aflatoxin B1 were lower than the standard. Nutritional values of FFW pellet satisfied over $100\%$ of requirements presented in official Korean feeding standard for swine. Feeding trial for pigs showed that feed intakes were significantly (P<0.05) decreased with increasing levels of FFW pellet. T2 treatment was ideal ratio under the consideration of economical value of feeds and body weight gain of pigs. For carcass characteristics, dressing rate ($\%$) was highest in T3, and carcass grades for T2, T3 and T4 treatments were estimated as 'A'. Feed cost for FFW per kg was ${\won}167.95$, which implies $52\%$ of commercial feed cost (${\won}350/kg$). Thus, this result implied the decreased feed cost in the swine farm. Conclusively, the utilization of food wastes as feed source may lead to the reduced environmental pollution and the practice of organic livestock farming. However, our results showed that excessive amount of fermented food wastes supplementation to pigs might give rise to their reduced palatability and delayed growth.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the feeding effects of different additives on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers. Twenty-four Holstein steers, five months of age and 176.6 kg, were randomly allocated to three experimental groups of eight animals each for an 18-month feeding trial. The groups were control (not additive), T1 (fed zinc, vitamin C, and sulfur), and T2 (fed choline and lysine). The average daily gain was no different between the treatment groups during the growing to early fattening period, but it was significantly higher in the T1 group than the T2 group in the late fattening period (p<0.05). The final BW of the T1 group was relatively high in relation to the other groups, but was not significantly different. The additives had no effects on DMI during the experimental period; however, the feed conversion ratio of the T1 group in the late fattening period was significantly lower than that of the T2 group (p<0.05). The results of yield traits, carcass weight, and yield index were similar between groups, but back fat thickness and rib eye area were relatively lower in the T2 group than in the other groups. In terms of quality traits, meat color, texture, and maturity were not significantly different between the three groups. However, marbling score and appearance rate of high quality grade ($1^{++}$, $1^+$, and 1) were higher in the T1 group compared with the T2 group. Thus, the present results suggest that vitamin C, zinc, and sulfur supplementation may improve the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.149-154
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• 2002

Seventy two Duroc $\times$ Yorkshire $\times$ Landrace pigs (75.66$\pm$1.86 kg average initial body weight) were used in a 45 days growth assay to determine the effects of Astragalus membranaceus, ginseng and onion complex on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) Control (basal diet), 2) AGO 0.25 (basal diet + 0.25% Astragalus membranaceus, ginseng and onion complex), 3) AGO 0.50 (basal diet+0.50% Astragalus membranaceus. ginseng and onion complex). For overall period, average daily weight gain increased as the concentration of Astragalus membranaceus, ginseng and onion complex in the diets was increased (linear effect, p<0.01). Gain/feed improved without significant difference (p>0.05) as the concentration of Astragalus membranaceus, ginseng and onion complex in the diets was increased. As adding level of Astragalus membranaceus, ginseng and onion complex increased in the diets, A grade appearances of carcass tended to increase (linear effect, p<0.01). The total and LDL+VLDL cholesterol concentrations in serum of pigs fed AGO 0.25 diet were lower than them of pigs fed Control and AGO 0.50 diets without significant difference (p>0.05). $L^{*}$-, $a^{*}$-, and $b^{*}$- value of M. longissimus dorsi muscle were not significantly different among the treatments (p>0.05). Total feed cost per kg of weight gain was lower in the AGO 0.50 treatment (813 won) than in the Control (830 won). The results obtained from this feeding trial suggest that the Astragalus membranaceus, ginseng and onion complex supplementation for finishing pigs had improved growth performance. However, carcass characteristic was not affected by supplemental Astragalus membranaceus, ginseng and onion complex.lex.x.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2009

