• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.156-164
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• 1985

To elucidate the effect of splenectomy on the development of experimental primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in mice, the death rate and survival time of mice infected intranasally with Naegleria fowleri trophozoites $5{\times}10^4$ cultivated in CGVS medium were compared according to the mouse age when splenectomy was done, and post-operation until experimental infection. Immunodigusion was undergone to detect the presence of serum antibod). due to N, fowleri infecttion in mice. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was done to compare the protein fractions of mouse serum in each experimental groups. In experiment I, splenectomy was done 3 weeks and infection 4 weeks after birth, the death rate of control, sham operated and splenectomized group were 100%, 85% and 95%, and the mean survival time after infection 7.3 days, 7.5 days and 7.8 days, respectively. In experiment II, splenectomy was undergone 3 weeks and infection 6 weeks after birth, the death rate of of control, sham operated and splenectomized group were 95%, 95% and 95%, and the mean survival time after infection 12.1 days, 11.5 days and 11.5 days, respectively. In experiment III, splenectomy was done 5 weeks and infection 6 weeks after birth, the death rate of control, sham operated and splenectomized group were 95%, 90% and 95%, and the mean survival time after infection 8.1 days, 8.3 days and 8.5 days, respectively. By Ouchterlony immunodigusion, anti-JV. fowleri antibody in the serum of mouse with primary amoebic meningoencephalitis was detected against a N. fowleri antigen, which was prepared by ultrasonication of N, fowleri trophozoites, each reacting two lines of precipitation. The patterns of serum fractions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were different between control and sham operated groups from splenectomized group in fraction II, III and V, the sera of which were collected after N. fowleri infection. This results may be summarized as that splenectomy has no effect on the development of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in mice.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.123-139
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• 1985

The present survey was undertaken to observe the geographical distibution of matacercaria among the sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, the most important second intermediate host of Metagonimus yokegawai, which were collected during the period from 1983 to 1984 in south-eastern coastal areas of Korea. The results obtained were summarized as follow: 1. A total of 668 sweetfish collected from 70 chins (=streams) in the above coastal arcus was examined for the metacercariae, and 432 (64.7%) among them were infected with metacercariae of M. yokogawai. The mean number of metacercariae in a fish was in the range from 0 to 29,604 and the mean number of the metacercariae in a fish was 640.3. 2. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 46.45 in Gangweon-Do (=province) . The infection rates varied from stream to stress showing 100% in Namdae stream(Gangnun-city) , Obsib stream (Samchok-gun) and Dongmak, 95.0% in Hosan stream, 90.0% in Gungchin stream, and Namdae stream (Yangyang-fp) ,80.0% in Hwasang stream,50.0% in Daebong stream,45.0% in Yonghwa stream, 30.0% in sangchsn stream and Sachsn stream, 20.0% in Munam stream and Okgyoe stream, 15.0% in Imweon stream, 10.0% in Namchsn stream. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the areas of Mulchi stream, Sangun stream, Gosamun stream, Jonchon stream and Gagok stream. 3. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 50.9% in Kyangsangbuk-Do (=province). The infection rates also varied from stream to stream showing 100% in Songchon stream, Osib stream (Yongdok-gun) and Daejong stream,60.0% in Pyanghae stream and Gunmu stream,50.0% in Buhwung stream and stream, 25.0% in Nagok stream, 20.0% in Oangbi stream, 10.0% in Namhodong stream. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the areas of Namdae stream (Uljinup) and Chaksan stream. 4. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 67.6% in Kyangsangnam-Do(=province). The infection rates varied from stream to stream showing 100% in Taehwa river, Hwiya river, Inchfn stream, Miryang river, Nam river, Hwagae stream, Koha stream, Sosang stream, and Tongchon stream,90.9% in Yancho stream,90.0% in Hoihwa stream,80.0% in Chindong stream, 66. YoA in Chingyo stream, 40.0% in Hoyam river. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the areas of Chinjon stream, Sanchan stream and Jukch6n stream. 5. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 94.6"A in 0h511anam-Do(=province). The infection rates varied from stream to stream showing 100% in DongchEn stream, Isachon stream, Somjin river(GoksEng-gun) , Ssmjin river(Kurye-gun) , S6si stream, Gokchsn stream, Kohung stream, Kwansan stream, Youi stream, stream, Unj6n stream and Apnae stream, 92.3% in Tamjin river, 90.9% in Okkok stream, 84.6% in Songgen stream. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the area of Ypmgpl stream. 6. On the other hand, the infection rate showed 100% in Inchsn river of Chollabuk Do (=province) (=province) and Kangsn stream of Cheju-Do(=province) .

