• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1114-1124
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• 1997

Background : Endothelin(ET) is a very potent vasoconstrictive peptide produced by endothelial cells of pulmonary artery. The endothelin level was increased in plasma of primary pulmonary hypertension and acute pulmonary thromboembolism and it was suggested that the endothelin might do a critical role in the cardiopulmonary dysfunction in these two conditions. But the exact mechanism of increase of ET has not been known. In these two conditions, platelet activation and thrombosis are the main pathophysiologic findings. So there is a possibility that the platelet might stimulate endothelin secretion from endothelial cells. Therefore, we performed this study to evaluate the role of platelet and its mediators on endothelin production in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial(BPAE) cells. Method : Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells, ATCC certified cell line 209, were cultured and treated with human platelets($10^6{\sim}10^8/ml$), thrombin (0.1~10u/ml), TGF-${\beta}1$(1~100uM), serotonin(1~100uM), and endotoxin(1ug/ml) in a final volume of 500ul for 18 hours. Levels of ir(immunoreactive)-ET in each conditioned medium were measured by a radioimmunoassay specific for ET. Result : The increase of ir-ET levels was platelet number and time dependent over 18 hours. When washed human platelets were added($10^8/ml$), the ir-ET levels were significantly higher than that of control(p<0.05) at 8 and 18 hours after culture. Subthreshold concentration of platelets($10^7/ml$) coincubated with endotoxin(1ug/ml) or subthreshold dose of thrombin(0.1u/ml) stimulated ir-ET secretion from BPAE cells significantly(p<0.05) compared with control. Thrombin(1ug/ml, 10ug/ml) and TGF-${\beta}1$(100pM, 1000pM) significantly increased ir-ET secretion from BP AE cells(p<0.05) compared with control, but serotoin(1~100uM) and endotoxin(1ug/ml) did not stimulate the ir-ET secretion. Conclusions : Platelets stimulate endothelin secretion from bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. The mechanism of increase of endothelin secretion seems to be a stimulation by platelet itself or by mediators, such as TGF-${\beta}1$, secreted from activated platelets. And, in this study, the priming effect of platelets on endothelin secretion from BPAE cells could be another possibility.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2010

Purpose: In nuclear medicine study, there are two methods, preset count method and preset time method, to acquire static images. We usually use preset count method for static image in $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scan, but occasionally use preset time method. In case of using preset count method, we always acquire same counts but it causes a difference of scan time. In case of using preset time method, it takes same scan time to acquire images but it causes different counts. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate any differences of function and formal information in both kidney by acquisition counts Materials and Methods: From January 11, 2010 to March 31, 2010, we analyzed the 30 patients (M: 11, W: 19). who were examined by $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA scan and have one side of functioning kidney relatively between 40~60%. And the patients who have cold and hot region in image were analyzed but we did not accept images of patients when it was hard to divide kidney into cortex. There was no division between subjects and age of subjects is $14.83{\pm}22.07$ old. We used the BrightView gamma camera from PHILIPS. To analyze function and formal of kidney, we used JET stream release 3.0 version from PHILIPS. Using SPSS 12.0 program, we compared descriptive statistics and paired T-test. Images were acquired sequentially in the same parameters, but there are three methods which different from acquisition time and scan time, 100 kcounts, 300 kcounts and 7 minutes method (exceed 300 kcounts). To assess function and formal information of kidney, we measured renal relative function, geometric mean and size of kidney and analyzed each difference. Results: In case of renal relative function in both kidney, 100 kcounts method was $50.52{\pm}3.64%$. 300 kcounts method was $50.38{\pm}3.66%$ and 7 minutes method was $49.91{\pm}3.40%$ and there were no statistical significant differences between each method. In case of geometric mean, 100 kcounts method was $50.08{\pm}3.25%$. 300 kcounts method was $49.89{\pm}3.40%$ and 7 minutes method was $49.91{\pm}3.24%$. And also, there were no statistical significant differences. When comparing size of kidney, 100 kcounts method was $8.23{\pm}1.96$ cm. 300 kcounts method was $8.12{\pm}1.90$ cm and 7 minutes method was $8.35{\pm}1.97$ cm. In case of right kidney, 100 kcounts method was $7.91{\pm}1.88$ cm. 300 kcounts method was $8.12{\pm}1.90$ cm and 7 minutes method was $8.25{\pm}1.96$ cm. From those values, we recognized that there were significant differences each method (p<0.05). Conclusion: From results of this study, there were no statistical differences in renal relative function and geometric mean by acquisition counts. However, in shape of kidney, the more acquisition counts are increasing, the more size of kidney is getting big. And there were statistical significant differences. Therefore, to perform reliable quantitative result, preset count method is more desirable than preset time method. Especially, in case of a follow-up test, if we use preset time method, it will cause differences of formal results in kidney due to acquisition counts each time we examine patients.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.222-230
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• 2005

