• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.18-35
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• 2000

The most dominant type of landslide in Korea is debris flows which mostly take place along mountain slopes during the rainy season, July to August. The landslides have been reported to begin activation when rainfall is more than 200mm within 2days. The debris flows are usually followed by translational slips which occur upper part of mountain slopes and they transit to debris flow as getting down to the valleys. Lithology, location, slope inclination, grain size distribution of soil, permeability, dry density and porosity have been proved as triggering factor causing translational slides. The triggering data taken from mapping are statistically analysed to get landslide potential quantitatively. Rock mass creeps mostly occur on well bedded sedimentary rocks in Kyeongsang Basin. Although the displacement of rock mass creep is relatively small about 1m, the creep can cause severe hazards due to relatively large volume of the involved rock mass. Examples are rock mass creep occurred in the mouth of Hwangryongsan Tunnel, in Chilgok and in Sachon in 1999. Although the direct factor of the creeps are due to slope cutting at the foot area, more attention is required A rotational slide occurring within thick soil formation or weathered rock is also closely related to bottom part of slope cutting. It is propagated circular or semi-circular type. Especially in korea, the rotational slide may be frequently occurred in Tertiary tuff area. Because they are mainly composed of volcanic ash and pyroclastic materials, well developed joints and high degree of swelling and absorption can easily cause the slide. The landslide among the Pohang-Guryongpo national road is belong to this type of slide.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.25 no.B
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• pp.55-62
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• 2005

This paper is the results of experimental and numerical works on analyzing the geotechnical engineering behavior and characteristics of excavated clay slope formed by the method of excavated replacement which is one of treatments in soft soil ground. For the centrifuge model tests, models of excavated clay slope were prepared by remolding the marine clayey soil sampled from the field. Tests were performed with changing the slope to investigate the behavior of them. On the other hand, numerical analyses were carried out to analyze the change of safety factor against instability of slope with time. Changes of pore water pressure, shear strength and displacement were also investigated. As results of centrifuge model tests with slopes of 1:1.5 and 1:3 using the confining body of simulating the effect of excavation, for the case of 1:1.5, slope failure occurred right after remove the confining body whereas relatively small displacements within the range of 3.2mm, implying to maintain the stability of slope, were observed for the case of 1:3 slope. From the results of numerical analyses using the software of PLAXIS to investigate the stability of slope after excavation, the minimum safety factor against slope failure was 1.28 for the case of 1:3 slope. The further researches in the future are required with considerations of build up of static pore water pressures during acceleration of centrifuge, depth of excavation influencing the behavior of the slope and permeability of the slope since excavation of the slope was not simulated well resulted from the limitations of apparatus at the stage of excavation during the centrifuge tests.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.57-67
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• 1999

In conventional stability analysis of embankment on soft clay ground, an averaged undrained shear strength$(s_u)$ for the depth of clay layer is usually used. Also, all applied load is assumed to an immediate load for simplicity of analysis. The load in the field, however, increases gradually. Undrained shear strength increases during loading due to consolidation of clay ground. In this study, the stability analysis program(RSI-SLOPE) is developed. By using this program, it is possible to consider the rate of strength increase according to the elapsed time of consolidation and the depth of clay ground. And the rested duration for consolidation and gradually increased load can also be considered. Using the examples of some embankments, the critical embankment heights calculated by RSI-SLOPE program are compared with those by PCSTABL without the considerations of gradually increased load and rate of strength increase. In addition, this study contains analysis and comparison about the influence of coefficient of consolidation$(c_u)$ and drainage distance$(H_{DR})$ in the embankment design. RSI-SlOPE program may be useful for more effective and accurate embankment design.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.159-165
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• 2002

Soil cement which is a mixture of soil, cement, and water has a broad range of applications since it is economical, ecological, and easy to use, repair, and reinforce. Its applications include pavements, stabilization of slopes, retaining walls, and improvements of soft ground to name a few. Other types of chemicals are often added to increase its strength. This study investigated unconfined compressive strength of cured soil cement mixed with New Soil Chemical(NSC). The investigation involved laboratory experiments under various conditions including soil type, cement content, and ratios of water to NSC. Results of the study show that NSC enhanced the unconfined compressive strength significantly, and the degree of enhancement was varied with test conditions.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.101-110
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• 1995

The use of geotextile as reinforced materials in Soil structures has become widespread throughout the world. Geotextile reinforcement has been used in retaining walls, slope of embankment and especially soft foundation, etc. In the past, however, its design and construction have been performed empirically. In this study, to investigate of the effect of geotextiles reinforced slope of the embankment on a very soft foundation, a limit equilibrium analysis program calculating the safety factor of embankment on very soft foundation was developed. The study was focussed on such factors as type of geotextile, tensile strength, amount of reinforcement, and inclination of embankment. And the 4imit equilibrium analysis program was written on the basis of Low's slope stability theory with some modification. The following conclusions were drawn from this study. (1) The orientation of reinforcement can be assumed either horizontal or tangential to the slip circle. The factor of safety with tangential reinforcement is larger than that with the horizontal reinforcement. (2) In general, the factor of safety increases, as the slope reduces. However, it is preferable to use geotextiles with higher tensile strength rather than to reduce the slope of the embankment, because it is difficult to adjust the slope as desired. (3) The factor of safety obtained by numerical computation is affected only by the tensile strength, but not by the type of the geotextile.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.536-549
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• 2005

