• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.332-342
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• 2000

Background : The importance of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$ (INF-$\alpha$) and interleukin-1$\beta$ (IL-1$\beta$), have been extensively documented in the generation of inflammatory lung disease. Lung epithelial cells are also actively involved in initiating and maintaining inflammation by producing pro-inflammatory mediators. Understanding the mechanism of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in lung epithelial cells is crucial to the development of new therapeutic modalities for inflammatory lung disease. Transcription of most pro-inflammatory cytokines is dependent on the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$. However, the relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and NF-${\kappa}B/I{\kappa}B$ pathway in lung epithelial cells is not clear. Methods : BEAS-2B, A549, Na-H157, NCI-H719 cells were stimulated with IL-$1{\beta}$ or TNF-$\alpha$ at various times, and then IL-8 and TNF-$\alpha$mRNA expressions were assayed by Northern blot analysis. IL-$1{\beta}$ or TNF-$\alpha$-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation was assessed by the nuclear translocation of p65 NF-${\kappa}B$ subunit. The degradation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and $I{\kappa}B{\beta}$ by IL-$1{\beta}$ or TNF-$\alpha$stimulation was assayed by Western blot analysis. The phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ was evaluated by Western blot analysis after pre-treating cells with proteasome inhibitor followed by IL-$1{\beta}$ or TNF-$\alpha$ stimulation. The basal level of IKK $\alpha$ expression was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Results: $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ was rapidly degraded after 5 minutes of incubation with IL-$1{\beta}$ or TNF-$\alpha$ in BEAS-2B, A549, and NCI-H157 cells. The activation of NF-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and the induction of IL-8 and TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA expression were observed by IL-$1{\beta}$ or TNF-$\alpha$ stimulation in these cells. In contrast, neither the changes in NF-${\kappa}B/I{\kappa}B$ pathway nor IL-8 and TNF-$\alpha$mRNA expression was induced by IL-$1{\beta}$ or TNF-$\alpha$ stimulation in NCI-H719 cells. IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-$\alpha$-induced $I{\kappa}B$ phosphorylation was observed in BEAS-2B, A549, and NCI-H157 cells, but not in NCI-H719 cells. The basal level of IKK$\alpha$ expression was not different between cell. Conclusion : NF-${\kappa}B/I{\kappa}B$ pathway plays an important role in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine in most lung epithelial cells. The absence of the effect on NF-${\kappa}B/I{\kappa}B$ pathway in NCI-H719 cells sæms to be due to the defect in the intracellular signal transduction pathway upstream to IKK.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2002

Experimatal maxillary sinusitis was induced in New Zealand white rabbits by blocking the maxillary sinus ostium. The distribution of lectin receptors was explored in the mucosa with induced maxillary sinusitis using colloidal gold label complex with lectin WGA purified from wheat germ (Triticum vulgaris). The lectin WGA gold complex, shown to recognize GlcNac (N-acetylglucosamine) and NeuNAc (N-acetylneuraminic acid) regions, was applied to detect binding sites in Lowicryl HM 20 sections and viewed under the electron microscope. An increased height of the cylindric cells, ciliary loss and hyperplasia of the secretory cells were observed. Examination of normal sinus mucosa labeled with gold-labeled lectins showed the distribution of sialoglycoconjugates to be mainly in the ciliary layer and the granules in the secretory cells. Inflamed mucosa had increased labeling intensity of gold-labeled WGA in the cilia and the secretory granules. These results indicate that lectin WGA receptors are located in the cilia and secretory granules. Specific changes in the lectin binding pattern were apparent in the inflamed mucosa in the experimentally induced acute sinusitis, in comparison with normal mucosa, conceivably as a part of host defense reactions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.767-775
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• 2023

Sulfasalazine is a disease-modifying antirheumatic abiotic agent. It is a derivative of aminosalicylic acid and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease, since it was first synthesized in 1941 and approved as a medicine in the United States in 1950. However, its mechanism of action has not yet been clearly identified. In this study, the effects of sulfasalazine on cell survival, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression in macrophages, which are major immune cells that regulate inflammatory responses, were investigated using mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Sulfasalazine inhibited the viability of RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, starting at a concentration of 0.25 mM. Annexin-V staining was used to confirm that the decrease in cell viability was due to apoptosis, and the number of Annexin-V-positive cells increased significantly at a concentration of 0.25 mM or higher. The effect of sulfasalazine on the expression of key proteins that regulate the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle was also investigated. Sulfasalazine treatment significantly increased the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 in RAW 264.7 cells. Although sulfasalazine is frequently used as a control drug in studies on inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory colitis and rheumatoid arthritis, studies on its effect on macrophages are very limited. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to provide vital information on the use of sulfasalazine as a disease treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.201-204
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• 2009

