• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.69-81
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• 2014

Herman $F{\ddot{u}}rst\;P{\ddot{u}}ckler-Muskau$ is one of important figures in German landscape architecture who designed both Muskau Park and Branitz Park and published garden book Andeutungen ${\ddot{u}}ber$ Landschaftgartenerei (Hints on Landscape Gardening) in 1834. He was a German nobleman who governed Muskau estates while working as both a writer and a landscape gardener. German landscape gardening was grounded on Romanticism, which was represented in diverse ways such as the reconciliation between man and nature, the liberation of reason, and the pursuit of liberty. The intellectuals came to have an interest on landscape gardening since the garden carried the cultural connotation such as the idealized epitome of nature. This study is to investigate how his idea of landscape gardening had been developed through his personal life and social background and to find out his landscape gardening theory and its unique gardening techniques. Finally, the inventive aspect of his garden theory and contemporary significances in practices were discussed. $P{\ddot{u}}cklers^{\prime}$ personal experience and social background provide us to understand the idea of garden. First, there was a mixture between reality and fantasy in his garden theory. It was due to the influence of Romanticism and literary garden. Second, his gardening mentality and technique were influenced by the late 18th century English garden practices, which emphasized the expressive aspects. Third, $P{\ddot{u}}cklers^{\prime}$ inner disposition and personal experience were represented in his garden design. Fourth, the intention of creating landscape garden for the local people might be a self realization of his contradictory characters between falling nobleman and liberal social leader. The significant value of $P{\ddot{u}}ckler^{\prime}s$ garden idea might be closely related in the dual nature of humanistic garden tradition and garden practice for social agenda. Therefore, his garden idea pursued of the comprehensive landscape strategies toward ideal communities and ethical spirits while concerning ecological, social, economic sustainable development of the region. Furthermore, his landscape gardening aims at the total landscape encompassing garden to region as well as the Gesamtkunst combing the beautiful with the useful. $P{\ddot{u}}ckler^{\prime}s$ holistic attitude gives us fresh insights and new directions to contemporary landscape theory and practice.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2007

Three different experiments were carried out to investigate the runoff and erosion losses of endosulfan from sloped-field by rainfall. The mobility of endosulfan and which phase it was transported by were examined in adsorption study, the influence of rainfall pattern and slope degree on the pesticide loss were evaluated in simulated rainfall study, and the pesticide losses from soybean-grown field comparing with bare soil were measured in field lysimeter study. Adsorption parameter (K) of endosulfan ranged from 77 to 131 by adsorption method and K values by the desorption method were higher than those by the adsorption method. By the SSLRC's classification for pesticide mobility endosulfan was classified as non-mobile class ($K_{oc}>4,000$). Runoff and erosion loss of endosulfan by three rainfall scenarios ranged from 3.4 to 5.6%and from 4.4 to 15.6%of the amount treated. Endosulfan residues were mainly remained at the top 5 cm of soil depth after the simulated rainfall study. Pesticide loss in case of 30%-slope degree ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 times higher than those in case of 10%-slope degree. The difference of pesticide runoff loss was related with its concentration in runoff water and the difference of pesticide erosion loss would related closely with the quantity of soil eroded. Endosulfan losses from a series of lysimeter plots in sloped land by rainfall ranged from 5 to 35% of the amount treated. The erosion rate of endosulfan from soybean-plots was 66% of that from bare soil plots. The effect of slope conditions was not great for runoff loss, but was great for erosion loss as increasing to maximum $4{\sim}12$ times with slope degree and slope length. The peak runoff concentration of endosulfan in soybean-plots and bare soil plots ranged from 8 to 10 and from 7 to $9{\mu}gL^{-1}$ on nine plots with different slope degree and slope length. Therefore the difference of the peak runoff concentrations between bare soil plots and soybean-plots were not great.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.279-288
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• 2006

