• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2017

This study examined the effects of adding dried blood mixed with Macsumsuk to the feed of broiler chickens. The blood had been dried at $200^{\circ}C$ in an ultra-high-temperature injection system and mixed in a 70:30 proportion of blood meal to Macsumsuk. The experiment consisted of four treatment groups of 150 chickens each. The control group received common broiler feed only, while treatment groups T1, T2, and T3 received feed supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0% of the blood meal/Macsumsuk mixture, respectively. The diets were fed for a total of 35 days. Compared with the controls, body weight gain was improved in groups T1 (1,621 g), T2 (1,749 g), and T3 (1,739 g) (1,621-1,749 g vs. 1,448.5 g, respectively) and feed efficiency increased (p<0.01). The carcass rate in group T3 was higher by 83.26% than that in the controls (75.96 %) (p<0.01). The water holding capacity (WHC) increased in groups T1 and T2 (62.27 and 63.80% respectively) compared with controls (p<0.01). The intestine length was longer in groups T1 and T2 (53.98-55.48) than in controls (45.81) (p<0.01). Adding 0.5-1.0% of the dried blood meal Macsumsuk supplement resulted in a significant reduction in the cholesterol content (39.28~47.34 mg/100 g) compared with the controls (50.44 mg/100 g) (p<0.001); furthermore, the proportions of fatty acids including oleic (C18:1n9), ${\gamma}-linoleic$ (C18:3n6), eicosenoic (C20:1n9), and arachidonic (C20:4n6) acids were significantly increased (p<0.01). Compared with controls, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and proportion of UFA / SFA in group T1 was (68.66 vs. 69.35%, 51.22 vs 52.00%, and 2.19 vs. 2.26%, respectively) (p<0.05). However, the amino acid content of cystine and methionine of the treatment group (0.43~0.57%) was significantly higher than that of controls (0.38~0.46%) (p<0.05). Overall, supplementing the feed with 0.5-1.0% of the mixture of blood meal Macsumsuk improved productivity by increasing weight gain and feed efficiency, improved meat quality by increasing the water-holding capacity and levels of unsaturated fatty acids, and improved meat color.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.81-96
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• 2018

In this study, physicochemical properties of the natural jadeite powder were investigated and also the wash-off pack and liquid foundation containing the jadeite powder were prepared. In addition, each of these formulations was evaluated by various functional effects, sensory evaluation, stability and skin safety. In the wash-off pack, the far-infrared ray emissivity and radiation energy values increased as a function of the jadeite powder content. At a 3% jadeite powder content, the skin temperature increased by about $0.5^{\circ}C$ when the jadeite powder-containing formulation was applied to the skin. Besides, the chroma of the liquid foundation containing the jadeite powder more clearly expressed the original color of the skin. Moisture content measurements of the wash-off pack and liquid foundation containing the jadeite powder showed the highest moisture uptake of 5.0% and 63.0%, respectively. In sensorial test, the wash-off pack formulations containing the jadeite powder demonstrated improved affinities toward a skin, adherency, and moistness and combatted itching. The liquid foundation containing jadeite powder showed also improved affinities except for the coverage when compared to control formulations. Furthermore, the stability evaluation for 8 weeks revealed neither discoloration nor separation phenomenon for the formulations containing the jadeite powder. Moreover, the pH was found to be stable up to 8 weeks and the viscosity up to 4 weeks. Skin safety assessments showed that all formulations containing the jadeite powder were non-irritating. These results suggest that the jadeite powder as an inorganic pigment may serve as a new multi-functional cosmetic ingredient with stability and safety.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 1995

