• Information Systems Review
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.23-40
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• 2022

Although Support Vector Machine(SVM) has been used in various fields such as bankruptcy prediction model, the hyperplane learned by SVM in class imbalance problem can be severely skewed toward minority class and has a negative impact on performance because the area of majority class is expanded while the area of minority class is invaded. This study proposed optimized uneven margin SVM(OPT-UMSVM) combining threshold moving or post scaling method with UMSVM to cope with the limitation of the traditional even margin SVM(EMSVM) in class imbalance problem. OPT-UMSVM readjusted the skewed hyperplane to the majority class and had better generation ability than EMSVM improving the sensitivity of minority class and calculating the optimized performance. To validate OPT-UMSVM, 10-fold cross validations were performed on five sub-datasets with different imbalance ratio values. Empirical results showed two main findings. First, UMSVM had a weak effect on improving the performance of EMSVM in balanced datasets, but it greatly outperformed EMSVM in severely imbalanced datasets. Second, compared to EMSVM and conventional UMSVM, OPT-UMSVM had better performance in both balanced and imbalanced datasets and showed a significant difference performance especially in severely imbalanced datasets.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.31-66
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• 2015

The purpose of this research is to examine that internal virtue (i.e. virtue between organizational members) and external virtue (i.e. virtue between organizational members and external members) positively associate with job performance when considering organizational identification, positive work-related identity, affective commitment, emotional exhaustion, and collective self-esteem as mediators. Virtue in organization has received attention as critical attribute of positive organizational scholarship. Cameron(2003) defined the study of virtue as a study of the capacity, attributes, and reserve in organization that facilitates the expression of positive deviance among organization member. In addition, this study contributes to the qualitative investigation on how internal giving virtue (i.e. the employees' virtue for their organization), internal receiving virtue (i.e. virtue employees receive from their organization), external giving virtue (i.e. the organization's virtue for society), and external receiving virtue (i.e. virtue the organization receives from society), used as independent variables, influence job performance after creating research model for the four virtuous behaviors through qualitative research. Therefore, this research contributes to the creation of research model for virtuous behaviors within organizations and virtuous behaviors with external members through qualitative study and sheds light on how these variables influence job performance by virtue of qualitative research.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.63-83
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• 2002

본 연구는 미국 소비자들이 지각한 온라인 쇼핑속성에 대한 차원을 밝히고. 온라인 속성에 대한 중요성과 상품범주별 구매의도와의 관계를 밝혀 상품범주별 마케팅 전략과 인터넷 소비자 관리 및 교육 프로그램 개발에 기여하고자 하였다. 조사대상자는 가정에서 인터넷을 사용하고 있는 미국 소비자 303 명으로 구성되었으며, 질문지법에 의해 자료 수집되었다. 자료분석을 위해 탐색적 요인분석을 실행하였고, LISREL8에 의해 측정모델과 구조적 관계 모델을 동시에 검증하였다. 자료 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소비자가 지각한 온라인 쇼핑에 대한 속성은 거래 및 비용, 사이트 디자인, 구매유인 프로그램, 상호 관계성의 4개 차원으로 분류되었다. 둘째, 온라인 상품은 구매의도에 따라 인지적 상품, 경험적 상품, 서비스 3개 범주로 분류되었다. 셋째, 지각된 온라인 쇼핑속성의 중요도와 각상품군 구매의도와의 구조적 관계모델을 추정한 결과,“거래 및 비용”은 3개의 상품군에 대한 구매의도에 모두 유의한 영향을 주었으며,“구매유인 프로그램”은 경험적 상품과 서비스에 대한 구매의도에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 따라서, 소비자들에게 중요하게 지각되는 인터넷 특정 속성 즉, 보완, 배달 및 비용을 초점으로한 상품범주별 차별화된 이점을 제시하여 효과적인 마케팅 전략을 수립해야 할 것이다. 또한, 전자 상거래와 관련 보완, 환불정책 등에 관한 소비자 교육과 보호법이 요구되고 있다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1185-1194
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• 2011

This study was carried out to estimate carbon emission using LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and to establish LCI (Life Cycle inventory) DB for lettuce production system in protected cultivation. The results of data collection for establishing LCI DB showed that the amount of fertilizer input for 1 kg lettuce production was the highest. The amounts of organic and chemical fertilizer input for 1 kg lettuce production were 7.85E-01 kg and 4.42E-02 kg, respectively. Both inputs of fertilizer and energy accounted for the largest share. The amount of field emission for $CO_2$, $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ for 1 kg lettuce production was 3.23E-02 kg. The result of LCI analysis focused on GHG (Greenhouse gas) showed that the emission value to produce 1 kg of lettuce was 8.65E-01 kg $CO_2$. The emission values of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ to produce 1 kg of lettuce were 8.59E-03 kg $CH_4$ and 2.90E-04 kg $N_2O$, respectively. Fertilizer production process contributed most to GHG emission. Whereas, the amount of emitted nitrous oxide was the most during lettuce cropping stage due to nitrogen fertilization. When GHG was calculated in $CO_2$-equivalents, the carbon footprint from GHG was 1.14E-+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$. Here, $CO_2$ accounted for 76% of the total GHG emissions from lettuce production system. Methane and nitrous oxide held 16%, 8% of it, respectively. The results of LCIA (Life Cycle Impact assessment) showed that GWP (Global Warming Potential) and POCP (Photochemical Ozon Creation Potential) were 1.14E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ and 9.45E-05 kg $C_2H_4$-eq. $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Fertilizer production is the greatest contributor to the environmental impact, followed by energy production and agricultural material production.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.65-82
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to compare web directories and users categories, and to identify factors for organizing knowledge structure. Date was collected by questionnaires and analyzed by factor analysis and multidimensional scaling. The result shows that Yahoo！ directories and users categories are different. There are three factors, dynamic and static, visual and acoustic, relationship between hierarchic organization for differentiating knowledge structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.291-298
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• 2006