Thirty one Hanwoo steers were used in a completely randomized design experiment to see the effects of concentrate feeding method (group vs. individual feeding) and age at slaughter (26 vs. 28 months of age) on growth performance, feed intake and carcass characteristics. Steers were randomly assigned to one of four groups, G26 (group feeding slaughtered at 26 months of age), G28 (group feeding slaughtered at 28 months of age), I26 (individual feeding slaughtered at 26 months of age) or I28 (individual feeding slaughtered at 28 months of age). Amount of concentrate were restricted to 1.5% of BW for the growing period and 1.8% of BW for the early fattening period in both groups. For the late fattening period, concentrate were given ad libitum for G26 and G28, but were given up to 1.7% of BW for I26 and I28. Average daily gains were higher in individual feeding groups (I26 and I28) than those in group feeding groups (G26 and G28) for the early fattening period (p<0.05). ADGs were higher in group feeding groups than those in individual feeding groups (p<0.05). Concentrate intake in individual feeding groups tended to be higher compared to that in group feeding groups for the early fattening period, but tended to be higher in group feeding groups compared to that in individual feeding groups for the late fattening period. Feeding method or slaughter age had no significant effects on carcass characteristics, yield grade and quality grade. Shear force and tenderness of longissmus muscle were higher in groups slaughtered at 28 months of age than in groups slaughtered at 26 months of age (p<0.05). Feeding method or slaughter age had no effects on cooking loss, water holding capacity, juiciness, flavor, moisture, protein and fat of longissmus muscle.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 1992

Seventy-five commercial male day-old broiler chicks were used to investigate the effects of Oxytetracycline(OTC) and Lonicera japonica Thunberg(LJT) to be active in anti-bacteria and anti-virus on the growth rate, carcass rate and various intestinal organs sizes in broiler at 3 wk of age. Five experimental diets were formulated to have similar protein and energy levels, with OTC 0.04％ as low-level antibiotics and OTC 0.34％ as high-level antibiotics and 0.5％, 1.0％, 3.0％ level of LJT. Birds were housed randomly in 15 battery cages. Birds were 3 replicates per treatment and 5 chicks per replicate. In the body gain, 0.5％ level of LJT addition grew significantly higher than the other birds. The feed intake and feed efficiency were not significantly between other birds. The addition levels in OTC and LJT did not any consistent effect on the carcass rate. However, the chest meat percentage vs carcass volume in LJT 0.5％ treatment and the leg meat percentage vs carcass volume in DTC 0.04％ addition level were significantly higher than those of birds fed other diets. The liver weight rate was significantly higher in OTC 0.04％ level. However, the 0％ and LJT levels did not exert any consistent effect on the weights of gizzard, heart, bursa of fabricius, head and spleen of broilers. The abdominal and gizzard surrounding fat content rate was higher in bird LJT 1.0％ level than birds fed other levels.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding patterns of concentrates on growth performance, blood parameters and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo cows. Randomly-allocated groups, restricted concentrate feeding (T1), restricted concentrate feeding for 6 months and ad libitum 2 months (T2), restricted concentrate feeding for 4 months and ad libitum 4 months (T3), were contained with 9 animals. According to feeding patterns of concentrate, growth performance was not significantly different among the treatment groups. However, ADG tended to be higher in T2 group (0.75 kg/d) compared to the other groups (T1: 0.62 kg/d, T3: 0.72 kg/d). DMI was not significantly different among the treatment groups, interestingly, rice straw intake was significantly higher in T1 group compared with others (p<0.05). There were significant difference among feed conversion ratio, which are 17.8, 12.8, and 14.1 kg for T1, T2, and T3 (p<0.05), respectively. The serum level of albumin, triglyceride, glucose and GPT were greater in T3 group compared to other groups at fattening 6 to 8 months (p<0.05). The results of yield traits, carcass weight, back fat thickness and rib eye area were not differ among treatment groups, but yield index was significantly greater in T2 group compared to T1 group (p<0.05). The 'A' appearance rate (%) of meat yield grade was highest in T2 group for 78%. The marbling score, meat color, fat color, texture and maturity in quality traits were not differ among the treatment groups. However, marbling score and appearance rate (%) of over 1st meat quality grade were tend to be increased at T3 rather (4.0, 56%) group compared with other groups (T1: 3.4, 56%; T2: 3.6, 33%). Thus, the present study suggested that restricted concentrate feeding (1.6% of BW) for 4 months during early fattening periods and ad libitum feeding for 4 months during late fattening periods are recommendable.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high energy diet on growth 26mon, 28mon, and 30mon in Hanwoo at different ages. High energy diet required not only an amount of concentrate on days of fattening periods but also induced cost for the management. We hypothesized that high energy diet was able to reduce a fattening period to reach a certain quality grade. A $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement (High energy, control vs 26, 28, 30month endpoints) in a completely random design was used to feed 48 Hanwoo steers. Four steers were fed in same pen and 12 pens were used for treatment. Blood was drawn from each steers on every other months during early, middle, and final fattening periods. Over all ADG and feed efficiency were not different between high energy and control diet (P > 0.05). Dry matter intake was induced 30 mo-old early and final fattening periods at high energy diet. Serum glucose concentration were increased (P < 0.05) at 30 and 26month old steers. Marbling scores were greater at 30 month old than 26 and 28 month old Hanwoo steers. Carcass weight of Hanwoo steers were greater at 30 mon-old groups than other groups. These result indicated that high energy diet (+3% TDN) and slaughter endpoint collectively contribute to the observed quality grade compositional differences among three final fattening periods of Hanwoo steers.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2011