Purpose : ARC syndrome refers to an association of arthrogryposis, renal tubular dysfunction, and cholestasis. The VPS33B gene was recently identified as the causative gene. So far, 41 cases of ARC syndrome have been reported worldwide, and it has rarely been reported in Korea. This study was conducted to report the clinical findings of seven ARC syndrome cases in Korean children, focusing especially on renal tubular dysfunction. Methods : The hospital records of 7 cases diagnosed as ARC syndrome at Severance Hospital between Mar. 1995 and Aug. 2005 were reviewed and analyzed. Results : Of the 7 cases, 4 were boys and 3 were girls. Six patients(85$\%$) were born with normal birth weight at term, and one was born at preterm. All cases presented with cholestasis and severe jaundice. According to the type of arthrogryposis described by Brown et al, type 3 and 4 were found in 2 patients and type,6, 7, and the undistributed type in one patient respectively. Other associated clinical findings were as follows : failure to thrive in 6(85$\%$), lax skin in 5(71$\%$), and gray platelet syndrome in 4(57$\%$). Urine analysis revealed 6 cases(85$\%$) with proteinuria, 3(43$\%$) with hematuria, 5(71$\%$) with glycosuria, 2(29$\%$) with phosphaturia and 2(29$\%$) with calciuria. Serum electrolytes showed 4 cases(57$\%$) with hyponatremia, 3(43$\%$) with hypokalemia, and 1(14$\%$) with creatinine elevation. Renal tubular dysfunctions were diagnosed as renal tubular acidosis in 6 cases(85$\%$), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in 2(29$\%$), and Fanconi syndrome in 2(29$\%$). During the follow-up period, 2(29$\%$) had no treatment, 5(85$\%$) had continuous supplementation to correct the electrolyte imbalance and acidosis, and 1(14$\%$) had dialysis. Only one patient had a family history of ARE syndrome in a sibling. Four cases(57$\%$) were diagnosed at the mean age of 8.2 months, and one case was lost during follow-up. Ages of the survived 2 cases were 13 and 25 months, respectively. Conclusion : The rare disease of ARC syndrome Is associated with severe renal dysfunction. However, this study revealed that the renal manifestation of ARC syndrome in Korean children is relatively mild and survival rate is higher than that of previous studies. Contrary to previous reports, this study showed that familial cases are rare and sporadic occurence is possible in Korea. Thus, the diagnosis of this syndrome requires a careful evaluation of the venal function in cases of congenital arthrogryposis, and a mandatory genetic counseling of affected family for prevention of familial occurance. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2005;9:222-230)

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.2206-2217
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• 1971

Spillway and discharge channel of reservoirs require the Control of Large volume of water under high pressure. The energies at the downstream end of spillway or discharge channel are tremendous. Therefore, Some means of expending the energy of the high-velocity flow is required to prevent scour of the riverbed, minimize erosion, and prevent undermining structures or dam it self. This may be accomplished by Constructing an energy dissipator at the downstream end of spillway or discharge channel disigned to dissipated the excessive energy and establish safe flow Condition in the outlet channel. There are many types of energy dissipators, stilling basins are the most familar energy dissipator. In the stilling basin, most energies are dissipated by hydraulic jump. stilling basins have some length to cover hydraulic jump length. So stilling basins require much concrete works and high construction cost. Flip bucket type energy dissipators require less construction cost. If the streambed is composed of firm rock and it is certain that the scour will not progress upstream to the extent that the safety of the structure might be endangered, flip backet type energy dissipators are the most recommendable one. Following items are tested and studied with bucket radius, $R=7h_2$,(medium of $4h_2{\geqq}R{\geqq}10h_2$). 1. Allowable upstream channel slop of bucket. 2. Adequate bucket lip angle for good performance of flip bucket. Also followings are reviwed. 1. Scour by jet flow. 2. Negative pressure distribution and air movement below nappe flow. From the test and study, following results were obtained. 1. Upstream channel slope of bucket (S=H/L) should be 0.25<H/L<0.75 for good performance of flip bucket. 2. Adequated lip angle $30^{\circ}{\sim}40^{\circ}$ are more reliable than $20^{\circ}{\sim}30^{\circ}$ for the safety of structures.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1999