Three different experiments were undertaken to investigate the runoff and erosion loss of diazinon and metolachlor from sloped-field by rainfall. The mobility of two pesticides and which phase they were transported by were examined in adsorption study, the influence of rainfall pattern and slope degree on the pesticide losses were evaluated in simulated rainfall study, and the pesticide losses from soybean field comparing with bare soil were measured in field lysimeter study. Freundlich adsorption parameter (K) ranged $1.6{\sim}2.0$ for metolachlor and $4.0{\sim}5.5$ for diazinon. The K values of pesticides by the desorption method were higher than those ones by the adsorption method. Another parameter (1/n) in Freundlich equation for the pesticides tested ranged $0.96{\sim}1.02$ by desorption method and $0.87{\sim}1.02$ by adsorption method. By the SSLRC's classification for pesticide mobility of diazinon and metolachlor were classified as moderately mobile ($75{\leq}Koc$ <500). Runoff and erosion losses of pesticides by three rainfall scenarios were $0.5{\sim}1.0%$ and $0.1{\sim}0.7%$ for metolachlor and $0.1{\sim}0.6%$ and $0.1{\sim}0.2%$ for diazinon. Distribution of pesticides in soil polite were investigated after the simulated rainfall events. Metolachlor was leached to $10{\sim}15$ cm soil layer and diazinon was leached to $5{\sim}10$ cm soil layer. Losses of each pesticide in the 30% of sloping degree treatment were $0.2{\sim}1.9$ times higher than those ones in the 10% of sloping degree treatment. Pesticide losses from a series of lysimeter plots in sloped land by rainfall ranged $1.0{\sim}3.1%$ for metolachlor and $0.23{\sim}0.50%$ for diazinon, and were $1/3{\sim}2.5$ times to the ones in the simulated rainfall study. The erosion rates of pesticides from soybean-plots were $21{\sim}75%$ lower than the ones from bare soil plots. The peak runoff concentration in soybean-plots and bare soil plots were $1{\sim}9{\mu}gL^{-1}$ and $3{\sim}16{\mu}gL^{-1}$ for diazinon, $7{\sim}31{\mu}gL^{-1}$ and $5{\sim}40{\mu}gL^{-1}$ for metolachlor, respectively.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.839-852
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• 1997

It has been submitted that different ion solutions containing sulfate induce crystal growth and might substitute conventional acid etching for pretreatment of enamel in orthodontic bonding(${\AA}rtun$ et al., Am. J. Orthod. 85, 333, 1984). This investigation was designed to evaluate the relevance of crystal growth on the enamel surface as an alternative to conventional acid etching in direct bonding of orthodontic brackets. Annexing Li2SO4, MgSO4, K2SO4 respectively in the solution with $25\%$ polyacrylic md 0.3M sulfuric acids were employed to enhance the crystal growth. Human bicuspids were treated with various parameters as combinations of crystal growth and glass ionomer cement, crystal growth and orthodontic resin, acid etching and orthodontic resin for an investigative purpose. Crystal growth solution containing MgSO4 showed the highest shear bond strength(15.6MPa) within the groups of bonding brackets with glass ionomer cement(p<0.01). Bonding with glass ionomer cement on the surface of crystal growth demonstrated higher shear bond strength than with orthodontic resin(p<0.001). Bonding with glass ionomer cement on the surface treated with crystal growth solution containing MgSO4 or K2SO4 was not different shear bond strength statistically from bonding with orthodontic resin on the acid-etched surface. It suggests that bonding brackets with glass ionomer cement on the surface treated with crystal growth solution containing MgSO4 or K2SO4 is a potential alternative to bonding with resin on the acid etched sufrace.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.279-291
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• 2003

