• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.130-138
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• 2000

The friction factor equation of open channel flow is developed by using Prandtl's mixing length theory and considering the flow characteristics of smooth or rough turbulent flow. BYO model considers vertical velocity profile for the (:omputation of bottom friction of surface waves and current flow. The model computes the mean bottom friction of combined wave-current flow by the vectorial summation of wave velocity and current velocity at Bijker point. The near bottom flow is discriminated by three flow regimes; smooth, transitional and rough turbulent flow. The model, BYO, has been further refined considering the combination of smooth turbulent flow and rough turbulent flow.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.279-285
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• 2017

In general, the power law and logarithmic profile are commonly used as flow vertical velocity profile model. However, since the parameters of profile vary with characteristics of coastal environment, it is necessary to estimate these values from measured data using regression analysis. In this paper, we estimated the power law exponent (n), friction velocity ($u^*$) and roughness length ($z_0$) of logarithmic profile by analyzing measured tidal current data that are averaged at a interval of 30 min. In the results of analysis, power law exponent (n) was estimated to be about 10.75 during flood and about 9.3 during ebb. Meanwhile, $u^*$ of logarithmic profile was estimated to be about 0.084 m/s, 0.105 m/s during flood and ebb, respectively. Also, $z_0$ was estimated to be 0.004 m and 0.006 m, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.558-558
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• 2012

다수의 자연 하천은 유사 이동과 하안의 침식으로 인하여 사행 하천이 발생한다. 사행 하천에서의 이차류는 원심력, 편수위로 발생하는 중력에 의한 압력차, 그리고 난류로 인하여 발생하는 응력으로 인하여 형성되며 나선형 구조 형태로 표면 유속은 외부로 향하고 하천 바닥의 유속은 안으로 향하게 된다. 이러한 2차류의 형성은 주 흐름의 특성을 변형시킨다. 자연하천에서 2차류는 주 흐름의 15-25%의 크기를 가지고 있으나, 하상의 변화, 유사의 이동 등과 연관되므로 2차류의 영향을 정확히 해석하는 것은 수리학적으로 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 사행수로에서 발생하는 2차류 거동을 수치모의를 통하여 수행하였다. 우선 2차류의 분석을 위하여 실험을 통한 결과물을 비교하였다. 자연 하천의 특성을 반영할 수 있도록 서일원(2006)이 수행한 S-자 형태의 실험 수로의 실험 결과를 분석하였다. 수치 모의를 위하여 3차원 전산유체역학 프로그램을 사용하여 사행수로의 2차원 유속 구조를 모의할 수 있도록 하였다. FLOW-3D 프로그램을 이용하여 실험 결과와 모의 결과를 비교할 수 있도록 하였으며 비교 후 보정을 실시하였다. 모의는 주로 LES (Large Eddy Simulation) 모형을 통해 이루어졌으며, 이를 통하여 실험에서 획득한 결과와 비슷한 유속구조 분포를 확인할 수 있었다. 보정 및 검증 후 수치 모의를 통한 유속 데이터를 이용하여 민감도 분석을 실행하였다. 이후로는 수로의 만곡부, 조도, 수심 등 인공수로의 조건을 변경하여 수치 모의를 수행하였다. 보정된 결과를 이용하여 추가적인 모의를 통한 유속 분포 구조의 비교가 이루어졌다. 이를 통하여 각 조건이 이차류의 크기에 미치는 영향을 확인할 수 있었으며, 모의를 통한 유속분포 결과는 대체적으로 실험을 통한 이차류의 연직분포 구조와 일치하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 1994

A 3-dimensional numerical model of wind-induced flows has been established. and comparative evaluation of determination methods of vertical eddy viscosity has been performed. The model uses turbulence models to calculate vertical eddy viscosity. The examined methods arp 0-equation model of functional form, 1-equation model of turbulence kinetic energy, and two 2-equation models ($textsc{k}$-$\varepsilon$ and $textsc{k}$-ι models). The evaluation includes the verification tests against experimental data for wind-driven current On a closed one-dimensional channel and a recirculating one-dimensional channel. Comparative study of turbulence models has shown that the proper distribution of turbulence scale is parabolic and the eddy viscosity is depending strongly on mixing depth due to wind.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.13-23
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• 1984