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of a silicate mineral (D Lite) on growth performance, nutrient retention, carcass characteristics and meat quality in broiler chicks. A total of 640 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment had four replicates comprising 40 broilers in each replicate. Dietary treatments were as follows: control (0% D Lite), and diets supplemented with 0.15%, 0.30% and 0.45% of D Lite. The starter and finisher diets were fed from d 0 to 21 and d 21 to 35, respectively. Body weight gain during starter (p<0.05), finisher (p=0.057) and overall (p<0.001) experimental period and feed intake (p<0.05) during starter period decreased quadratically with increasing dietary D Lite levels. The birds fed 0.15% D Lite showed the greatest (p<0.05) overall weight gain, feed intake and retention of gross energy and calcium. There were no differences (p>0.05) in carcass characteristics, organ weights and breast meat composition. However, as the level of D Lite was increased in the diet there was a linear decrease in the TBARS values of breast meat (p<0.05) at d 12 of storage. These results suggest that D Lite supplementation at the level of 0.15% is shown to be effective in improving performance and nutrient retention in broilers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.219-226
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• 2006

The wastes (the needle leaves and branches) produced from thinning the forest were fermented under an anaerobic condition (pine silage) to utilize as a forage source of ruminants. An in situ trial was conducted with two ruminally fistulated Korean native cows by 4 replicates (2 bags per cow), and in vivo digestibility of pine silage was estimated with five Korean native steers by 5 replicates in incomplete double turn-over design. In order to investigate feed efficiency and carcass traits, forty eight Korean native bulls were assigned to four treatments (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% of pine silage) with a completely randomized design in 12 pens accommodating 4 animals per pen. The amounts of concentrate and roughage allowed to experimental animals were in the range of 2.5% and 0.6% of body weight, respectively. Animals had freely accessed to mineral block and water in stanchion barn.An in situ crude protein digestibility of the roughage sources when suspended for 48 hrs in the rumen was higher for feeding the pine silage than the rice straw, whereas NDF digestibility was vice versa. No differences between the treatments were observed in in vivo digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein and NDF. Daily body weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) higher for the pine silage substitutions compared with the rice straw feeding except for the 25% silage feeding. The pine silage feeding did not affect feed efficiency.In carcass traits, marbling score tended to be higher for the 50% pine silage treatment than the other treatments while back fat thickness tended to be the thinnest for the rice straw feeding. From these results, it may be recommended to substitute pine silage, as a forage source, for rice straw by 50 percent.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1541-1548
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• 2011

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of the addition of different levels of CFP (Cordyceps with fly pupa) on growth performance in broiler chickens. 400 broiler chicks (Ross 308, 1 day old) were sorted randomly into 4 treatment groups and fed experimental diets for 35 days. The treatment groups were divided into a control group not fed with CFP (T1), and treatment groups fed with CFP 2.0% (T2), CFP 3.5% (T3), and CFP 5.0% (T4). Although the broilers' weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the T3 group throughout the entirety of the test period, no statistically significant differences were noted among the T1 and T2, T4 groups. Triglyceride in the blood, total cholesterol, and LDL-C were significantly lower in the CFP treatment groups than in the control group (p<0.05). The blood lipid reduction rate ranged from 5.32 to 10.63% for triglycerides, from 9.23 to 12.62% for total cholesterol, and from 44.67 to 53.81% for LDL-C in the CFP treatment groups relative to the control group. The abdominal fat weight ratio was reduced significantly in the CFP treatment groups (p<0.05) compared with the control group, with a reduction rate range of 17.67-21.68%. Broiler carcass weight, carcass rate, and ratios of breast muscle, skin and thigh muscle weights to carcass weight were significantly higher in the T3 group, and statistically significant differences were noted among the T1 and T2, T4 groups (p<0.05). Enteropathogenic E.coli and Salmonella were lower in the CFP treatment groups than in the control group, whereas the beneficial bacteria Bifidobacteria were significantly higher in the CFP treatment groups than in the control group (p<0.05). These findings suggest that the Cordyceps with fly pupa can improve the carcass characteristics and body weight gain in broiler chickens.