• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2008

목 적: 본 연구팀은 사지에 발병한 카포시육종의 방사선치료를 위하여, 물볼루스를 사용할 수 있는 기구를 고안하였고, 쌀볼루스 사용시와 비교하여 유용성을 평가하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 환자가 앙와위 자세에서 하지를 삽입 할 수 있는 폴리스틸렌 상자를 만들고 비닐 재질의 진공비닐을 집어 넣어 물이 누수 되지 않도록 결합하였으며, 진공비닐안에 하지와 물 사이의 공기를 없애기 위해 진공 밸브와 진공 펌프를 연결하여 공기를 제거하였다. 본 연구에서 제작한 물기반 볼루스의 선량 균질도를 비교 평가하기 위해 진공비닐에 하지 팬텀을 삽입한 후 폴리스틸렌 상자에 직접 쌀을 채운 경우, 비닐봉지에 쌀을 담아서 넣은 경우, 그리고 물을 직접 채운 경우에 대해 전산화단층촬영을 시행하였다. 방사선치료계획시스템을 사용하여 공기층의 부피에 의한 밀도의 변화를 분석하였다. 또한 선형가속기를 사용하여 전산화단층 모의치료기와 동일한 셋업에서 하지 팬텀에 필름을 감고, 열형광선량계 6개를 조사야 안에 균등하게 붙여서, 대향이문 조사하여 선량의 균질도 및 선량 값을 측정하였다. 결 과: 각 세 종류 실험의 밀도 측정결과 물볼루스를 기준으로 쌀을 직접 넣은 경우는 14% 감소했으며, 쌀을 비닐 봉지에 나누어 넣은 경우는 18% 감소하였다. 필름의 분석 결과 물볼루스가 쌀볼루스보다 균질도가 $4{\sim}4.4%$ 정도 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 열형광선량계 측정 평균값 분석결과 물볼루스를 기준으로 쌀을 직접 넣은 경우는 3.4% 증가했으며, 쌀을 비닐봉지에 나누어 넣은 경우는 4.3% 증가하였다. 결 론: 자체 제작한 물볼루스 기구는 육안으로 치료 조사야를 확인할 수 있어 셋업의 정확성을 높였으며, 진공 밸브와 진공 펌프를 사용하여 공기층을 감소시켜 치료의 정확성을 높이는 동시에 목적 종양에 균질도가 높은 선량을 부여 할 수 있는 좋은 방안이라 할 수 있다.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2016

최근 20 여년간의 괄목할만한 발전을 통해 단일 광섬유 레이저의 출력은 이미 kW 수준을 상회하고 있으며, 기존의 벌크 방식 레이저의 대체 기술로서 여전히 학계 및 산업계의 뜨거운 관심을 받고 있다. 본 논문은 이와 같은 광섬유 레이저의 괄목할만한 성장을 가능하게 한, 이터븀(Ytterbium) 혼입 이득 광섬유 사용 방식, 레이저 다이오드 펌프와 이중 클래딩 광섬유 구조를 통한 광학적 펌프 방식, 더 나아가서 양자결함을 최소화 하는 종렬 펌핑 방식 등 그 주요 요소 기술들을 개괄하고, 그 극한적 고출력화에 따른 발진 효율 및 특성 저하, 시스템 열화 및 불안정성 증대 등과 같은 고출력 광섬유 레이저 기술 자체가 직면하고 있는 다양한 기술적 문제점 및 그 완화 방안을 논의한다. 여기에서는 광섬유 레이저의 고출력화와 더불어 야기되는 다양한 형태의 광섬유내 비선형 현상, 광섬유 손상 및 모드 불안정 현상에 대한 논의를 포함한다. 이와 더불어, 전술한 다양한 출력 제한 현상을 극복함과 동시에 광섬유 레이저의 출력을 현격한 수준으로 더욱 증가시키기 위한 대체 방안으로 최근 주목을 많이 받고 있는 다중 빔 결합 기술에 대해 개괄적으로 논의한다. 특히, 분광형 다중 빔 결합 기술의 개념적 시스템 구성 요소 및 각 부문별 요구 기술에 대해 보다 심화된 논점을 둔다. 최종적으로 현 수준을 뛰어 넘는 광섬유 레이저의 출력 증대와 본 기술의 지속적 발전을 위한 앞으로의 발전 방향을 논의한다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.1098-1125
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• 2000