Purpose : To evaluate the efficacy of radiation therapy and extrafascial hysterectomy in bulky stage IB, IIA-B uterine cervix cancers. Methods and Materials : Twenty four patients with bulky stage IB and IIA-B carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with extrafascial hysterectomy following radiation therapy due to doubts of residual disease at Department of therapeutic radiology, Keimyung University, Dongsan Hospital, from April 1986 to December 1997 According to FIGO staging system, there were 7 patients with stage IB, 9 patients with IIA and 8 patients with IIB stage whose median age was 45. Pathologic distribution showed 16 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 8 patients with adenocarcinoma. Seven patients had tumors that are less than 5cm in size and 17 patients had tumors with larger than 5cm. The mean interval between radiation therapy and extrafascial hysterectomy was 57 days. The radiation therapy consisted of external irradition to the whole pelvis (180 cGy/fraction, mean 4100 cGy) and parametrial boost (for a mean total dose of 5000 cGy) with midline shield (4H 10 cm), followed by intracavitary irradiation up to 7500 cGy to point A (maximum 8500 cGy). The maximum follow up duration was 107 months and mean follow up duration was 42 months. Results :Ten out of 24 patients (41.7%) had residual disease found at the time of extrafascial hysterectomies. Five year overall survival rate (5Y OSR) and five year disease free survival rate (5Y DFSR) were 63.6% and 62.5% respectively. Five year overall survival rate for stage IB and IIA was 71.4% and 50% for stage IIB. There was a significant difference in 5Y OSR and 5Y DFSR between patients with and those without residual disease (negative vs positive, 83.3% vs. 40% (P=0.01), 83.3% vs 36% (P=0.01) respectively). There was a notable tendency of better survival with adenocarcinoma than with squamous cell carcinoma (adenocarcinoma vs squamous cell carcinoma, 85.7% vs. 53.3% (P=0.1), 85.7% vs. 50.9% (P=0.1) of 5Y OSR and 5Y DFS respectivey). Total dose to A point did not make a significant difference in survival rate or the existence of residual lesion (< 7500 cGy, ${\geq}$ 7500 cOy). It was also noted that significantly more frequent local failures have occurred in patients with positive residual disease compared with negative residual disease (5/10 vs. 0/14, p=0.003), There was no death related to the treatment. Conclusion : There was no improvement of residual disease and to the overall survival rate in spite of increased total dose to point A. We conclude that there is a possible beneficial effect of radiation therapy followed by extrafaseial hysterectomy in survival for adenocarcinoma of bulky stage IB and IIA-B uterine cervix. We need to confirm this with longer follow up and with large number of patients.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.5
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• pp.618-629
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate ecological niche of Quercus acuta communities in Bogildo-island from July to October, 1998. This island is occupied by a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. The study on community ecology of Q. acuta, mostly dominant species of subtropical forests, is very important for successful forest management. Sampling areas were selected in 16 quadrats, dominated by Q. acuta to examine the vegetation characteristics(plant identification, D.B.H.) and environmental elements (microtopography, altitude, slope degree, aspect, illumination and soil physicochemical properties). On the basis of data from field surveys, importance values were calculated for the dominance of Q. acuta and volume growth was analyzed by tree ring widths. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The lists of vascular plants in the investigations were identified as 54 families, 91 genera, 113 species, 9 varieties, 1 formae. It appeared that 45 kinds were evergreen, 6 kinds(Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Eurya japonica, Smilax china, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Carex lanceolata) were commonly observed in all plots and 5 species(Cinnamomum japonicum, Ardisia japonica, Cymbidium goeringii, Dryopteris bissetiana, Viburnum erosum) were most highly observed in all plots(over 80%). 2. The dominating species per strata were, Quercus acuta, Castanopsis cuspidata sp. Quercus salicina, Pinus thunbergii, Prunus sargentii in tree layer, Camellia Japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Quercus acuta, Eurya japonica, Castanopsis cuspidata sp. in subtree layer, Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Smilax china, Cinnamomum japonicum, Viburnum erosum in shrub layer and Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Ardisia japonica, Carex lanceolata, Camellia japonica(seedlings), Quercus acuta(seedlings) in herb layer, all in descending orders. 3. Quercus acuta could be suggested as shade intolerant tree, considering the distribution in southern, western, nothern and eastern slopes in the descending orders. 4. Mean relative illumination in the forest is 0.89 % and it is relatively low in brightness. 5. Sustainment of Quercus acuta community couldn't be confirmed by judging from their reverse J curve in even-aged forest, as shown in D.B.H. distribution analysis. 6. The result of annual ring width analysis(mean ; 2.44 mm) showed three stages, such as a gentle increasing(1~12 year ; 2.04 mm), a relatively steep increasing(13~22 year ; 2.95 mm) and decreasing or stagnating(23 year after ; 2.41 mm).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.278-283
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• 2003