국내 대부분을 차지하고 있는 NATM의 주요원리는 주변지반의 지보효과를 활용하는 터널굴착공법이다. 따라서 실제 지반조건이 원설계조건 보다 역학적으로 불량한 경우 보강공법의 적용은 필수적이라 할 수 있으나, 합리적인 설계변경은 현실적으로 쉽지 않은 실정이다. 또한 현실적인 이유로 양방향으로 터널을 관통하는 설계법과 달리 종종 1방향 굴진으로 터널을 관통하는 경우가 있다. 그러나 이러한 1방향 굴진은 불가분 굴진 종점부에서 저토피 갱구를 향하게 되므로, 지반이 연약한 경ㅇ우 막장 붕괴의 위험이 매우 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 터널은 설계 시 갱구부 지반을 풍화암과 연암으로 보고 설계 하였으나, 실제 굴착 시 확인된 지층은 핵석을 포함한 실트질모래(SP-SM)로 판명되었다. 더구나 터널굴진 방향에 있어서도 양방향 굴착이 아닌 저토피 갱구를 향한 1방향 굴진을 실시하였으며, 이러한 시공 중에 터널관통을 불과 19m 남겨둔 갱구부에서 막장부괴와 동시에 상부사면 함몰이 발생하였다. 본 연구는 토사터널 갱구부 1방향 굴진 시 발생한 막장붕괴 보강사례로서, 지상보강(시멘트밀크 그라우팅)과 갱내보강(방사상 FRP보강그라우팅) 그리고 인버트폐합을 실시하여 성공적으로 터널시공을 완료한 사례연구이다. 본 사례는 향후 토사터널 갱구부의 설계와 시공에 유용한 참고자료가 될 것이다.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.08a
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• pp.48-64
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• 1999

For quantitative evaluation of geotechnical engineering properties such as rippability and diggability, clear interpretation on the subsurface velocity structures should be preceded by figuring out top soil, weathered and soft rock layers, shape of basement, fracture zones, geologic boundary and etc. from the seismic refraction data. It is very important to set up suitable field parameters, which are the configuration of profile and its length, spacings of geophones and sources and topographic conditions, for increasing field data quality Geophone spacing of 3 to 5m is recommended in the land slope area for house land development and 5 to 10m in the tunnel site. In refraction tomography technique, the number of source points should be more than a half of available channel number of instrument, which can make topographic effect ignorable. Compared with core logging data, it is shown that the velocity range of the soil is less than 700m/s, weathered rock 700${\~}$1,200m/s, soft rock 1,200${\~}$1,800m/s. And the upper limit of P-wave velocity for rippability is estimated 1,200 to 1,800m/s in land slope area of gneiss. In case of tunnel site, it is recommended in tunnel design and construction to consider that tunnel is in contact with soft rock layer where three lineaments intersecting each other are recognized from the results of the other survey.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.65-76
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• 2014

For soil improvement, sand mats or sand compaction piles are often constructed on soft marine clays. In such cases, some amounts of sand and clay are inevitably mixed. Sand or gravel often exists in the weathered soils near the slope surface. This research investigates the effect of mixing sand content on consistency limits and shear strength of clays. Firstly, sand was mixed with kaolinite or bentonite at 0, 9, 17, 23, 29, 33, 50% and then liquid and plastic limits were measured. Both plastic and liquid limits decreased as a sand content increased. The water content of clay-sand mixtures with different sand content increased by 10% or 20% step by step and then their undrained shear strength was measured using a portable vane shear device called Torvane. For all cases, undrained shear strength of clay-sand mixtures decreased rapidly until reaching a certain value. Their state changed from undrained to drained state gradually as the sand content increased, which caused their undrained shear strength to decrease. On the other hand, a series of direct shear tests were also conducted on such clay-sand mixtures to investigate the effect of sand content on cohesion and angle of internal friction. It was found from clay-sand mixtures that their cohesion decreased but angle of internal friction increased as the sand content increased.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 1996

The following results were obtained by analyzing the displacement, strain and stability of ground at the soft ground excavation using sheet pile. 1. Before setting the strut, the horizontal displacement was large on the upper part of excavated side, but after setting the strut, it showed concentrated phenomenon while being moved to go down to the excavated side. 2. After setting the strut, the displacement of sheet pile was rapidly decreased about a half compared with before setting the strut. The limitation of excavation depth was shown approximately GL-8m after setting double stair strut. 3. Maximum shear strain was gradually increased with depth of excavation, and local failure possibility due to shear deformation at the bottom of excavation was decreased by reinforcement of strut. 4. Maximum horizontal displacement of sheet pile at GL-7.5m was shown 0.2% of excavation depth in elasto-plastic method, and 0.6% in finite-element methods, and the maximum displacement was occurred around the bottom of excavation. 5. To secure the safety factor about penetration depth in the ground of modeling, D/H should be more than 0.89 in the case of one stair strut, and more than 0.77 in the case of double stair strut. 6. The relation of safety factor and D/H about the penetration depth was appeared, Fs=0.736(D/H) + 0.54 in the case of one stair strut, and Fs=0.750(D/H) + 0.62 in the case of double stair strut.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.65-76
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• 2003

Stone column is a soil improvement method and can be applicable for loose sand or weak cohesive soil. Since the lack of sand, stone column seems one of the most adaptable approach for poor ground as a soil improvement technique. However, this method was not studied for practical application. In this paper, the bearing capacity of single stone column at the Gaduk, Ulsan and Gwangyang under the bulging and general shear failure mode were compared with those of the suggested formulas. Especially, a test result of single stone column at the Busan area by static load was compared with the bearing capacity of suggested formulas. The analysis results showed that there were not much bearing capacity differences among those suggested bearing capacity formulas. However, the bearing capacity by static load test was almost double of those with suggested formula. The result also showed that the undrained shear strength was the most important parameter for the bearing capacity estimation of stone column.