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 1998 and 1999 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. 1) A review of the recent studies on fluid flow, turbomachinery and pipe-network shows that many experimental investigations are conducted in applications of impingement jets. Researches on turbulent flows, pipe flows, pipe-networks are focused on analyses of practical systems and prediction of system performance. The results of noise reduction in the turbomachinery are also reported. 2) A review of the recent studies on heat transfer analysis and heat exchanger shows that there were many papers on the channel flow with the application to the design of heat exchanger in the heat transfer analysis. Various experimental and numerical papers on heat exchanger were also published, however, there were few papers available for the analysis of whole system including heat exchanger. 3) A review of the recent studies on heat pump system have focused on the multi-type system and the heat pump cycle to utilize treated sewage as the heat source. The defrosting and the frosting behaviors in the fin-tube heat exchanger is experimentally examined by several authors. Several papers on the ice storage cooling system are presented to show the dynamic simulation program and optimal operation conditions. The study on the micro heat pipes for the cooling of high power electronic components is carried out to examine the characteristics of heat and mass transfer processed. In addition to these, new type of separate thermosyphon is studied experimentally. 4) The recent studies on refrigeration/air conditioning system have focused on the system performance and efficiency for new alternative refrigerants. New systems operating with natural refrigerants are drawing lots of attention. In addition to these, evaporation and condensation heat transfer characteristics of traditional and new refrigerants are investigated for plain tubes and also for microfin tubes. Capillary tubes and orifice are main topics of research as expansion devices and studies on thermophysical properties of new refrigerants and refrigerant/oil mixtures are widely carried out. 5) A review of the recent studies on absorption cooling system shows that numerous experimental and analytical studies on the improvement of absorber performance have been presented. Dynamic analysis of compressor have been performed to understand its vibration characteristics. However research works on tow-phase flow and heat transfer, which could be encountered in the refrigeration system and various phase-change heat exchanger, were seemed to be insufficient. 6) A review of recent studies on duct system shows that the methods for circuit analysis, and flow balancing have been presented. Researches on ventilation are focused on the measurement of ventilation efficiency, and variation of ventilation efficiency with ventilation methods by numerous experimental and numerical studies. Furthermore, many studies have been conducted in real building in order to estimate indoor thermal environments. Many research works to get some information for cooling tower design have been performed but are insufficient. 7) A review on the recent studies on architectural thermal environment and building mechanical systems design shows that thermal comfort analysis is sitting environment, thermal performance analysis of Korean traditional building structures., and evaluation of building environmental load have been performed. However research works to improve the performance of mechanical system design and construction technology were seemed to be insufficient.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1234-1268
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• 2004

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2002 and 2003 has been carried out. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, air-conditioning, ventilation, sanitation and building environment/design. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation in diverse facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat transfer, humidity was also interesting to promote comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing research topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for analysis and design of various facilities and their systems. (2) Heat transfer characteristics of enhanced finned tube heat exchangers and heat sinks were extensively investigated. Experimental studies on the boiling heat transfer, vortex generators, fluidized bed heat exchangers, and frosting and defrosting characteristics were also conducted. In addition, the numerical simulations on various heat exchangers were performed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics and performance of the heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies shows that the performance analysis of heat pump have been made by various simulations and experiments. Progresses have been made specifically on the multi-type heat pump systems and other heat pump systems in which exhaust energy is utilized. The performance characteristics of heat pipe have been studied numerically and experimentally, which proves the validity of the developed simulation programs. The effect of various factors on the heat pipe performance has also been examined. Studies of the ice storage system have been focused on the operational characteristics of the system and on the basics of thermal storage materials. Researches into the phase change have been carried out steadily. Several papers deal with the cycle analysis of a few thermodynamic systems which are very useful in the field of air-conditioning and refrigeration. (4) Recent studies on refrigeration and air-conditioning systems have focused on the system performance and efficiency enhancement when new alternative refrigerants are applied. Heat transfer characteristics during evaporation and condensation are investigated for several tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants including natural refrigerants. Efficiency of various compressors and performance of new expansion devices are also dealt with for better design of refrigeration/air conditioning system. In addition to the studies related with thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out. It should be noted that the researches on two-phase flow are constantly carried out. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption refrigeration system indicates that heat and mass transfer enhancement is the key factor in improving the system performance. Various experiments have been carried out and diverse simulation models have been presented. Study on the small scale absorption refrigeration system draws a new attention. Cooling tower was also the research object in the respect of enhancement its efficiency, and performance analysis and optimization was carried out. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, it is noticed that research issues have mainly focused on several innovative systems such as personal environmental modules, air-barrier type perimeterless system with UFAC, radiant floor cooling system, etc. New approaches are highlighted for improving indoor environmental conditions and minimizing energy consumption, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation.