This study was carried out to examine the nitrogen removal rate of a subsurface-flow treatment wetland system which was constructed on floodplain of the Kwangju River from May to June 2001. Its dimensions were 29m in length, 9m in width and 0.65m in depth. A bottom layer of 45cm in depth was filled with crushed granite with about $15{\sim}30\;mm$ in diameter and a middle layer of 10cm in depth had pea pebbles with about 10 mm in diameter. An upper layer of 5 cm in depth contained course sand. Reeds (Phragmites australis) were transplanted on the surface of the system. They were dug out of natural wetlands and stems were cut at about 40 cm height from their bottom ends. Water of the Kwangju River flowed into it via a pipe by gravity flow and its effluent was funneled back into the river. The height of reed stems was 44.2 cm in July 2001 and 75.3cm in September 2001. The number of stems was increased from $80\;stems/m^2$ in July 2001 to $136\;stems/m^2$ in September 2001. Volume and water quality of inflow and outflow were analyzed from July 2001 through December 2001. Inflow and outflow averaged 40.0 and $39.2\;m^3/day$, respectively. Hydraulic detention time was about 1.5 days. Average nitrogen uptake by reeds was $69.31\;N\;mg/m^2/day$. Removal rate of $NO_3-N$, $NH_3-N$, T-N averaged 195.58, 53.65, and $628.44\;mg/m^2/day$, respectively. Changes of $NO_3-N$ and $NH_3-N$ abatement rates were closely related to those of wetland temperatures. The lower removal rate of nitrogen species compared with that of subsurface-flow wetlands operating in North America could be attributed to the initial stage of the system and inclusion of two cold months into the six-month monitoring period. Increase of standing density of reeds within a few years will develop both root zones suitable for the nitrification of ammonia and surface layer substrates beneficial to the denitrification of nitrates into nitrogen gases, which may lead to increment in the nitrogen retention rate.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) injection on conception and parturition rates in normal or repeat breeding Hanwoo. We treated 462 cows containing 79 repeat-breeding cows of multiparous and allocating 5 treatment groups. Treatment 1 (T1) was injection of 2ml saline (for pseudo treatment), T2 was one injection of rbST 250mg into the tailhead region at the estrus, T3 was twice injection of rbST 250mg both at the time of insemination and again 10 to 14 day later, T4 was once injection of rbST 500mg at insemination and T5 was twice injection of 500mg rbST both at the time of insemination and again 10 to 14day later respectively. In rbST treated groups, timed artificial inseminations (TAI) were performed fellowing estrus synchronization. 100 us GnRH was injected into the scapula region on Day 0, 25mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$ was injected on Day 7 for degeneration of corpus luteum (CL) and 100ug GnRH was injected for inducing the synchronization. The results are as fellows; When normal Hanwoo were inseminated once with rbST administration, the pregnancy rate of T2 $(67.5\pm18.48\%)$ were higher than control $(52.4\pm9.72\%)$, while the pregnancy rate of T4 $(63.3\pm5.77\%)$ were significantly higher (p.<0.05) than control $(39.3\pm12.89\%)$ in repeat breeder Hanwoo. The parturition rates of normal Hanwoo were no differences among the treatments but were significant different in repeat breeder Hanwoo (p<0.05). When the estrous was induced by Ovsynch and inseminated once with rbST administration, the pregnancy rates of T2 was $12.5\%$ higher than control in normal Hanwoo, T4 $(80.0\%)$ was highest among the treatments (p<0.05) in repeat breeder Hanwoo. When normal Hanwoo were inseminated once with rbST administration, the pregnant period was $282.7\~284.8$ days and the body weight was $25.1\~25.9kg$, there were no difference among the treatments. The ratio of sex was almost same without T4 (male vs. female=18:9). In repeat breeder Hanwoo, pregnant period was 280.4~289.3 day and body weight was $23.0\~26.6kg$, it had no difference among the treatments. The sex ratio were similar to normal Hanwoo except T4 (M : F=2 : 8). In conclusion, the pregnancy and parturition rate by once insemination could be improved by the administration of rbST 250mg in normal Hanwoo or 500mg in repeat breeder Hawoo.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.449-458
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• 2003