This study was concentrated on the subject of chou formation and physicochemical characteristics on medium flour mixed with 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% of rice flour in order to clarify the possibility to substitute rice flour for wheat flour on chou preparation. The water holding capacity, swelling power, and maximum viscosity were higher in rice flour than those in medium flour but the initial pasting temperature was equal to 65$^{\circ}C$ in the two flour groups. The ratio of setback during cooling became 0.94 in the rice flour and 1.14 in the medium flour. So, the rice flour showed a slow tendency during gel formation as compared with the medium flour. The volumes of the rice choux were ranged from 80.0% to 89.0% according to the mixing ratio of medium flour as compared with that of the chou of wheat flour. But, the choux formation were increased as much as 108.8% out the paste added gelation of glutinous substance and 124.4% at the paste added Span20 of emulsifier compared to the non-addition treatment. The paste of rice flour added gelatin and Span20 showed better dispersion of components, especially, the small granules of lipid were fairly or plentifully dispersed in the paste added Span20 due to emulsifying activity. In sensory evaluation, the chou of l00% rice flour was inferior to that of medium flour on cavity-forming but the choux of wheat flour mixed with 25%, 50%, and 75% of rice flour were equal or superior to that of medium flour on all characteristics tested such as appearance, surface color, cavity-forming, chewiness, and taste. There were no significant differences on the cavity-forming expansion and taste between choux of rice flour and wheat flour Therefore, the results of this study made conclusion that rice flour would be substituted for wheat flour on the chou preparation.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.577-583
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of various quality preservative treatments for extending shelf life and maintaining good quality of minimally processed fruit and vegetables produced in Korea. To determine the suitable treatments for delaying quality deterioration, fresh Asian pears and Chinese cabbages were sliced and treated with various quality preservatives (1% CaCl$_2$, 1% NaCl, 3% sucrose, 1% Ca-lactate, 1% vitamin C, 0.05% chitosan ＋1% vitamin C, 0.1% Sporix＋1% vitamin C, hot water (60$\^{C}$), 0.2% L-cysteine), packed with polyethylene film (60㎛-thick), and stored at 4$\^{C}$/0$\^{C}$ or 20$\^{C}$. Various biological and sensory tests were performed to evaluate the quality changes in minimally processed products. Results indicated that Chinese cabbages treated with 1% CaCl$_2$ at 4, and 1% CaCl$_2$ and 1% NaCl at 20$\^{C}$ were most effective in maintaining the quality and minimizing the biochemical changes during storage. For sliced Asian pears, 0.2% L-cysteine and 1% NaCl treatments were effective to reduce browning, and 1% CaCl$_2$ treatment was the most effective to prevent softening during storage at 20$\^{C}$ and 0$\^{C}$. Modified atmosphere packaging of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes had a significantly different shelf life depending on packaging material, packaging thickness and storage temperature. Sealed packaging with polyethylene film (60㎛-thick) for two kinds of mushrooms maintained a good quality with an extended shelf life by 30-50% at 20$\^{C}$ and by 30-130% at 0$\^{C}$. To minimize the quality deterioration which appeared in the condition of polyethylene film packaging, quality preservatives such as KMnO$_4$ and KHSO$_2$＋K$_2$S$_2$O$\_$5/ for SO$_2$ generation were added inside of mushroom packaging. The best condition for maintaining good quality longer was packaging with polyethylene film+SO$_2$ which showed 5080% extended shelf life for both Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes at 20$\^{C}$ and 0$\^{C}$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1993

Crude ${\beta}-glucan$ extracted from Barley was purified by stepwise enzyme treatment (Thermostable ${\alpha}-amylase$, amyloglucosidase, protease). The Intrinsic Viscosity $[{\eta}]$ of the purified ${\beta}-glucan$ was determined by Cannon Fenske Capillary Viscometer (size 50, Cannon Instruments, State, College pa.) at different pH (2, 4, 7, 9, 11) and various salt concentration (0.01 M, 0.03 M, 0.05 M, 0.07 M, 0.1 M and 0.2 M). The $[{\eta}]$ of purified ${\beta}-glucan$ was ranged from $0.997{\sim}2.290\;dl/g$. The $[{\eta}]$ of purified ${\beta}-glucan$ at both alkali, acid condition were lower than those at pH 7. However, the alkali condition of puified ${\beta}-glucan$ solution showed less $[{\eta}]$ than the acid condition of this solution. From 0 M to 0.2 M salt concentration, the $[{\eta}]$ of purified ${\beta}-glucan$ solution was decreased to 0.03 M then increased to 0.05 M NaCl and remained constant to 0.2 M NaCl. The chain stiffness parameter of purified ${\beta}-glucan$ was not affected by temperature from $15^{\circ}C$ to $65^{\circ}C$. The shear rates of various ${\beta}-glucan$ conditions were determined by Bohlin Rheometer (Lund, Sweden). The ${\beta}-glucan$ concentration of 1.0 g/dl and 2.0 g/dl behaved as Newtonian fluid. However, above the concentration of 3.0 g/dl ${\beta}-glucan$ solution, it showed thixotropic and psedoplastic characteristics. Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ appears a damping at 0.5 frequency for the 4.0 g/dl solution. Below 0.5 frequency, it appears a viscous behavior property and above 0.5 frequency, it appears a elastic behavior property.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.495-500
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• 2006