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 1985

The seasonal variations of the rate and intensity of metacercarial infection of C. sinensis in P. parva were observed. The fish were collected at Sun-Am River which located in Kim-Hae City, Kyong-Sang Nam Do (=Province), Korea, from March 1983, to February 1984 every month. A total of 788 fish was examined. The number of metacercariae in each fish was individually counted after the individual digestion by artificial gastric juice. The results were as follows: 1. During one year, 513 (65.1%) out of 788 fish were infected with metacercariae. In May, June, July and September, the infection rates ranged from 82.0% to 98.6% whereas the rates was relatively low in March, April, November and February ranging from 11.4% to 64.7%. 2. The intensity of infection was similar with those of infection rates. The mean intensity per infected fish was 103.0 and standard deviation was 118.9 throughout one year. The highest mean intensity was in June (294.8) and the lowest in November (11.1). 3. The observed frequency of fish with certain intensities of metacercariae were fitted to theoretical equations derived from negative binomial distribution in March, April, November and February (p>0.05). Meanwhile, the equation of lognormal distribution were fitted with the observed frequencies in May, June, July and September (p>0.05, p>O. 75). The variance/mean ratio varied by month. The value was the highest in July (814.3) and the lowest in November (158.8). Unlike our hypothesis, the metacercarial density of Clonorchis sinensis in its the most favorable fish host, Pseudorasbora parva showed considerable seasonal variations in the hyperendemic area. The possible factors were discussed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 1985

In order to determine the susceptible age of Enterobius vermicular is to anthelmintics and to observe the chronologie growth of female E. vermicularis in man, experimental infections were done. About 500 eggs were challenged to 19 volunteers. After 4, 8, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 35 days of infection, each case was treated by either mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate. On the 40th day of infection all cases including control were treated again to terminate the experimental infection and to evaluate the effect of previous treatment. Each case collected 3-day stools to harvest the expelled worms. The results could be summarized as follows: 1. The infection rates of females were in range of 0.6~13.1 % in control cases. Because the collected worms showed comparable growth and development by day, the worms were concluded to be derived from experimental infection. 2. Cases that were treated with mebendazole on 4, 8 and 16 days after infection expelled 37.5%, 2.5% and 67.5% of the number expelled by a control case on the 40th day. Cases treated thereafter expelled no worms on the 40th day. 3. Cases that were treated with pyrantcl pamoates on 4, 8, 16, 24, 28, 32 and 35 days, expelled 90.7%, 25%, 45.3%, 8%, 2.7%, 5% and 29.3% of the number collected from control cases in respect. 4. All the worms collected were females. The total body length increased consistently and comparably from the 20th day of infection. Those collected on the 20th day were 2.5~3.0 mm long with vagina, sac-like structure and strands of ovaries; 24 day-old worms may have short uterus, 28 day-old worms had long uterus without eggs, 32 day-old worms began to produce eggs, 35 day-old worms showed wide variations in egg deposit in uterus, and 40 day-old worms had uterus filled with eggs from vulva to anal levels. From the above results, it was inferred that the life span of female Enterobius vermicularis was longer than 40 days, and the developmental stages of worms younger than 16 days resisted considerably to both mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.559-571
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• 2017

This study was conducted to determine the adhesive performances of plywoods affected by layering direction and the amounts of thermoplastic films. The face and back layers of veneer were hardwood species (Mixed light hardwood) and core layer veneer was radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). Thermoplastic film used as adhesive were polypropylene (PP) film and polyethylene (PE) film. Thermal analysis and tensile strength were investigated on each films. As a result, the melting temperature of PP and PE films were $163.4^{\circ}C$ and $109.7^{\circ}C$, respectively, and the crystallization temperature were $98.9^{\circ}C$ and $93.6^{\circ}C$, respectively. Tensile strength and elongation of each films appeared higher on the width direction than length direction. Considering the characteristics of the thermoplastic films, the test for the amount of film used was carried out by layering film to the target thickness on veneer. The effecting of layering direction of film on plywood manufacturing was conducted by laminating in the length and width directions of the film according to the grain direction of veneer. Tensile-shear strength of plywood in wet condition was satisfied with the quality standard (0.7 MPa) of KS F 3101 when the film was used over 0.05 mm of PP film and over 0.10 mm of PE film. Tensile-shear strength of plywood after cyclic boiling exceeded the KS standard when PP film was used 0.20 mm thickness. Furthermore, higher bonding strength was observed on a plywood made with width direction of film according to grain direction of veneer than that of length direction of film. Based on microscopic analysis of the surface and bonding line of plywood, interlocking between veneers by penetration of a thermoplastic film into inner and cracks were observed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.432-441
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• 2016