Electric current is a highly probable way as a clinical tool for tooth movement. The purposes of this study were to determine the usefulness of exogenous electric currents in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement and to investigate the effects of electric-orthodontic treatment on the remodeling of the periodontal tissue histologically The study was performed with six male cats weighing around 3kg. The electric device wich is providing the direct electric current of $20{\mu}A$ was inserted to the removable appliance. The right and left maxillary canines were assigned as control and experimental sides respectively. The control canine was Provided with orthodontic force (75gm) oかy and the experimental side was given the same amount of force and electricity. The lingual buttons were bonded to the maxillary canines and both sides of canines were retracted with NiTi coil spring. The electric device was adjusted to provide 20uh direct current to the experimental canines S hours a day The amount of the canine movement was measured with electronic caliper every week. After 4 weeks of tooth movement, the animals were sacrificed and the histologic study was performed. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The application of a direct current to the experimental tooth significantly increased the final amount of orthodontic tooth movement. The amount of tooth movement after 28-day was 37% more in the experimental side. 2. The electrically stimulated tooth showed histologic evidence of significant increases in the amount of bones and matrix deposition in the area of tension. 3. In the compression side, the electric-orthodontic treatment stimulated bone resorption more extensively in the experimental canines. 4. After 28 days of electricity exposure and orthodontic force, the experimental side demonstrated significantly more osteoblasts, osteoclasts, capillaries and osteoid tissues, reflectinr an increase in the local tissue's cellular activity. 5. Intermittent electrical stimulation (five hours a day) had effects to enhance orthodontic tooth movement and tissue remodeling. These results suggested that the low-intensity exogenous electric current by the miniature electric device might accelerate orthodontic tooth movement and bone remodeling in vivo and have the possibility to reduce the orthodontic treatment duration.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the meat quality characteristics of pork loin in 3 crossbred groups (30 pigs/group). The crossbreeds were LY female${\times}$D male, Y female${\times}$B male and L female${\times}$B male (L: Landrace, Y: Yorkshire, B: Berkshire, D: Duroc). Pork loins were collected from animals ($110{\times}120kg$ body weight) slaughtered in a commercial slaughter house and stored at $-3^{\circ}C$. Samples were analyzed for general composition, physico-chemical properties, meat and fat color, texture characteristics, sensory evaluation and fatty acid composition at 24 hrs postmortem, and TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) values were determined at various storage times. The LYD pigs showed a higher back fat thickness than the YB and LB pigs. There were no significant differences in intramuscular fat, intermuscular fat, subcutaneous fat and springiness among the 3 crossbreeds. In addition, there were no significant differences in general composition, pH, drip loss, cooking loss and cooked sensory evaluation among the 3 crossbreeds (p>0.05). The shear force value of LB pork was significantly lower than other crossbreeds (p<0.05). Total heme pigment was significantly higher in YB pork compared to LYD and LB pork (p<0.05). The TBARS value of YB pork was significantly lower than that of LYD pork, except after the I day of storage (p>0.05). TBARS values increased significantly during storage for all three crossbreeds. The lightness (CIE L) of YB pork was significantly lower, while the redness (CIE a) was significantly higher in YB pork relative to the other crossbreeds. With regard to textural properties, the hardness and adhesiveness values were significantly lower in YB pork compared to LB pork. In fresh meat, the color of YB pork was significantly higher than the other breeds (p<0.05). The content of myristic acid (C14:0) was significantly lower, while the content of arachidonic acid (C20:4) was significantly higher in LB pork (p<0.05). These results show that the YB breed has the highest quality meat of the three crossbreeds.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.97-109
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• 1975

In an attempt to develop an effective integrated system of controlling blast disease of rice caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav., the possibility of minimizing the disease incidence by proper application of fertilizers has been investigated. Thus the effect of silicate, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on the development of blast disease as well as the correlation between the rice varieties an4 strains of P. oryzae were studied. The experiments were made in 1971 and 1973 by artificial inoculation and under natural development of the blast disease on rice plants. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Application of silicate fertilizer resulted in the increase of silicate as well as total sugar and potassium content but decrease of total nitrogen and phosphorus in tile leaf blades of rice plants. 2. The ratios of total C/total N. $ SiO_2/total$ N, and $K_2O/total$ N in leaf blades of rice plants increased by the application of silicate fertilizers. There was high level of negative correlation between the ratios mentioned above and the incidence of rice blast disease. 3. Application of silicate fertilizer reduced the incidence of rice blast disease. 4. The over dressing of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in the increase of total nitrogen and decrease of silicate and total sugar content in leaf blades, thus disposing the rice plants more susceptible to blast disease. 5. Over dressing of phosphorus fertilizer resulted in the increase of both total nitrogen and Phosphorus, and decrease of silicate content in the leaf blades inducing the rice plants to become more susceptible to blast disease. 6. Increased dressing of potash resulted in the increase of silicate content and $K_2O/total$ N ratio but decrease of total nitrogen content in leaf blades. When potassium content is low in the leaf blades of rice plants, the additional dressing of potash to rice plant contributed to the increase of resistance to blast disease. However, there was no significant correlation between additional potassium application and the resistance to blast disease when the potassium content is already high in the leaf blades. 7. When four rice varieties were artificially inoculated with three strains of P. oryzae, the incidence of blast disease was most severe on Pungok, least severe on Jinheung and moderate on Pungkwang and Paltal varieties. 8. Disease incidence was most severe on the second leaf from top and less sever on top and there leaf regardless of the fertilizer application when 5-6 leaf stage rice seedlings of four rice varieties were artificially inoculated with three strains of P. oryzae. 9. The pathogenicity of three strains of P. oryzae was in the order of $P_1,\;P_2,\;and\;P_3$ in their virulence when inoculated to Jinheung, Paltal, Pungkwang varieties but not with Pungok. The interaction between strains of P. oryzae and rice varieties was significant.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 대한기관식도과학회 1972년도 춘계종합 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.6-7
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• 1972