The physicochemical properties of brown rice flours produced under different drying and milling conditions were investigated. Moisture contents of hot-air dried, microwave dried and zet-milled brown rice flours (BrWZH) were 10.7%,13.7% and 8.0%-8.6%, respectively. Water absorption indices (WAI) and water soluble indices (WSI) of roll-milled brown rice flours (BrWRH) were lower (0.40-0.59 g/g; 0.7-3.0%) than those of zet-milled brown rice flours (0.58-0.79 g/g; 4.0-7.3%). Zet-milled brown rice flours had higher Hunter L values and more damaged starch (94.1-96.8; 28.2%) compared to roll-milled brown rice flours (91.3-91.9: 15.5%). The percentage of damaged starch and L values of brown rice flours increased as particle size of brown rice flours decreased. Roll-milled polished rice flour (Control) had the highest L value and lowest amount of damaged starch (97.1; 8.2%). Control, BrWRH, BrWZH, and ultrafine brown rice flour (HBrZMU) had peak viscosity values of 321, 255, 221, and 162 RVU, respectively and trough viscosity values of 217, 185, 175, and 113 RVU, respectively. Peak and trough viscosity (Rapid Visco Analyzer; RVA) properties of rice floors decreased as the particle size of rice flours decreased. HBrZMU demonstrated a higher onset temperature $(61.1^{\circ}C)$ compared to control $(54.8^{\circ}C)$ by differential scanning calorimetric (DSC). Crystal melting enthalpy $({\Delta}H)$ of control and brown rice flours were 10.4 J/g and 6.1-8.7 J/g, respectively. Results of this study suggested that physicochemical properties of brown rice flours were closely related to their particle size.

• Clean Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2016

Steam reforming of tar produced from biomass gasification was conducted using several Ni-based catalysts. In labscale, the catalytic steam reforming of toluene which is a major component of biomass tar was studied. A fixed bed reactor was used at various temperatures of 400-800 ℃. Ru (0.6 wt%) and Mn or K (1 wt%) were applied as a promoter in Ni based catalysts. Generally, Ni/Ru-K/Al₂O₃ catalyst shows higher performance on steam reforming of toluene than Ni/Ru-Mn/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Used catalysts were analyzed by XRD and TGA to detect sintering and carbon deposition. Base on the lab-scale studies, the monolith and pellet type catalysts were tested in 1 ton/day scale biomass gasification system. Ni/Ru-K/Al₂O₃ monolith catalyst shows high tar reforming performance at high temperature. In addition, Ni/Ru-Mn/Al₂O₃ monolith catalyst was showed deactivation with operation time. Reforming performance of Ni/Ru-K/Al₂O₃ pellet catalyst which showed 66.7% tar conversion at 587 ℃ was compared to regenerated one. Overall, Ni/Ru-K/Al₂O₃ pellet catalyst shows higher stability and performance than other used catalysts.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.355-365
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• 2014

It has been unclear whether the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella can overwinter in Korean field conditions. This study determined overwintering conditions of P. xylostella by conducting field exposure tests based on its cold tolerance and monitoring overwintering populations by direct examination of overwintering larval habitats and capturing adults with sex pheromone traps. In addition, the overwintering populations were analyzed using polymorphic genetic markers to trace their sources. When all immature stages of P. xylostella were exposed to $-5^{\circ}C$, which was the temperature much above their supercooling points, they significantly suffered with direct cold injuries, where larval stage was most tolerant to the cold injury. However, the exposure to $5^{\circ}C$ for a long period (4 weeks) did not give any significant cold injury to nonfeeding stages, while this treatment gave lethality to larval stage without diet. When all developmental stages of P. xylostella were exposed to open field conditions during winter, they exhibited significant decreases of survival rates. However, some protected and indoor conditions reduced the cold injuries and the diet provision significantly increased larval survival rates. Adult monitoring with sex pheromone during winter period indicated that the first captures were observed at similar periods at different locations (${\approx}260$ Km apart). The overwintering adults were captured until early April. Genetic variation of these overwintering populations was analyzed with polymorphic molecular markers, indicating significant genetic divergences among the overwintering populations. This study indicates that P. xylostella can overwinter in southern Korean fields or some protected greenhouses with host plants.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.684-696
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• 1995