• 한국지열·수열에너지학회논문집
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2007

Unconsolidated and permeable alluvial deposit composed of sand and gravel is distributed along the fluvial plain at the Iryong study area. Previous studies on the area show that a single alluvial well can produce at least 1,650m3d-1 of bank infilterated shallow groundwater(BIGW) from the deposit. This study is aimed to evaluate and simulate the influence that seasonal variation of water levels and temperatures of the river have an effect on those of BIGW under the pumping condition and also to compare seasonal variation of COPs when indirectly pumped BIGW or directly pumped surface water are used for a water to water heat pump system as an heat source and sink using 3 D flow and heat transport model of Feflow. The result shows that the magnitude influenced to water level of BIGW by fluctuation of river water level in summer and winter is about 48% and 75% of Nakdong river water level separately. Seasonal change of river water temperature is about $23.7^{\circ}C$, on other hand that of BIGW is only $3.8^{\circ}C$. The seasonal temperatures of BIGW are ranged from minimum $14.5^{\circ}C$ in cold winter(January) and maximum $18.3^{\circ}C$ in hot summer(July). It stands for that BIGW is a good source of heat energy for heating and cooling system owing to maintaining quite similar temperature($16^{\circ}C$) of background shallow groundwater. Average COPh in winter time and COPc in summer time of BIGW and surface water are estimated about 3.95, 3.5, and about 6.16 and 4.81 respectively. It clearly indicates that coefficient of performance of heat pump system using BIGW are higher than 12.9% in winter time and 28.1% in summer time in comparision with those of surface water.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2003

To find out heating load and to determine the power of heat pump compressor for the Ondol room heating the COP of heat pump, the variation of Ondol room air temperature, the variation of ambient temperature and power consumption of heat pump are analyzed. The results from this study were summarized as follows: 1. The COP of the heat pump in close loop decreased as the ambient air temperature. The COP was 2.26 when the temperature difference of condenser was $20\pm3^{\circ}C$. 2. The Ondol surface temperature was $25\pm3^{\circ}C$ when the hot water of $40^{\circ}C$ was supplied from hot water storage tank to the Ondol and the temperature difference between the Ondol surface and the room air temperature was $7~8^{\circ}C$. 3. The ratio of thermal conduction heating load to total heating load in Ondol heating space was found to be 83% and ratio of ventilation heating load was 17%. Therefore, the thermal conduction heating load was confirmod to be a major heating load in Ondol heating space. 4. In case of the ambient temperature of $3.2^{\circ}C$, the efficiency of heat exchange of Ondol heating system was 85%. 5. The heating load per Ondol heating surface area and volume of Ondol room space were theoretically analyzed. In case of the room temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and the ambient temperature of $-3.2~3.8^{\circ}C$, the heating load per Ondol surface area was 115.8~167.6kJ/h ㆍ㎥ and per Ondol mom space volume was 50.2~72.7kJ/h ㆍ㎥. 6. The compressor power of heat pump fur the Ondol room heating could be determined with the heating load analyzed in this study In case of the Ondol room air temperature of 17~2$0^{\circ}C$ and the ambient temperature of -5~3.8$^{\circ}C$, the compressor power of heat pump per Ondol surface area was analyzed to be $2.3\times10^{-2}psm^2$, and per volume of Ondol room space $1.0\times10^{-2}1.4\times10^{-2}ps/m^2$ps.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.397-402
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• 2016

원자력 발전소와 화력 발전소에서는 양질의 전기를 생산하기 위해서는 발전기에 연결된 고압 및 저압 증기터빈에 최적량의 증기를 공급하여야 한다. 터빈에 증기를 공급하거나 차단하는 특수한 밸브인 터빈출력제어장치를 사용하고 있으며, 이 터빈출력제어장치는 유압서보 액추에이터로 구동 된다. 발전소에서는 유압시스템에서 생성되는 기체로 인하여 유압서보 액추에이터의 성능이 저하되거나, 생성된 기체가 압축되면서 발생하는 열로서 씰을 태우고 마모를 증가시켜서 빈번한 고장이 유발된다. 일부 발전소에서는 고정형 오리피스를 사용하여 공기를 배출하고 있지만 많은 유량배출에 따른 동력 손실과 빈번하게 작동되는 펌프, 전기모터 및 밸브 등의 고장을 발생시킨다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 고정형 오리피스와 같이 초기에 많은 량의 공기를 배출하고 정상운전에서는 매우 미세한 유량만 통과 시킬 수 있는 부하 감응형 공기 배출밸브를 모델링하고 해석하여 장착함으로서 유압서보 액추에이터의 제어 정밀성 확보와 기체 압축으로 인한 고장을 방지할 수 있게 하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.328-334
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• 2007