The air pollutants can be classified into the irritant gas and the asphixation gas, and the irritant gas is closely related to the otorhinolaryngological diseases. The common irritant gases are nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrogen carbon compounds, and the potent and irritating PAN (peroxy acyl nitrate) which is secondarily liberated from photosynthesis. Those gases adhers to the mucous membrane to result in ulceration and secondary infection due to their potent oxidizing power. 1. Sulfur dioxide gas Sulfur dioxide gas has the typical characteristics of the air pollutants. Because of its high solubility it gets easily absorbed in the respiratory tract, when the symptoms and signs by irritation become manifested initially and later the resistance in the respiratory tract brings central about pulmonary edema and respiratory paralysis of origin. Chronic exposure to the gas leads to rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and olfactory or gustatory disturbances. 2. Carbon monoxide Toxicity of carbon monoxide is due to its deprivation of the oxygen carrying capacity of the hemoglobin. The degree of the carbon monoxide intoxication varies according to its concentration and the duration of inhalation. It starts with headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting and tinnitus, which can progress to respiratory difficulty, muscular laxity, syncope, and coma leading to death. 3. Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide causes respiratory disturbances by formation of methemoglobin. In acute poisoning, it can cause pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema, bronchitis, and pneumonia due to its strong irritation on the eyes and the nose. In chronic poisoning, it causes chronic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary edema. 4. Ozone It has offending irritating odor, and causes dryness of na sopharyngolaryngeal mucosa, headache and depressed pulmonary function which may eventually lead to pulmonary congestion or edema. 5. Smog The most outstanding incident of the smog occurred in London from December 5 through 8, 1952, because of which the mortality of the respiratory diseases increased fourfold. The smog was thought to be due to the smoke produced by incomplete combustion and its byproduct the sulfur oxides, and the dust was thought to play the secondary role. In new sense, hazardous is the photochemical smog which is produced by combination of light energy and the hydrocarbons and oxidant in the air. The Yonsei University Institute for Environmental :pollution Research launched a project to determine the relationship between the pollution and the medical, ophthalmological and rhinopharyngological disorders. The students (469) of the "S" Technical School in the most heavily polluted area in Pusan (Uham Dong district) were compared with those (345) of "K" High School in the less polluted area. The investigated group had those with subjective symptoms twice as much as the control group, 22.6% (106) in investigated group and 11.3% (39) in the control group. Among those symptomatic students of the investigated group. There were 29 with respiratory symptoms (29%), 22 with eye symptoms (21%), 50 with stuffy nose and rhinorrhea (47%), and 5 with sore thorat (5%), which revealed that more than half the students (52%) had subjective symptoms of the rhinopharyngological aspects. Physical examination revealed that the investigated group had more number of students with signs than those of the control group by 10%, 180 (38.4%) versus 99 (28.8%). Among the preceding 180 students of the investigated group, there were 8 with eye diseases (44%), 1 with respiratory disease (0.6%), 97 with rhinitis (54%), and 74 with pharyngotonsillitis (41%) which means that 95% of them had rharygoical diseases. The preceding data revealed that the otolaryngological diseases are conspicuously outnumbered in the heavily polluted area, and that there must be very close relationship between the air pollution and the otolaryngological diseases, and the anti-pollution measure is urgently needed.

• MISULJARYO - National Museum of Korea Art Journal
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• 제98권
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• pp.226-241
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• 2020

