• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.579-609
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• 2003

The role of foreign direct investment (FDI) as a channel of knowledge transfer and on the technological spillovers of know-how to other sectors in the economy is in the middle of this debate. Thus, foreign direct investment may have significant positive effects in reducing residual loadings and environmental pollution. There is an abiding concern expressed by many commentators that countries will lower their environmental standards to attract foreign investment, thereby creating so-called "pollution havens." Others argue that increasing foreign investment could promote "pollution halos" by introducing and transferring more efficient and less polluting technologies. The primary objective of this study is to show the dynamic relationship among pollution loadings, pollution abatement effort, and economic development with explicit consideration of FDI-related effects. This study found when foreign direct investment is evaluated in the model, the environmental pollution level is reduced and expenditure on pollution abatement is increased.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.3-37
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• 2011

This paper investigates the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for carbon dioxide $CO_2$ emissions and its causal relationships with economic growth and openness by using time series data (1971-2006) from China (an emerging market), Korea (a newly industrialized country), and Japan (a developed country). The sample countries span a whole range of development stages from industrialized to newly industrialized and emerging market economies. The environmental consequences according to openness and economic growth do not show uniform results across the countries. Depending on the national characteristics, the estimated EKC show different temporal patterns. China shows an N-shaped curve while Japan has a U-shaped curve. Such dissimilarities are also found in the relationship between $CO_2$ emissions and openness. In the case of Korea, and Japan it represents an inverted U-shaped curve while China shows a U-shaped curve. We also analyze the dynamic relationships between the variables by adopting a vector auto regression or vector error correction model. These models through the impulse response functions allow for analysis of the causal variable's influence on the dynamic response of emission variables, and it adopts a variance decomposition to explain the magnitude of the forecast error variance determined by the shocks to each of the causal variables over time. Results show evidence of large heterogeneity among the countries and variables impacts.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.70-77
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• 2013

Construction industry is broadly agreed as one of the most important sectors of any economy around the world. In this paper, time series data of Korean construction industry and Korean economy are examined. The Bon's proposition will be inspected for Korean context using both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. The analysis of the longer than four decades national account statistic of the Korean macro economy verify Bon's proposition of an inverted U-shaped relationships. The verified U-shaped relationships for Korean context exist not only in terms of the construction share in total GDP but also in terms of total construction volume as an economy develops from LDC to NIC and then to AIC eventually with time. The results of the thesis show that the contribution towards the macro economy has varied across different stages of development.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.143.2-143.2
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• 2012

2012년 3월 7일부터 5월 9일까지, 총 8일간 소백산 천문대의 61cm 반사망원경에 부착된 PIXIS 2K CCD와 Johnson-Cousins의 표준필터 BVRI 4색 필터를 이용하여 접촉쌍성 VW Boo의 전 위상에 걸친 광도곡선을 획득하였다. 이 관측으로부터 7개의 극심시각(주식: 4개, 부식: 3개)을 결정하였다. 우리의 극심시각을 포함하여 여러 문헌에서 수집한 총 201개의 극심시각을 이용하여 주기분석을 수행하였다. VW Boo의 주기는 약 74년에 걸쳐 영년주기감소와 규칙적인 변화를 겪은 것으로 나타났다. 영년 주기감소율은 년간 $-1.595{\times}10^{-7}$일이며, 규칙적인 변화의 주기와 반진폭은 각각 약 29.8년과 0.00667일로 산출되었다. 영년주기감소를 질량이 큰 주성에서 반성으로의 질량이동에 의한 것으로 가정하였을 때, 그 질량이동율은 년간 $-1.26{\times}10^{-7}M_{\odot}/yr$이다. 규칙적인 변화를 제3천체에 의한 광시간 효과로 가정하여 구한 3천체의 최소 질량은 $0.19M_{\odot}$이다. Wilson-Devinney 쌍성 모형을 이용하여 우리의 BVRI 광도곡선을 분석하였다. 이 때, 광도곡선에 나타난 역 O'Connell 효과를 설명하기 위하여 흑점모형을 도입하였고, W형과 A형의 두 가지 경우를 상정하여 광도곡선 해를 산출하였다. 그 결과의 천체물리학적 의미를 논의한다.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.127-157
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• 2008

The purpose of the current research is to reconstruct the 'structure of biographical processes' on the lives of the elderly couples residing in the rural area in terms of 'gender relations.' Autobiographical-narrative interviews with each of the six elderly couples were conducted. Interview data were analyzed through the eclectic application of $Sch\ddot{u}tze's$ autobiographical-narrative interview and Dausien's feministic biographical research methods. Research findings revealed that each biography of the elderly couples represents the 'structure of biographical process' that shapes 'trajectories.' Such 'trajectories' were found to characterize two dimensions of 'gender relations'. First, on the micro- and macro-levels of 'trajectories,' 'gender relations' were noticed. The 'trajectories' of the male elderly were found to be both in personal and familial contexts and in socio-structural context, while those of the female elderly were found to be mostly in personal and familial contexts. Second, on the micro-level of 'trajectories,' 'gender relations' were noticed. The male elderly were more or less different from one another, contingent on the phases of life. They turned out to take simple roles of performing 'outdoor duties' and to be passive in doing 'housework.' Contrary to the male elderly, the female counterparts proved to actively assume 'dual roles' in 'family affairs' and 'outdoor duties'. Such findings led to the observation of 'doing gender' in the biographies of the elderly and, furthermore, to capturing the fact that 'doing gender' is different, depending on the phases of life and sex. Finally, some implications for practice were drawn from the current findings with special reference to biography and gender relations.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.667-688
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• 2014