미용 향장분야에서 많이 사용되고 있고, 소염작용, 진통효과, 면역증진작용, 강장작용이 있다고 알려진 저먼 카모마일, 라벤더, 샌달우드, 호호바 등의 혼합 아로마 오일을 NC/Nga 생쥐의 피부에 도포하여 생쥐의 피부조직내 염증세포와 mast cell 의 변화를 파악하여 아토피 피부염에 대한 효과를 검증하였다. 그 결과 아로마 혼합오일인 CLS 가 아토피 피부염의 주증상인 표피세포의 각질화와 mast cell의 감소에 영향을 주어 아토피 피부염에 효과가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.375-382
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• 2019

Abnormalities of trophoblast due to early inflammation in pregnancy increase the expression of CRP and affect maternal-fetal interactions, leading to preterm birth and preeclampsia. However, biomarkers related to the regulation of CRP expression have not been found. In this study, miRNA associated with increased expression of CRP was identified and their expression was analyzed to reveal biomarkers involved in the regulation mechanism of trophoblast inflammation through miRNAs. miRNAs that were predicted to regulate CRP gene expression in miRNA databases (mirna, TargetScan, MicroCosm) were screened and HTR-8/SVneo cell lines were treated with LPS (20 ng/mL) to induce inflammatory responses in vitro, with selected miR-7, miR-150, miR-186 and miR-424. The expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR. As a result, expression of CRP was significantly increased in LPS-treated trophoblast (p<0.001) and miR-150 and miR-424 expression were significantly decreased (p<0.001). Thus, miR-150 and miR-424 are involved in the regulation of CRP expression in inflammatory-induced trophoblast and may be useful for the prenatal diagnosis of inflammatory obstetric diseases.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.294-302
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• 2018

This study was conducted to compare anti-inflammatory effect of Robinia pseudoacacia L. using different extraction methods (water extraction, ethanol extraction and high temperature extraction). We investigated anti-inflammatory effect of Robinia pseudoacacia L. extract (RP1, water extract; RP2, ethanol extract; RP3, high temperature extract) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation using Raw 264.7 cell. Cells were treated with various concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100 or $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) of water extract, ethanol extract and high temperature extract. Cytotoxicity was not observed on Raw 264.7 cells, LPS-stimulated production of NO (nitric oxide), $PGE_2$ (prostaglandin $E_2$) and cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$) was reduced by RP3 treatment more than RP1 and RP2. In conclusion, these results indicated that inflammation on Raw 264.7 cells was improved by RP3. Treatment of RP3 could be used to natural medicine for improving inflammatory response. However, further experiment is required to observe how the high temperature extraction at $500^{\circ}C$ for 48 h influences on alteration of active ingredient in Robinia pseudoacacia L., and conducts the inflammation signal pathway on Raw 264.7 cells.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.83-83
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• 2020

염증은 물리화학적 자극이나 세균 감염과 같은 외부 자극에 대응하기 위한 생체조직의 방어 반응의 하 나이며 조직이나 장기의 손상을 회복시키는 기전으로서 매우 중요한 역할을 하지만 염증반응이 과도해 질 경우 궤양성 대장염, 기관지염, 천식, 대장암 등을 유발하는 원인으로 작용하기 때문에 염증반응을 조 절하는 항염증제 개발은 매우 중요시되고 있다. 국내 염증개선 관련 시장은 현재 약 3조원 규모이며 지속 적인 성장세에 있지만 천연소재의 기능성 중심으로 출시된 제품 중 다수의 제품에서 주로 수입 원료를 사용하고 있어 국내 자생 및 재배하는 천연 소재들의 효능에 대한 검증을 통해 수입 원료 의존도를 낮추 기 위한 연구가 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 순창에서 재배되는 참두릅 (Aralia elata Seem)과 도라지 (Platycodon grandiflorum)를 이용하여 천연 염증개선 소재화를 목적으로 기능성 증진을 위한 추 출조건 선정과정과 대식세포에 대한 세포독성 및 항염증 효능을 확인하여 천연소재를 이용한 염증개선 소재화를 시도하고자 한다. 본 연구는 전북 순창에서 재배되는 참두릅과 도라지의 추출조건을 선정하기 위해 용매, 온도 및 시간별 추출물의 total polyphenol 함량 평가를 통하여 최적 추출조건 선정을 진행하 였으며, 선정된 추출조건에서 추출된 추출물의 항산화 활성을 측정하기 위하여 DPPH & ABTS radical scavenging activity 및 total flavonoids 함량을 확인하여 항산화 효능을 평가하였다. 또한 대식세포인 Raw 264.7을 사용하여 MTT assay, Nitric oxide (NO) 생성 억제 효능을 확인하여 세포독성 및 항염증 활 성을 평가하였다. 실험결과, Total polyphenol 함량 분석을 통해 최적 추출조건이 선정된 두릅 (주정 40%, 25℃, 3 h), 도라지 (주정 60%, 25℃, 1 h)의 추출물을 이용하여 DPPH & ABTS radical scavenging activity 및 total flavonoids 함량을 분석한 결과, 도라지보다 두릅에서 더 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 대식세포를 활용한 두릅과 도라지의 세포독성을 측정한 결과, 100 ug/mL 이내의 농도에서 독성활성이 나타내지 않음을 확인되었으며, 항염증 활성을 측정한 결과 100 ug/mL에서 두릅 추출물이 도라지 추출 물보다 약 33% 이상 NO 생성억제 활성이 높게 나타내었다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.139-148
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• 2007