Located on the right side of the third floor of the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, the "Art of Central Asia" exhibition boasts the world's finest collection of artworks and artifacts from the Silk Road. Every item in the collection has been classified by region, and many of them were collected in the early twentieth century through archaeological surveys led by Russia's Pyotr Kozlov, Mikhail Berezovsky, and Sergey Oldenburg. Some of these artifacts have been presented around the world through special exhibitions held in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Korea, Japan, and elsewhere. The fruits of Russia's Silk Road expeditions were also on full display in the 2008 exhibition The Caves of One Thousand Buddhas - Russian Expeditions on the Silk Route on the Occasion of 190 Years of the Asiatic Museum, held at the Hermitage Museum. Published in 2018 by the Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House in collaboration with the Hermitage Museum, Kuche Art Relics Collected in Russia introduces the Hermitage's collection of artifacts from the Kuche (or Kucha) region. While the book focuses exclusively on artifacts excavated from the Kuche area, it also includes valuable on-site photos and sketches from the Russian expeditions, thus helping to enhance readers' overall understanding of the characteristics of Kuche art within the Buddhist art of Central Asia. The book was compiled by Dr. Kira Samosyuk, senior curator of the Oriental Department of the Hermitage Museum, who also wrote the main article and the artifact descriptions. Dr. Samosyuk is an internationally renowned scholar of Central Asian Buddhist art, with a particular expertise in the art of Khara-Khoto and Xi-yu. In her article "The Art of the Kuche Buddhist Temples," Dr. Samosyuk provides an overview of Russia's Silk Road expeditions, before introducing the historical development of Kuche in the Buddhist era and the aspects of Buddhism transmitted to Kuche. She describes the murals and clay sculptures in the Buddhist grottoes, giving important details on their themes and issues with estimating their dates, and also explains how the temples operated as places of worship. In conclusion, Dr. Samosyuk argues that the Kuche region, while continuously engaging with various peoples in China and the nomadic world, developed its own independent Buddhist culture incorporating elements of Gandara, Hellenistic, Persian, and Chinese art and culture. Finally, she states that the culture of the Kuche region had a profound influence not only on the Tarim Basin, but also on the Buddhist grottoes of Dunhuang and the central region of China. A considerable portion of Dr. Samosyuk's article addresses efforts to estimate the date of the grottoes in the Kuche region. After citing various scholars' views on the dates of the murals, she argues that the Kizil grottoes likely began prior to the fifth century, which is at least 100 years earlier than most current estimates. This conclusion is reached by comparing the iconography of the armor depicted in the murals with related materials excavated from the surrounding area (such as items of Sogdian art). However, efforts to date the Buddhist grottoes of Kuche must take many factors into consideration, such as the geological characteristics of the caves, the themes and styles of the Buddhist paintings, the types of pigments used, and the clothing, hairstyles, and ornamentation of the depicted figures. Moreover, such interdisciplinary data must be studied within the context of Kuche's relations with nearby cultures. Scientific methods such as radiocarbon dating could also be applied for supplementary materials. The preface of Kuche Art Relics Collected in Russia reveals that the catalog is the first volume covering the Hermitage Museum's collection of Kuche art, and that the next volume in the series will cover a large collection of mural fragments that were taken from Berlin during World War II. For many years, the whereabouts of these mural fragments were unknown to both the public and academia, but after restoration, the fragments were recently re-introduced to the public as part of the museum's permanent exhibition. We look forward to the next publication that focuses on these mural fragments, and also to future catalogs introducing the artifacts of Turpan and Khotan. Currently, fragments of the murals from the Kuche grottoes are scattered among various countries, including Russia, Germany, and Korea. With the publication of this catalog, it seems like an opportune time to publish a comprehensive catalog on the murals of the Kuche region, which represent a compelling mixture of East-West culture that reflects the overall characteristics of the region. A catalog that includes both the remaining murals of the Kizil grottoes and the fragments from different parts of the world could greatly enhance our understanding of the murals' original state. Such a book would hopefully include a more detailed and interdisciplinary discussion of the artifacts and murals, including scientific analyses of the pigments and other materials from the perspective of conservation science. With the ongoing rapid development in western China, the grotto murals are facing a serious crisis related to climate change and overcrowding in the oasis city of Xinjiang. To overcome this challenge, the cultural communities of China and other countries that possess advanced technology for conservation and restoration must begin working together to protect and restore the murals of the Silk Road grottoes. Moreover, centers for conservation science should be established to foster human resources and collect information. Compiling the data of Russian expeditions related to the grottoes of Kuche (among the results of Western archaeological surveys of the Silk Road in the early twentieth century), Kuche Art Relics Collected in Russia represents an important contribution to research on Kuche's Buddhist art and the Silk Road, which will only be enhanced by a future volume introducing the mural fragments from Germany. As the new authoritative source for academic research on the artworks and artifacts of the Kuche region, the book also lays the groundwork for new directions for future studies on the Silk Road. Finally, the book is also quite significant for employing a new editing system that improves its academic clarity and convenience. In conclusion, Dr. Kira Samosyuk, who planned the publication, deserves tremendous praise for taking the research of Silk Road art to new heights.