• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.709-715
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• 2011

In order to observe the wake interaction between tip vortices generated by a two-bladed rotor with slightly different pitch angles, the velocity components of the tip vortices were measured by using a two-dimensional LDV system. It was observed that the swirl velocity components of the ensuing blade deviated from the Vatistas' n = 2 vortex model and the axial velocity components of the preceding blade deviated from the Gaussian profile. It was also found that in the wake-age range of $200^{\circ}$ to $240^{\circ}$, the filament of the ensuing blade tip vortex was stretched as result of the closing in of two vortices. The results from these observations suggest the possibility that a similar wake interaction is generated in actual rotor blades, especially, in the ones with articulated hubs.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1039-1048
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• 2008

new computational procedure for the Non-Linear Vortex Lattice Method (NLVLM) is suggested in this work. Conventional procedures suggested so far usually involves inner iteration loop to update free vortex shape and an under-relaxation based iteration loop to determine the free vortex shape. In this present work, we suggest a new formula based on quasi-steady concept to fix free vortex shape which eliminates the need for inner iteration loop. Further, the ensemble averaging of the induced velocities for a given free vortex segment evaluated at each iteration significantly improves the convergence property of the algorithm without resorting to the under-relaxation technique. Numerical experiments over several low aspect ratio wings are carried out to obtain optimal empirical parameters such as the length of the free vortex segment, the vortex core radius, and the rolled-up wake length.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.567-573
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• 2000

뇌동맥류는 뇌혈관의 일부가 풍선처럼 부풀어나는 혈관계 질환이며 뇌동맥류의 파열은 사망이나 심각한 후유 장애를 야기한다. 뇌동맥류의 다양한 발생 원인 중 혈관 내부의 혈류의 유동이 중요한 인자로 의심된다. 뇌동맥류의 형성에 미치는 혈류역학적 인자를 규명하기 위해 내경동맥에서 발생한 환자의 내경 동맥류 CT 사진을 이용하여 내경동맥류 모델을 제작하고, 모델 내부의 혈류유동장을 입자영상속도계를 이용하여 측정하였다. 동맥류가 발생한 내경동맥류 모델에서는 동맥류 원위부 목(distal neck)쪽과 반대쪽 내경동맥 벽에서 전단응력이 높게 나타났다. 동맥류 발생에 미치는 혈류역학적 인자를 규명하기 위해 동맥류를 제거한 내경모델을 제작하여 맥동유동에서 내부 유동장을 측정하였다. 심실수축기 동안 휘어진 내경동맥의 바깥쪽 벽에서 혈류의 혈관벽 부딪힘이 관찰되었으며 심실이완기 초반에도 이는 계속 유지되었다. 내경 동맥 내부의 부차적 유동특성을 연구하기 위해 동맥류 발생 위치에서 혈관 축과 수직인 평면의 유동장이 측정되었다. 혈관 단면에서는 휘어진 혈관의 바깥쪽에서 안쪽으로 시계방향의 와류가 형성되었으며, 이로 인해 혈관벽 바깥쪽과 시계방향으로 90도 정도 지역에서 전단응력이 높게 나타났다. 혈류 유동 특성과 동맥류 발생위치를 비교해 보면, 혈류의 혈관벽 부딪힘이 관찰되는 위치와 부차적 유동에 의해 전단응력이 크게 나타난 지역은 동맥류의 발생위치와 일치하였다. 따라서 혈류의 혈관벽 부딪힘과 부차적 유동에 의한 전단력이 동맥류 발생의 혈류역학적 요인으로 의심된다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1032-1043
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• 1989

The heat transfer characteristics of the drag reducing polymer solutions are investigated experimentally in the thermal entrance region of circular tube flows. Fluids used in experiments are the aqueous solutions of high molecular polymer, polyacrylamide Separan AP-273 and the range of polymer concentrations is from 20 to 1000 wppm. Two stainless steel tubes with inside diameter 8.5mm(L/D=712) and 10.3mm(L/D=1160) are used for the heat transfer flow loops. The flow loop is set up to measure friction factors and heat transfer coefficients of test sections in two different modes; the recirculating flow system and once-through flow system. The test tubes are heated directly by electricity to apply the constant heat flux boundary conditions to the wall. Three different types of adaptors are used to observe the effects of the upstream flow conditions of the heat transfer test sections. The viscosity and characteristic relaxation time of the test fluids circulating in the flow system are measured by the capillary tube viscometer and falling ball viscometer at regular time intervals. The installed adaptors exhibit slight effect on the entrance heat transfer of Newtonian fluid. However, no noticeable effects are observed for the entrance heat transfer of the drag reducing fluids. The order of magnitude of the thermal entrance lengths of the drag reducing fluids which follow the minimum friction asymptote is much longer than that of Newtonian fluids in turbulent flows. A new dimensionless parameter, the viscoelastic Graetz number, is defined and all the experimental data are recasted in terms of the viscoelastic Graetz number. The local Nusselt number of the viscoelastic fluids is represented as a function of flow behavior index n and the viscoelastic Graetz number. As degradation continues the viscosity and the characteristic relaxation time of the testing fluids decrease. Weissenberg number defined by the relaxation time and D/V appears to be a proper dimensionless parameter in describing degradation effects on heat transfer of the viscoelastic fluids.