Background : The poor prognostic factors of far-advanced pulmonary tuberculosis(FAPTB) are lymphocytopenia in the peripheral blood(PB)(< $1,000/mm^3$) and $T_4$-cell count ${\leq}500/mm^3$. However, the cause of PB lymphocytopenia in FAPTB is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the lymphocyte proportion and cytokines of the bone marrow(BM) in FAPTB patients with peripheral lymphocytopenia in order to clarify whether the limiting step of the lymphocytopenia occurs in production, differentiation, or circulation. Methods : This study included patients with FAPTB between August 1999 and August 2002 who visited Gachon Medical School Gil Medical Center. The exclusion criteria were old age(${\geq}65years$), cachexia or a low body weight, shock, hematologic diseases, or BM involvement of tuberculosis. The distributions of cells in PB and BM were analyzed and compared to the control group. The interleukin(IL)-2, IL-7, IL-10, TNF-${\alpha}$, Interferon-${\gamma}$, and TGF-${\beta}$ levels in the BM were measured by ELISA. Result : Thirteen patients(male : female=9:4) were included and the mean age was $42{\pm}12$years. The proportion and count of the lymphocytes in the PB were significantly lower in the FAPTB group ($7.4{\pm}3.0%$, $694{\pm}255/mm^3$ vs. $17.5{\pm}5.8%$, $1,377{\pm}436/mm^3$, each p=0.0001 and 0.002). The proportion of immature lymphocyte in the BM showed a decreasing trend in the FAPTB group($9{\pm}4%$ vs. $12{\pm}3%$, p=0.138). The IL-2($26.0{\pm}29.1$ vs. $112.2{\pm}42.4pg/mL$, p=0.001) and IL-10($3.4{\pm}4.7$ vs. $12.0{\pm}8.0pg/mL$, p=0.031) levels in the BM were significantly lower in the FAPTB group than those in control. The levels of the other cytokines in FAPTB group and control were similar. Conclusion : These results suggest that the cause of lymphocytopenia in PB is associated with a abnormality IL-2 and IL-10 production in the BM. More study will be needed to define the mechanism of a decreased reservoir in BM.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-26
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• 1974

1. Results in Nursery This experiment was carried out on the effect of the seed treament, soil preparations, kinds of covering soil and inside covering methods in two rice varieties, 'Tongil' and 'Akibare' to find out the most reasonable model of the flat nursery bed, with which lower cost is required comparing with the tunnel nursery. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The seedling of all plots of the ordinary seed were very poor compared to the plots of sprouted seed. (2) In case that the variety 'Tongil' was cultivated on the dry nursery bed, the good seedling percentage and the plant height rat io were significantly increased but the other characteristics of the seedling were not noticeable. (3) The kinds of the covering soil had not an effect on the seedling growth significantly. (4) Inside straw mulching was seemed effective for the protection in the case of the extreme high temperature and heavy rain fall, even though there was not significant differences between inside straw mulching and no treatments at the flat type nursery. (5) Difference of seedling growth between the flat type nursery and the tunnel type nursery was not significant. And it's reason was thought that the covering period of polyethylene film was short in semi hot nursery for the common early transplanting cultivation of rice. (6) The percentage of good seedling was higher at 'Akibare' than 'Tongil', variety but the number of seedling leaf and the seedling growth ratio in height were significantly increased in the variety 'Tongil'. The other seedling characters between there two varieties were not significantly different. 2. Results after transplanting This experiment was conducted to study on the ripening percentage, rice yield and disease, appearance of the seedling from sprouted seed plots including common irrigated nursery as check plot after transplantnig. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) The rice yield, the yield components and the appearance of leaf discoloration of both varieties, 'Tongil' and 'Akibare' were slightly betterat the plot of the standard tunnel nursery than that of the flat nursery with inside mulching or the among these three plots. (2) For 'Tongil' variety, the ripening percentage and the rice yield were significantly decreased at the common irrigated nursery compared with semi hot nursery. (3) The ripening percentage and the rice yield of 'Akibare' contrasted with 'Tongil' were significantly decreased at thesemi 'hot-nursery compared with common irrigated nursery. The main reason was thought to be the injury of the rice stripe disease (Rice stripe disease virus). Considering above mentioned experimental result, the seedling of 'Tongil' must be cultivated on the semi bot nursery for better ripening percentage as well as rice yield and for prevention of red discoloration. And as a model of semi hot nursery, the polyethylene covering nursery of standard tunnel type is most desirable but that of flat type with inside straw mulching is thought to be desirable too.