Machaerium cuspidatum, a canopy liana, is a species of genus legume in the Fabaceae family and contributes to the total species richness in the tropical rain forests. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidative and anti-cancer effects of M. cuspidatum and its mode of action. The methanol extract of M. cuspidatum (MEMC) exhibited anti-oxidative activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of $1.66{\mu}g/ml$, and this was attributable to its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity. MEMC also exhibited a cytotoxic effect and induced morphological changes in a dose-dependent manner in several cancer cell lines including human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, and human colon carcinoma HT29 cells. Moreover, MEMC treatment induced the accumulation of subG1 population, which is indicative of apoptosis in A549 and HepG2 cells. MEMC-induced apoptosis was confirmed by the increase in Annexin V-positive apoptotic cells and apoptotic bodies using Annexin-V staining and DAPI staining, respectively. Further investigation showed that MEMC-induced apoptosis was associated with the increase in p53 and Bax expression, and the decrease in Bcl-2 expression. In addition, MEMC treatment led to proteolytic activation of caspase-3, 8, and 9 and degradation of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Taken together, these results suggest that MEMC may exert a beneficial anti-cancer effect by inducing apoptosis via both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in A549 and HepG2 cells.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

Changgyeongwon emerged as pleasure grounds following the creation of a museum, zoo and botanical garden in Changgyeonggung Palace during the Japanese colonial period. Pleasure grounds offer space for entertainment and have maintained the image of a paradise apart from reality. This study examined the creation process of pleasure grounds within a royal palace and the following spatial changes. By analyzing the image of Changgyeongwon as an artificial paradise, this study explored its landscape and cultural aspects. Literature reviews on the intention and process showed that the Changgyeongwon pleasure grounds were created as a 'royal garden' for the amusement of Sunjong, as well as 'public pleasure grounds' in the process of colonization. It was one of the first public spaces open to everyone who could afford the entrance fee. The layout of Changgyeongwon was studied by a comparison and analyzation of modern plans and photographs. It was composed of the central museum zone, northern botanical garden zone, and southern zoological garden zone. A conservatory and greenhouse to exhibit and maintain tropical plants were intensively built in the botanical garden zone while an aviary was created on the zoo pond. In the vicinity of the aviary a vivarium was constructed. Museum exhibition facilities included a main building as well as existing buildings, and a western flower garden was created between the buildings. Space for children including a playground and horse-riding course were created in the 1930's. The paradisiacal image and pleasure grounds culture of Changgyeongwon were studied as follows. Firstly, it shows that Changgyeongwon's paradisiacal image where rare animals and exotic plants were open to the public was promoted by the zoo and botanical garden. This led to the creation of new popular leisure activities such as flower appreciation and animal watching. Secondly, Changgyeongwon offered an urban leisure space, symbolizing the 'non-urban nature within the city' where the urban residents could escape from the daily routine. Thirdly, Changgyeongwon was known for its 'fantastic night landscape' by its night opening during the cherry blossom season. This cherry blossom viewing at night sadly degenerated by various shows and drinking, and as a result, an image of a deviant paradise was given to Changgyeongwon. Changgyeongwon contributed to creating a new space with its diverse facilities, and the public embraced the urban culture through experiences of pleasure and entertainment.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.207-220
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• 2008

Tourism in the natural environment grows significantly and in many tropical countries it becomesthe important earning of the nations. Nevertheless, tourism impact to environment and cultural values has become the threats to the sustainability and competitiveness of such industry. Therefore, the appropriate planning and management of tourism destination sites where environmentally and culturally fragile are needed in order to increase economic benefits, sustain local culture and conserve environment in balance. The aims of the paper are to examine tourism practices, to determine socio-cultural and natural resources, and to assess local people perception to cultural landscape and its future tourism development in order to formulate the appropriate strategies to achieve sustainable tourism. A case study was carried out at Tengger highland, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park(BTSNP) East Java. Official documents were gathered and interviews with several key persons had conducted to determine recent status of tourism, resources capital and the existence of local people. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were carried out at Tenggerese villages to explore local people perspectives to tourism development, culture preservation, and cultural landscape conservation issues. It is followed by descriptive analysis of vegetation to assess the recent status of environments based on vegetation information. Our findings reveals that tourism grows significantly at BTSNP, and Tengger Caldera as spiritual and cultural sites for local people become the centre for tourism activities. The abundance cultural and natural resources are the significant capital for sustainable tourism. Tenggerese argues that tourism should be planned to provide benefits to local people, preserve tradition and able to conserve nature in order to ensure the living sustainability of Tenggerese. The overall result of the study provide general feature of recent status of the cultural and natural resources as well as positive society perception in order to establish a strategy for sustainable tourism in cultural landscape.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.183-194
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• 1990