The purpose of this paper is to develop a numerical model which can be used to compute the suspended load concentration of which the two-dimensional unsteady diffusion equation is able to be solved by the finite difference method using the implicit scheme. The pick-up rate formula from the bottom used in the open channel as a sink source term and the Coleman's empirical formula for the diffusion coefficient were taken, and especially the hindered settling velocity and the vertical velocity of flow due to the periodical tidal motion were taken into account, while the effects of the variables, such as the horizontal and vertical velocities of flow, tidal range, the settling velocity and hindered settling, on the suspened load concentrations have been discussed, comparing the results obtained from the different cases in the simulation conditions.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.917-925
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• 2005

LSIV (Large Scale Image Velcocimetry) Is one of the image-based velocity measurement techniques. Since it measures surface velocities, it gives simple and inexpensive way to measure velocity, compared to other methods. Because of these advantages, there have been many studies to apply LSIV to the river discharge measurement in the field. Measuring the discharge by using LSIV requires a method which converts a surface velocity to a mean velocity In the present study, experiments and analysis of vortical velocity profile of open-channel flow in various conditions were performed to develop methods which estimate a mean velocity from a surface velocity. The result of this experiment reveals that velocity-dip phenomena occur at free-surface layer in open channel flow and Froude number affects more than bed roughness does. Two methods for estimating the mean velocity were proposed. One is to correct the wake law's profiles by using the difference of surface velocity from the mean velocity, and the other is to use the ratio of mean and surface velocities. The result of applying these methods in an experiment shows that they are quite accurate having an error of approximately $6\%$ only.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.141-141
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• 2018

자연하천에 존재하는 식생은 동식물에게 주거지를 제공할 뿐만 아니라 영양염류 흡착 및 정화작용을 통해 수질을 개선시키는 역할을 한다. 이러한 식생하천에 오염물질이 유입될 경우 식생에 의한 흐름 교란 작용으로 인해 오염물의 확산거동에 큰 영향을 주게 된다. 본 연구에서는 식생하천에서의 오염물질 혼합특성을 분석하기 위해 식생모형 실험을 수행하였고, Fischer et al (1979)이 제시한 이론식을 실험결과에 적용하여 종분산계수를 산정하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 자연하천을 재현하기 위해 실험수로에 수중식생 모형을 설치한 후 ADV-Vectrino유속계를 이용하여 유속을 측정하였으며 실험을 통해 식생흐름에서의 유속분포 자료를 취득하고 이를 바탕으로 종분산계수를 산정하였다. 먼저 수중 식생흐름에서 연직유속분포를 측정한 결과, 식생이 존재하는 바닥근처에서는 유속이 느리다가 비식생 구간으로 가면서 유속이 증가하는 분포를 나타낸다. 또한 이 설치된 테스트 구간에 밀도와 유량변화에 따른 케이스를 적용하여 비교 및 분석을 한 결과 식생 밀도를 고정시키고 유량을 증가 시켰을 때 식생구간과 식생이 없는 구간에서의 유속도 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 유량을 고정시키고 식생의 밀도를 순차적으로 높였을 경우 식생구간에서의 유속이 점차적으로 줄어드는 경향을 보였다. 다음으로 분산계수를 결정하는 방법에는 농도자료를 이용하는 방법과 유속자료를 이용하는 방법이 있는데 본 연구에서는 유속자료를 Fischer et al. (1979)의 이론식에 적용하여 분산계수를 산정하는 방법을 적용하였다. Fischer et al. (1979)가 제시한 식에서 먼저 전단 유속 값을 산정하기 위해 벽법칙 (Karman, 1930), 레이놀즈 전단응력 그리고, 난류운동에너지 (Graf, 1998) 방법을 사용한 후 복잡한 난류 흐름에 적용하기 가장 적합하다는 난류운동에너지 방법을 적용하여 전단 응력이 가장 크게 나온 식생모델 끝단에서의 값을 사용하였다. 그 결과, 수중 식생이 존재하는 흐름에서 무차원화 시킨 종분산계수는 6.89-9.78로 나타났다, 이는 Elder (1959)의 수심 적분을 통해 제시한 종분산계수 값 5.93보다 크다. 즉, 수중 식생이 존재할 경우 종분산계수는 식생이 존재 하지 않을 때 보다 증가하는 것으로 보여 진다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.340-345
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• 1995