2-propanol/acetone/hydrogen 계 화학반응 열펌프 시스템은 발전소의 폐열 등을 이용하기 위한 가장 적합한 반응계로 알려져 있다. 솔-젤법을 이용하여 2-propanol 탈수소화 반응용 5 wt% Pt-alumina 촉매를 다양한 형태로 제조하여 각각의 특성을 알아보았고 각각의 반응성을 비교하였다. Pt-alumina xerogel 촉매는 기존의 담지촉매보다 우수한 반응성을 보였으며 또한 지속성도 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, Pt-alumina aerogel 촉매가 반응속도 면에서 가장 우수한 결과를 보였다. Aerogel 촉매의 지속성을 유지시키기 위해서는 충분한 시간의 숙성과정이 필요한 것으로 나타났으며 이 과정을 통해서 높은 반응성은 물론 안정적인 지속성도 얻을 수 있었다. Pt-alumina aerogel 촉매의 가장 큰 특징은 높은 반응성은 물론, 일반적으로 반응전에 필수적으로 거쳐야하는 고온의 열처리가 전혀 필요 없다는 것으로서 이는 경제적으로 큰 이점을 가진다. 또한 alumina xerogel에 초기함침법으로 Pt를 담지시킨 촉매는 기계적 강도 및 반응성 면에서 우수한 성능을 보였으며 이를 통하여 alumina xerogel은 금속촉매의 지지체로서도 이용할 수 있다는 사실을 알 수 있었다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.221-229
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 지역난방 수도권 지사별 실태 및 영향인자 진단 분석을 통해 개별지사와 연계지사간의 효율적이며 경제적인 운전을 할 수 있는 최적화 운전 프로그램을 개발하고 이를 통해 실제보다 최적화 운전시 어느정도 경제적 효과가 있는지를 확인해 보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 각 지사별 실태조사를 통해 보일러, 펌프, 관련Tag(온도, 압력, 연료량)등 다양한 인자를 진단/분석하였고 최적화 프로그램 개발을 위해 방대한 1년간 데이터를 인자별 Data base를 구축할 수 있었다. 또한 이를 통해 지사별 최적화 프로그램을 개발하여 수행한 결과, 최적화 선호도는 "소각장 >한전수열 >CHP >PLBs >PLBw"이었으며 연계를 제외한 각 지사별 실제운전과 최적화 운전 비용차이가 거의 없었다. 한편, 통합운영 최적화 프로그램을 개발하여 실제와 동일한 총 생산열량과 동일한 한전수열량과 같은 고정인자는 변동치 않고 단지 연계공급/수급열량만을 프로그램을 통해 최적조건(가장 저렴하고 효율적인 열량을 우선공급하는 조건)으로 효율적으로 운전한 결과, 사계절별 임의로 선정된 2~4일에 대한 일일 절감율 2.45~6.80%, 일일 절감액 22,727천원~60,077천원을 나타내었는데, 특히 겨울철에 제일 많은 수요량을 나타내며 가장 많은 절감비용을 얻을 수 있었고 수요량이 적은 여름철이 절감비용이 가장 작았다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 1년간 실제 열량 생산비용 대비 연간 절감비용을 환산하면 이론적으로 84억원이며 이는 수도권 전지사의 연간 총 열생산 비용(3,070억원)의 2.74%이상을 절감하는 경제적 효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1102-1139
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• 2002

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2000 and 2001 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation of facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat, humidity was also interesting for comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for developing facilities and their systems. (2) Most of papers related with heat transfer analysis and heat exchanger shows dealt with convection, evaporation, and channel flow for the design application of heat exchanger. The numerical heat transfer simulation studies have been peformed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics. Experimental as well as numerical studies on heat exchanger were reported, while not many papers are available for the system analysis including heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies on heat pump system shows that performance analysis and control of heat pump have been peformed by various simulations and experiments. The research papers on multi-type heat pump system increased significantly. The studies on heat pipe have been examined experimently for change of working characteristics and strut lure. Research on the phase change has been carried out steadily and operation strategies of encapsulated ice storage tank are reported experimentally in several papers. (4) A review of recent studies on refrigeration/air conditioning system have focused on the system performance and efficiency for new alternative refrigerants. Evaporation and condensation heat transfer characteristics are investigated for tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants. Studies on components of refrigeration/air conditioning system are carried to examine efficiency for various compressors and performance of new expansion devices. In addition to thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out, however research works on two-phase flow seemed to be insufficient. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption cooling system indicates that heat and mass transfer phenomena have been investigated to improve absorber performance. Various experimental data have been presented and several simulation models have been proposed. A review of the recent studies on duct and ventilation shows that ventilation indices have been proposed to quantify the ventilation performance in buildings and tunnels. Main efforts have been focused on the applications of ventilation effectiveness in practice, either numerically using computational fluid dynamics or experimentally using tracer gas techniques. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, research issues have mainly focused on many innovative ideas such as underfloor air-conditioning system, personal environmental modules, radiant floor cooling and etc. Also, the new approaches for minimizing energy consumption as well as improving indoor environmental conditions through predictive control of HVAC systems, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation were highlighted.