In an attempt to develop prophylactic and therapeutic measures of the intestinal giant-cystic disease caused by Thelohanellus kitauei in the Israel carp, Cyprinus carpio nodus, pathological observations were conducted upon the carps which were hatched in May 1988 and raised in a net cage fish farm at the Soyang lake, managed by Horim Fisheries for the period of 21 months with 1~2 months interval. After a gross inspection of the carps, necropsy was carried out periodically in order to clarify the pathological changes in various internal organs and muscular tissues. Also. the prevalence of the disease was checked during the period from 1988 to 1990. Gross inspections revealed that the infected carps showed some degree of fading in body and gill color, back-emaciation symptoms, reddish anus accompanying erosion and relaxation and pot-belly, as well as discharge of yellowish white mucoid material from the anus. However, most carps died eventually of intestinal obstruction. Other significant necropsy fadings included cyst formation of various size in the intestinal mucosa, ascites, anemic condition through internal organs and muscular tissues, hyperemia and dilation of intestines with decreased tension, thinness and fragility, and full contents of semi-fluid or yellowish white mucoid material in the intestinal canals. Based on the morphological characteristics of the spores found in the cysts, parasitic location in the intestines, macro- and microscopic findings of the lesions, the parasites were identised as Thelohanellus kitauei Egusa os Nakajima, 1981. Although monthly changes of water temperature were distinct, the extrusion rates of the polar filaments of the spores stayed constant throughout the year with an exception of a lower rate in July, The lesions initiated from mucosa and submucosa in early July became large swellings and then complete mature (orms following the peracute course. From late August the upper cysts were gradually opened and most of the spores were dispersed from anus into the surrounding water through December but only a few lasted until next April. The cysts were completely recovered until next September. Comparing the incidence and prevalence of the disease by year tremendous infection and death rates were checked in the first prevalent year, 1988, but the rates were significantly decreased in the second year, and showed an almost normal status in the third year, 1990. As the above summarized results showed, the disease entity might come to an end in three years after the first prevalent year, however, the spores must be strictly prevented because they could be infective in the water for one year.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.143-154
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• 1990

Observations were made on the differences of cell-mediated responses in mice of three infectiorl groups di여erently scheduled in their severity with pathogenic Acanthamoeba culbertseni. Infections were done by dropping $5{\;}{\mu}l$ saline suspension containing $3{\times}10^3,{\;}1{\times}10^4,{\;}or{\;}1{\times}10^5$ trophosoites, respectively. Amoebae were cultured anenically in CGV medium and inoculated into the right nasal cavity of CSH/HeJ mice aging around 6∼8 weeks, under the anesthesia by intraperitoneal injection of secobarbital. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in footpad and blastogenlc responses of mouse spleen cells using ($^3H$)-thymidine and the serum antibody titer were measured up to day 14 after infection, and natural killer cell activities were measured up to day, i after infection. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1. The mice infected with $3{\times}10^3$ trophosoites showed mortality rate of 17%, and 345 in the mice infected with $1{\times}10^4$ trophozoites and 65% with $1{\times}10^5$ trophozoites. 2. In regard to DTH responses in all experimental groups, the level increased on day 7 and declined on day 14 after infection, but their differences could not be noted between infected and control groups. 3. The blastogenic responses of splenocytes treated with amoeba Iysates and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) showed no difference from the control group. The blastogenic responses of splenocytes treated with concanavalin A were declined significantly in the experimental group as compared with the control group, but the blastogenic responses of splenocytes treated with polyinosinic acid were not different from the control group. There was also no difference among three infected groups. 4. The cytotoxic activity of the natural killer cells was activated on day 1 after infection and declined to the level of control group on day 2 in all experimental groups. On day 5 after infection, the natural killer cell cytotoxicity was significantly suppressed as compared with the control groups. 5. The serum antibody titers of the infected mice increased after day 7, but there was no statistical difference between the three infected groups. In summary of the results, there was no difference in cell-mediated immune responses of three experimental groups scheduled with different infection intensities. But there was a significant difference in cell$.$mediated immune responses between infected and control mice. It is considered that cell-mediated immune responses should be involved in murine model infected with A. culbertsoni.