Dispersion characteristics of surface discharge heat water in shallow region are investigated for coastal power plant with nearly constant depth of 20 meters by observing the seasonal depthwide temperature in several stations, which give or precise horizontal distribution and vertical structure of heat water. Surface discharged heat water in shallow coast in the Yellow Sea relies mainly on ambient tidal flow. so it behaves as free jet when the ambient now is strong and shows plumelike behavior during stagnant tide. According to observation the neat field region is estimated as 200-300 meters and shows distinct vertical profile and exponentially decreasing pattern from discharge point for this region. But there are no remarkable vertical distortion of temperature beyond 800 meters even though it is discharged from surface. Characteristic length scale model, CORMIX3, is applied and compared with the field date Overall tendency of CORMIX3 results resemble well with field data especially in near field and intermediate region.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.2 s.98
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• pp.79-91
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• 2002

A time variable modeling study was performed for seasonal variations of vertical temperature profiles in the Okjung Lake located in upstream of the Sumjin River. Based on the model structure of the US Army Corps of Engineer's CE-QUAL-W2, the lake was divided into 3 branches, 50 longitudinal segments and 49 vertical layers and vertical profiles of water temperature and current velocity were simulated over one year. The model results were calibrated and verified against vertical profiles of water temperature measured every month from March 1998 to February 1999 at 5 different locations. The model results showed a good agreement with the field measurements. The hydrologic balance during this period was validated by comparing the simulated values of surface elevation level with the measured data. There was some discrepancy in July data between the model results and the fleld measurements. This could be attributed partially to the inadequacy of the model to the highly hydrodynamic nature of water body and partially to the lack of accuracy in local atmospheric temperature data during summer monsoon period. The model results have shown that there was no seasonal over-turn in most part of the Okjung Lake, where water temperature maintained above $4^{\circ}C$ over one year. In the upstream shal-low area (depth<20 meter), however, temperature at surface layer fell below $4^{\circ}C$ and water was frozen such that slight over-turn would occur during winter period. From this study, we concluded that the Okjung Lake is oligomictic. This conclusionis significantly different from the general pattern that the lakes located from $20^{\circ}C$ to $40^{\circ}C$ latitude would be warm monomictic. From the examination of simulated current velocity distribution, it was found that the upstream inflows would infiltrate into mesolimnion of the lake during hydrodynamic summer monsoon periods due to the thermal density of water.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2013

In this study, field measurements were conducted in the section about 7 km from sea dike to westward. The observations of along channel current were carried out, and water temperature and salinity were measured simultaneously at 10 stations during one tidal cycle, and sampling interval is 1 hour. The maximum ebb current is about 1.5 m/s at the surface layer but flood current is 0.4 m/s at the bottom layer during discharge period. Residual current during river discharge shows two layer structures which is typical characteristic of the estuary system. On the other hand, residual current during a period with no discharge has shown multi-layer structure different from general estuarine systems. The distribution of high salinity can be seen at the bottom layer as the effect of discharge does not reach down to the bottom layer during discharge. As a result, freshwater is not effected at the bottom layer during observation, and mixing of surface layer to bottom layer is reduced by stratification.