패턴인식 문제에서 한 범주에 속한 데이터의 수가 다른 범주에 속한 데이터의 수보다 극히 많거나 적으면 데이터 불균형이 발생했다고 한다. Support Vector Machine(SVM)은 다른 기계 학습 알고리즘들과 마찬가지로 학습에 사용되는 데이터의 범주간 비율이 거의 비슷하다는 가정 하에서 학습을 하고 예측 결과를 도출하게 된다. 그러나 실제 문제에서는 데이터의 불균형이 발생하는 경우가 매우 빈번하며, 이러한 경우에는 모델의 성능이 매우 저하되는 문제점이 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 실제로 데이터 불균형이 SVM의 분류 결과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 2차원 인공 데이터를 통하여 알아본다. 그리고 이러한 데이터 불균형을 해소하기 위하여 Under-Sampling 기반 앙상블 SVM을 제안하였다. 제안된 방법을 두 가지 인공 데이터에 적용하여 본 결과, 제안된 방법은 데이터 불균형을 해소하기 위해 사용되는 기존의 방법들에 비하여 소수 범주에 속하는 데이터의 수가 매우 적고 데이터의 불균형이 매우 심한 경우에도 높은 성능과 안정성을 갖는 효과적인 방법이라는 것이 입증되었다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.704-711
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• 2005

In this study, life cycle assessment(LCA) for the nuclear power generation system and the thermal power generation system, which make a great distribution of the electric power supply in Korea, has been carried out to compare the environmental impact between two power generation systems. In system boundary of this study, the stage of construction, operation and demolition & disposal were included. For life cycle impact assessment(LCIA), three cases were considered; the single environmental impact for the $CO_2$ emissions, the 8 major global environmental impact, and the major global environmental impact categories including radioactive impact. As the results, it was found that the nuclear power generation system is environmentally superior to the thermal power generation system as 10,000 times in the evaluation for the $CO_2$ emissions, 90 times in the evaluation for the 8 major environmental impact categories, and 40 times in the evaluation for the environmental impact categories including radioactive impact.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.193-221
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• 2017

Grouping episodes into semantically related categories is necessary for better mnemonic structure. However, the effect of grouping on memory of subordinate details was not clearly understood. In an fMRI study, we tested whether attending superordinate during semantic association disrupts or enhances subordinate episodic details. In each cycle of the experiment, five cue words were presented sequentially with two related detail words placed underneath for each cue. Participants were asked whether they could imagine a category that includes the previously shown cue words in each cycle, and their confidence on retrieval was rated. Participants were asked to perform cued recall tests on presented detail words after the session. Behavioral data showed that reaction times for categorization tasks decreased and confidence levels increased in the third trial of each cycle, thus this trial was considered to be an important insight where a semantic category was believed to be successfully established. Critically, the accuracy of recalling detail words presented immediately prior to third trials was lower than those of followed trials, indicating that subordinate details were disrupted during categorization. General linear model analysis of the trial immediately prior to the completion of categorization, specifically the second trial, revealed significant activation in the temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus, areas of semantic memory networks. Representative Similarity Analysis revealed that the activation patterns of the third trials were more consistent than those of the second trials in the temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and hippocampus. Our research demonstrates that semantic grouping can cause memories of subordinate details to fade, suggesting that semantic retrieval during categorization affects the quality of related episodic memory.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.491-502
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• 2007

Categorization is very important for product design. Consumer's emotion become different according to a type of categorization, so design concept and design elements must be combined differently with difference of the emotion. Specially, categorization process is necessary if nowadays product line is enlarged, and a product differentiation is not clear. That is, designers decide on correct categories and a design concept based on similarity of emotion and have to provide to consumer-oriented design. The purpose of this study is to provide a design direction for Korean traditional sauce products after extracting consumers' sensitivity from the whole image of Korean traditional sauce and each images of the sauces-korean hot pepper paste, soybean paste, fermented soybeans paste, SsamJang, and soy sauce- and deciding categories of the each sauces based on the extracted sensitivities' similarity. In the result of this study, we knew that Korean traditional sauces didn't differentiate from consumers' preference images. In our empirical research, the research - emotional image survey on sauces - have conclusion that emotional image of "well-being", "tasty" have positive influence, but emotional image of "messy and dirty", "smelly" have negative influence. Therefore, we suggest that positive emotional images like "tasty" should be emphasized, but negative emotional images like "messy" should be eliminated for design and marketing strategy of Korean traditional sauces. This research will suggest the guideline for product design with respect to academic aspects and working-level aspects.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.499-508
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• 2010

This study proposed a life cycle impact assessment index that can indicate the environment-related information of the product in monetary value such that the national geographical, environmental, and social features are fully reflected based on a damage-oriented model. First, the estimation process was classified into characterization, damage assessment, and integration stages considering the six biggest impact categories: resource depletion, global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, eutrophication, and photochemical oxidant creation. Moreover, this study came up with the 16 category endpoints related to the 6 impact categories, and the damage function, to the 4 largest safeguard subjects. The integration indices of finally identified impact categories were KRW 21.8/kg Sb, KRW 6.19/kg$CO_2$, KRW 53,000/kg CFC-11, KRW 13,100/kg $SO_2$, KRW 2,310/kg ${PO_4}^{3-}$, and KRW 3,030/kg $C_2H_4$. Using the results of this research, environmental impacts based on the environmental load generated throughout the entire life cycle of a product can serve as a single index in monetary value; thus enhancing understanding and utilization of the results of life cycle impact assessments.