• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.694-699
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• 2002

The present experiment was carried out to determine the effect of seed-coat softening by various chemicals, washing, chilling, and light treatment alone and in combination during desiccation of seeds on germination of gourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) seeds. Potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, acetone, acetonitrile, and acetamide were used as chemicals for the softening. Washing, prechilling, drying and light treatment of the softened seeds were done for a hour with tap water, for one or three weeks at 3$^{\circ}C$, 12 hr at 35$^{\circ}C$, and 14 hr a day at 3$0^{\circ}C$ with red light illumination or darkness, respectively. FR-yongjadaemok and FR-kunghap were used as test cultivars. Seed-coat softening with 10% acetone and acetonitrile for 1 hour enhanced and accelerated seed germination compared to the other chemicals and water imbibition. KOH treated for the softening was necessary to increase the germination rate of seeds for following chilling, but acetone did not influence their germinability regardless of chilling. Washing the softened seeds in tap water increased the germination rate in comparison with no-washing. During desiccation of the seeds sequentially treated with the softening, washing and chilling, red light treatment showed higher germination rate than dark one, suggesting that red light treatment are necessary during desiccation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.174-182
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigated the effects of soil type and light condition on seedling quality of rare and endemic plants Orostachys iwarenge and Orostachys iwarenge for. magnus. The best seedling quality of O. iwarenge and O. iwarenge for. magnus seedling were shown in Klasmann soil at non-shading or LED (Red+Blue) condition, 50% shading or LED (Red+Blue) condition, respectively. Survival of O. iwarenge seedling was not influenced by the period of experiment but survival of O. iwarenge for. magnus seedling in sandy soil conditions decreased significantly. Results of correlation analysis of seedling quality and survival rate, indicated that O. iwarenge showed a correlation of 0.8 or more at plant height, leaf length and fresh weight. O. iwarenge for. magnus showed a correlation of 0.8 or more at plant height, leaf width and leaf length. Especially, seedling survival of O. iwarenge and O. iwarenge for. magnus showed a correlation of 0.8 or more at first seedling survival and second seedling survival. It was important to manage the early seedling stages of O. iwarenge and O. iwarenge for. magnus. Therefore, seedlings with plant height (over 2.5~4 cm) and root length (over 3~5 cm) were grown vigorously at 35 days after the seedling was transplanted in mid-April in Klasmann soil of 72 plug cell tray at LED (Red+Blue) conditions.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.9-18
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• 1988

본 고에서는 가속냉각형 TMCP강재에서 발생되는 연화현상을 정립하고자, 본 저자들의 그간 연구결과와 기존의 연구보고들을 종합적으로 검토하여 연화현상에 미치는 제반 인자들의 영향을 정량화하고자 하였다. 연화현상에 관계되는 인자로는 화학성분이나 강재 두께 등의 강재자체의 내적인자와 용접, 후열처리 등의 외적인자로 나누어 평가하였다. 이를 토대로 시공시 발생되는 가속냉각형 TMCP강재의 강도변화를 예측함으로써 TMCP강재를 보다 효율적으로 중공업분야에 확대적용하고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.210-215
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• 1998

Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum) was traditionally propagated by its rhizomes but seed propagation has not been practiced due to their dormancy and high price. To improve the seedling production through seed pretreatments, the experiment was conducted to determine the effect of seedcoat softening and seed prechilling on seed germination and bulbil formation of the seal. The prechilling was done for 4 to 16 weeks at $3^{\circ}C$ and the softening was forced with 10% KOH for 40 minutes. Seed germination, bulbil formation and length, no. of root and root length were measured at 6 and 12 weeks after sowing. Seed germination and bulbil formation were greater at 8 to 12 week prechilling than at shorter or longer treatment when only the prechilling was enforced. Prechilling had greater effect compared to seed coat softening. In addition, the softening treatment before prechilling showed higher germination and bulbil formation compared to single treatment of them. The softening treatment prior to prechilling was better than the reverse treatment in number of root except the above two characters. Duration of prechilling treatment was able to be shortened below 8 weeks when the softening treatment was applied before prechilling.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.292-296
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• 2018

Softening effects of enzyme following pre-treatments were examined. Four pre-treatments: raw (R), heat (H), heat and freeze-thawing (HFT), heat and freeze-drying (HFD) were applied to carrot. Subsequently, each treated sample was immersed in 10% celluclast enzyme solution for up to 6 h and then their properties were compared. The minimum and the maximum color change was observed in HFD and H, respectively. R showed no change in hardness after 6 h immersion, indicating that the enzyme did not penetrate the carrot. The number and size of pores were greater in samples undergone HFT or HFD as observed by microstructure analysis using SEM, and HFD caused 99.5% reduction in hardness after 6 h immersion. After 6 h immersion post-HFT or 3 h immersion post-HFD, the hardness was less than $20,000N/m^2$, indicating tongue ingestion was possible, and the samples retained their original shape and easily collapsed by spoon pressing.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.243-247
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• 2019

Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) petals are edible flowers which have been used as a decorative ingredient in dishes or as a medicinal food. In this study, the anti-skin aging potential of calendula petals was investigated. Additionally, the texture was softened by non-enzymatic methods to broaden their application as a food or cosmetic agent. Treatment of calendula prevented ultraviolet-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in skin cells. We investigated whether heating-based processing could soften calendula petals. The results from the punctual test demonstrated significant changes in the hardness of calendula petals depending on the pH, heating temperature, and time. Although there were minor differences among various processing conditions, the largest alteration in hardness was observed when the petals were softened by incubation at $80^{\circ}C$ and pH 2.3 for 120 min. Collectively, these results show that the application of proper processing conditions can soften calendula petals without using enzymes.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.621-630
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• 2019

A woodblock softening process using saltwater was investigated in order to reduce the cracks and distortion caused by the woodblock-making process and to make the woodblock softer and sculpturing easier. Although anatomical studies of woodblocks have been ongoing for years, little work has been done on softening treatments using natural materials. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the change in the physical properties of wood treated with saturated brine and the effect of salt on metal nails found embedded in woodblocks. After boiling for twelve h each in water and saturated brine, the saltwater-boiled specimens have longer drying times than the water-boiled specimens. Further, it was observed that salt particles penetrated the cells in the wood. As a result of exposing the copper and iron nails, which were stuck in each specimen, to a high humidity environment, the weight of the saltwater-boiled specimens increased due to the hygroscopicity of the salt. Corrosion of the nails also occurred. This result is similar to the problem that appears on the edge of a woodblock. In conclusion, it was shown that salt in the wood cells affects the corrosion of metal embedded in the wood.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.40-53
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• 1992

고온고압장치(High Temperature and Pressure Vessels)의 적용을 위한 기초연구로서 9Cr-1Mo강 용접부의 연화특성에 대하여 검토하였다. 9Cr-1Mo 강재에 Bead-on-Plate용접을 실시한 후, 용접부의 기계적 성질과 그 현미경조직관찰 및 미세경도를 측정한 결과, As-Welded 및 용접 후열처리(PWHT)등의 조건에 관계없이 용접열향부의 변태역과 템퍼링역의 경계에서 모재의 경 도보다 낮은 경도값(연화역)을 나타내었으며 이러한 원인은 결정립계(Grain boundary)에 석출 되는 탄화물의 형성에 의한 뜨임 현상임이 판명되었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.165.2-166
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• 2003

최소 가공 수박의 가공과 유통 중 품질 열화에 있어 가장 중요한 문제는 과육의 조직연화이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 세포 분리를 제한하고 과실 조직의 경도를 유지시키는데 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있는 칼슘제제 중 calcium chloride, calcium lactate, CaO를 처리하여, 최소 가공 수박에서 조직연화로 발생되는 품질저하 억제에 가장 효과적인 칼슘제제를 알아보고자 하였다. 수박의 과육부위를 2cm의 정육면체 형태로 절단한 후, 0.5% calcium chloride, 0.5% calcium lactate, 0.05% CaO용액에 3분 동안 침지시켰다. 그리고 fan을 이용하여 상온에서 30분 동안 draining한 다음 PP tray에 담아 PP film로 sealing하고 $10^{\circ}C$에서 일주일간 저장하며 품질변화를 살펴보았다. 호흡특성은 0.05% CaO 및 0.5% calcium chloride용액을 처리한 구가 호흡률이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 가용성고형분은 처리 직후 처리구의 함량이 무처리구에 비해 다소 낮아지는 경향을 보였으나, 저장기간 중 0.5% calcium chloride 용액처리구는 다른 처리구에 비하여 큰 함량 변화 없이 당도가 일정 수준으로 유지되었다. pH 변화는 0.5% calcium chloride용액 처리구에서 변화가 가장 작았으며, 경도변화 역시 저장 초기값과 비교하였을 때보다 감소가 적게 일어나 다른 처리구에 비하여 연화 저해에 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 최소가공 수박에 대해 칼슘제제 중 calcium chloride용액 처리가 품질유지에 가장 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.291-299
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effect of inoculation time of phosphate- solubilizing Kluyvera sp. CL2 on fruit quality in cultivation of Campbell early' grape. When phosphate-solubilizing strain was treated at the stone-hardening stage, soil phosphorous increased, exchangeable cations such as K, Ca and Mg also increased. Soil pH was not changed severely due to the soil buffer capacity. Water soluble phosphate concentrations did not decrease heavily up to 20 days after inoculation. When this strain was treated at the berry-softening stage, soil phosphate solubilization ratio was high, cluster weight and sugar content also increased. Both anthocyanin contents and Hunter's values were seen to be significant when inoculation times were stone-hardening stage and berry-softening stage, in particular, increase of Hunter's value a resulted in the improvement of coloration. From these results, we could find that the inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing Kluyvera sp. CL2 at berry-softening stage was the most effective in improvement of fruit productivity and quality in cultivation of'Campbell early' grape.