This research tested the EKC (Environment Kuznets Curve) Hypothesis using the $CO_2$ Emissions by region and GRDP. We built the panel data set on the 15 local government region from 1990 to 2010 for this analysis. GRDP, population and total factor productivity was considered as the factors influencing on the regional $CO_2$ Emissions. Analysis method in this research is panel GLS model as Lantz and Feng (2006). The results show that the EKC hypothesis did not hold in Korea but there is inverted U relationship between the $CO_2$ Emissions and total factor productivity. As the total factor productivity grows, the $CO_2$ increased but decreased after a certain level.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2002

This paper describes a systematic way of simultaneously identifying the ambient pore pressure and the rigidity index $(=G/s_u)$ of soil by applying an optimization technique to the early part of piezocone dissipation test result. An analytical solution developed by Randolph & Wroth(1979) was implemented in normalized from to express the build-up and dissipation of excess pore pressures around a piezocone as a function of the rigidity index. An ambient pore pressure and optimal rigidity index were determined by minimizing the differences between theoretical and measured excess pore pressure curves using optimization technique. The effectiveness of the proposed back-analysis method was examined against the well-documented performance of piezocone dissipation tests(Tanaka & Sakagami, 1989), from the viewpoints of proper determination of selected target parameters and saving of test duration. It is shown that the proposed back-analysis method can evaluate properly the ambient pore pressure and the rigidity index by using only the early phase of the dissipation test data. Also, it is shown that the proposed back-analysis method permits the horizontal coefficient of consolidation to be identified rationally. Consideration for strain level of back-analyzed rigidity index shows that it corresponds to at least intermediate to large strain level.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.371-383
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• 2017

The aim of this paper is to investigate adjusting process of trade-off relationship between economic growth and income distribution in China which is established by mixed with social and market-oriented economic systems. The characteristic nature of social welfare index in urban and rural regions in China is examined by employing principal component analysis. Empirical evidences reveal that unlike national wide or urban region, the increases of income contribute to improve social well-being in rural region, but not social welfare index. Accordingly, it can be said that although social well-being in rural region seems to be harmful because of weakly organized social welfare index, the potentiality exists to improve social well-being by increased income. Taken all together, the results signifies that the mixed economic system such as China might distribute its increased income appropriately, however, the distributional system is hardly operated to improve social welfare index. And thus the distributional system has to be amended to enhance social well-being in China.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

Point & nonpoint source pollutant loads were calculated in Juam lake watershed using GIS, and water quality was simulated using water quality model. Point source pollutant loads were estimated using the unit pollutant loads presented by the Ministry of Environment(MOE, 1998). Nonpoint source pollutant loads were estimated using the value of the direct runoff multiplied by expected mean concentration. The direct runoff was calculated using SCS curve number method. Water quality simulation was conducted using WASP model(2001) developed by U.S. EPA. In order to apply the model, Juam lake watershed was divided into 44 subbasins according to slope, elevation, soil type, landuse and precipitation. Then the model was applied to one subbasin. Simulation results were compared to observed values and the result should good agreement with each other.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 2001

U-Pb age determination was performed on the zircon fractions separated from the metamorphic rocks of three locations of the Gyeonggi Massif. The ages obtained from the upper and lower intersections between concordia curve and discordia lines made of the zircon fractions separated from the rocks of each locality we: $2168\pm$24 Ma and $1227\pm$40 Ma for the Yongduri Gneiss Complex, $1955\pm$22 Ma and $493\pm$32 Ma for the Euiam Group, and $3712\pm$244 Ma and $1613\pm$51 Ma for the Yongmunsan Group (2$\sigma$ errors). The upper intercept ages from the Yongduri Gneiss Complex and the Euiam Group of Gyeonggi massif are very similar to those obtained from the granitic gneisses and the porphyroblastic gneisses of Yeongnam massif respectively. Such similarities suggest that Gyeonggi and Yeongnam massifs might situate under the similar tectonic and geographic environment during ca. 2.2-1.9 Ga. The upper intercept age of Youngmunsan Formation (3.7 Ga) shows large error, because most of the zircon fractions are plotted very close to the lower intersection. It is necessary to investigate further to confirm this age. However, It may suggest the possibility of occurrence of the oldest crust of the northeast Asia similar to the one reported recently from the northeast China. The lower intercept age of the Yongmunsan Group is interpreted to indicate strong metamorphism. Such age postdates the 1.85-1.7 Ga metamorphism and igneous activities occurred in the Yeongnam massif, which might record the late Paleoproterozoic tectonic activities simultaneously occurred in both massifs.