A mutant for chalky endosperm and genetic male sterility (GMS) was newly developed in rice. The two characters were found to be controlled by single recessive gene which has pleiotropic effect, indicating that chalky seeds should be GMS seeds in segregating populations. Chalky seeds showed the same shape and size as normal seeds. However, starch composition of central part of endosperm was looser and shape of starch granules was rounder compared with normal endosperm, resulting in significantly lower grain weight, absolute density and grain hardness in chalky grains than in normal ones. Amylose content and gel consistency of chalky grains were much lower and harder, respectively. Male sterile plants showed much shorter plant height, poorer panicle exsertion and lesser panicle number compared with normal plants. Microspore abortion stage in pollen developmental process was observed as before meiosis. Male sterility of the mutant was stable regadless of temperature and day length. A system breeding hybrid rice using this mutant was discussed, comp ring with other systems utilizing cytoplasmic-genic male sterility(CGMS) and environment sensitive GMS(EGMS). Separation of GMS seeds in mixed seed bulks by specific gravity (1.14∼1.16g / cm3) was successful about 85∼90%. But some mixed normal plants were seemed to be easily removed by the apparent difference in growth characters at seedling stage. The highest natural outcrossing rate of this GMS line was as 17.3 % in a plot treated with 2-row pollinator, I-row GMS, and GA3 + cutting of flag leaf + pollen-scattering by rope.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.351-367
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• 1995

The elemental geochemistry and oxygen isotopes of illite/smectite (I/S) have been studied in relationship to the mineralogical trend in the Reindeer D-27 well, Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin. The increase in concentrations of $K_2O$, Rb and rare earth elements (REE), the decrease in concentrations of tetrahedral elements such as Mg, Ti, Sc, Zn and Zr, and the increase in concentrations of tetrahedral elements such as Be and V can be related to I/S compositions that vary systematically with depth. Layer formulae of S- and I-layers are estimated as $[Al_{1.57}Fe_{.19}Mg_{.31}Ti_{.07}][Si_{3.84}Al_{.16}]O_{10}(OH)_2$ and $[Al_{1.84}Mg_{.16}][Si_{3.33}Al_{.67}]O_{10}(OH)_2$, respectively. The mobilization of REE appears to occur during illitization. The increase in concentrations of REE, especially La and Ce, with depth is probably linked to incorporation of ions with high valency (e.g. $V^{5+}$) in tetrahedral sites. The excess valency due to V is partly counter-balanced by ions with low valency (e.g. $Be^{2+}$) and, in turn, the local valency deficiency caused by $Be^{2+}$ could be compensated by high-charge interlayer cations such as REE (＋3). ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of I/S range from 2.91 to 15.72‰ (SMOW), and increase with depth, contrasting to trends observed in the Gulf Coast and elsewhere. The increase in ${\delta}^{18}O$ of I/S results from the rapid increase in ${\delta}^{18}O$ of pore water that overcomes the decrease in temperature-dependent fractionation values with increasing burial depth (${\delta}^{18}O_{pore\;water}>-d{\Delta}/_{I/S-water};\;d{\delta}^{18}O_{I/S}>0$). Calculated ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of pore water in equilibrium with I/S suggest that the original water was probably meteoric water. The stratification of pore water is postulated from the presence of an isotopically light interval, about 450m thick. The depth range of the isotopically light zone overlaps, but does not coincide with the interval of lowered I-content and $K_2O$ concentrations, suggesting that oxygens may have been exchanged independently of mineralogical and geochemical reactions.