목 적 : 약침으로서 씀바귀의 염증 효과를 알아보기 위해 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 Tnf 생성을 확인하였다. 방 법: 씀바귀를 RAW 264.7 대식세포에 미리 처치한 후 LPS로 염증 반응을 유도하였다. ELISA, Western blotting, RT-PCR, 그리고 EMSA을 통해 Tnf의 생성과 발현에 대한 효과를 평가하였다. 결 과 : LPS 유도된 세포에서 씀바귀 1, 5, 10, 50 ${\mu}g/ml$의 농도는 각각 23.7, 37.8, 66.4, 86.1% Tnf 생성을 억제한 것을 ELISA 통해 확인되었다. LPS로 유도된 대식세포에서 Tnf 생성은 농도에 따라 감소하였고, Western blotting, RT-PCR 분석에서는 씀바귀 5과 50 ${\mu}g/ml$가 LPS로 유도된 대식세포에서 Tnf의 mRNA와 단백질 발현을 저해 하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 EMSA에서도 씀바귀 5과 50 ${\mu}g/ml$가 LPS로 유도된 Nf-kB를 감소시키는 것을 확인하였다. 고 찰 : 이런 결과는 씀바귀가 $Nf-{\kappa}B$를 저해하면서 LPS로 유발된 Tnf 생성을 감소시킨다는 것을 보여주었고, 이는 더 나아가 염증 질환에서 씀바귀가 약침으로써의 치료적 효과를 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 고 찰 : 이런 결과는 씀바귀가 $Nf-_{k}B$를 저해하면서 LPS로 유발된 Tnf 생성을 감소시킨다는 것을 보여주었고, 이는 더 나아가 염증 질환에서 씀바귀가 약침으로써의 치료적 효과를 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 2019

In this study, the in vitro hepatotoxic mechanism of Ephedra sinica (ma-huang) was investigated by measuring the degree of cell death, secretion of cytokine, and fat accumulation by treating HepG2 cells with 70% ethanolic extracts of ma-huang. Cell death was observed at concentrations of around $5-100{\mu}g/mL$ by treatment with ma-huang extracts (p<0.05). The secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which are inflammatory cytokines, were significantly promoted at concentrations of around 0.05-100 and $0.5-100{\mu}g/mL$, respectively (p<0.05). In this experiment, it was shown that the extracts of ma-huang stimulate the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8 and M-CSF, and lead to fat accumulation in the hepatocytes, thereby causing inflammation of the hepatocytes. Hepatotoxicity was observed at around 10-500 times lower concentration than the concentration required to cause serious toxicity, such as cell death, suggesting that hepatic toxicity (hepatitis) may be induced at a low dose.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.707-716
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 다양한 동물 모델을 사용하여 Dioscorea daemona Roxb. 줄기 메탄을 추출물(DD)의 항염증 활성을 측정하였으며 DD가 생체내에서 항산화 체계의 변화를 유도할 수 있는지도 살펴보았다. DD를 200mg/kg용량으로 3주간 경구투여하였을 때 동물실험모델에서 항염증 및 type IV 알레르기 억제 효과를 나타내었으며 혈청의 Catalase 활성, 지질 과산화, TG 및 HDL cholesterol 수치가 영향을 받았다. DD와 이를 클로로포름과 부탄올로 순차적으로 분획하여 얻은 fraction이 lipopolysaccharide(LPS)로 유도한 RAW264.7 대식세포주의 nitric oxide(NO), prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$, tumor necrosis $factor-\alpha(TNF-\alpha)$, interleukin 6(IL6)의 생성을 억제하는지도 연구하였다. DD와 그 분획물들은 $4\~100{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 세포 독성을 나타내지 않고 LPS가 유도한 RAW264.7 세포주의 NO, $TNF-\alpha$, IL-6 생성을 억제하였다. LPS가 유도한 $PGE_2$ 생성은 DD의 클로로포름 분획에서 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 따라서 Dioscorea daemona 추출물은 대식세포의 염증성 매개물의 억제를 통하여 항염증 활성을 나타내는 것으로 사료된다.