• Title/Summary/Keyword: 역류소견점수

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The Validity and Reliability of Reflux Symptom(RSI) Index and Reflux Finding Score(RFS) (역류증상지수와 역류소견점수의 타당성과 신뢰도)

  • Lee, Byung-Joo;Wang, Soo-Geun;Lee, Jin-Choon
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.96-101
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    • 2007
  • Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is the retrograde movement of gastric contents into the larynx, pharynx, and upper aero-digestive tract. LPR differs from gastroesophageal reflux in that it is often not associated with heartburn and regurgitation symptoms. Otolaryngological manifestations of acid reflux include a wide range of pharyngeal and laryngeal symptoms. Belafsky et al. developed a useful self-administered tool, the reflux symptom index (RSI), for assessing the degree of LPR symptoms. Patients are asked to use a 0 to 5 point scale to grade the following symptoms: 1) hoarseness or voice problems; 2) throat clearing; 3) excess throat mucus or postnasal drip ; 4) difficulty swallowing; 5) coughing after eating or lying down; 6) breathing difficulties ; 7) troublesome or annoying cough; 8) sensation of something sticking or a lump in the throat; 9) heartburn, chest pain, indigestion or stomach acid coming up. A RSI score greater than 13 is considered abnormal. As there is no validated instrument to document the physical findings and severity of LPR, Belafsky et al. developed an eight-item clinical severity scale for judging laryngoscopic finding, the reflux finding score (RFS). They rated eight LPR-associated findings on a scale from 0 to 4 : subglottic edema, ventricular obliteration, erythema/hyperemia, vocal-fold edema, diffuse laryngeal edema, posterior commissure hypertrophy, granuloma/granulation tissue, and thick endolaryngeal mucus. A RFS score of greater than 7 was found to suggest LPR-associated laryngitis. Although both indices (RSI and RFS) are widely used, there is some controversy about their validity (sensitivity and specificity) and reliability (intra-rater and inter-rater) in LPR diagnosis and treatment. We discuss the validity and reliability of RSI and RFS with literature review.

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Relationship between Ambulatory 24-hour Double Probe pH Monitoring and Reflux Finding Score in Patients with LPR (인후두 역류환자에서 이동성 24시간 이중 탐침 산도 검사와 인후두 역류 소견 점수와의 상관관계)

  • Park, Young-Dae;Kang, Dae-Woon;Lee, Jin-Choon;Lee, Byung-Joo;Wang, Soo-Geun;Kim, Gwang-Ha
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.136-141
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    • 2008
  • Background and Objectives: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a very common disease among outpatients of department of otorhinolaryngology. Although there are several diagnostic tools for LPR disease and ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring is gold standard method, empirical diagnosis by reflux symptom index and reflux finding score (RFS) are mainly used. So we analyzed the relationship between ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring and RFS in patients with LPR. Subjective and Method: Fifty patients with LPR symptoms and abnormal RFS and ambulatory 24-hour double probe monitoring were enrolled. Each items and sum of laryngeal reflux score were compared the results of ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring in upper (UES) and lower (LES) esophageal sphincter. Results: There were no significant correlation between the results of ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring in UES (pH<4 and pH<5) and each item and sum of RFS. However, supine time and reflux number of UES (pH<5) were showed the partial correlations with diffuse laryngeal edema and thick endolaryngeal mucus (p=0.03, p=0.01). Although there were no relationship between the results of ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring in LES and sum of RFS, the significant correlations presented between granuloma and total time (p=0.008), upright time (p=0.008, reflux number (p=0.049) of LES. Conclusion: Although granuloma among items of RFS showed significantly correlation with the results of ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring in LES, there were no significant correlation between the results of ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring in UES and LES and items and sum of RFS.

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Gastro-esophageal Reflux in Asthmatic Patients (기관지 천식환자에서 위식도 역류에 관한 연구)

  • Suh, Jung-Kyung;In, Kwang-Ho;Lee, So-Ra;Lee, Sang-Yeub;Cho, Jae-Youn;Shim, Jae-Jeong;Kang, Kyung-Ho;Yoo, Se-Hwa
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.44 no.4
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    • pp.836-843
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    • 1997
  • Background : The prevalence of Gastro-esophageal reflux(GER) in patients with asthma is estimated to be 50~60% and treatment of GER has been shown to improve asthma symptoms in Western. But GER has been known to be less common in Eastern and GER prevalence rates in asthmatics are not available in Korea. Method : We compared the prevalence rate of GER in 42 patients with asthma to that in 20 healthy normal controls and examed the efficacy of new prokinetic drug, cisapride(40mg/day, 8weeks) in patients with GER and asthma. For acid GER to be considered pathological, 24 hour esophageal pH monitoring should reveal values exceeding upper limit of 95 percentile for at least one of 6 parameter of DeMesseter's table. Result : The results showed GER was more common in patients with asthma(11/42, 26.2%) than normal controls(3/20, 15%) and asthmatics group showed a significant longer supine time pH<4(%) and total time pH<4(%), and more reflux episodes as compared with normal control group. After 4 asthmatics with GER were treated with cisapride, their asthma symtom scores, FEV1 and composite scores of pH monitoring were improved. Conclusion : GER is more common in asthmatics than in normal controls in Korea and prepulsid reduces asthma symptoms in patients with GER and asthma.

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Change of Reflux Symptom Index(RSI) and Reflux Finding Score(RFS) after 8 Weeks Medication with Proton Pump Inhibitors(PPIs) in Laryngopharyngeal Reflux patients (인후두역류질환 환자에서 8주 간의 양성자 펌프 억제제 사용에 따른 역류성 인후두염의 증상지수 및 소견점수의 변화양상에 대한 연구)

  • Kim, Yun-Ho;Cho, Il-Kwon;Lee, Sang-Joon;Chung, Phil-Sang
    • Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.41-49
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    • 2009
  • Background and Objectives : Proton pump inhibitors(PPIs) improve the symptoms of laryngopharyngeal reflux(LPR). But there is little reports about the changes of each items in reflux symptom index (RSI) and reflux finding score (RFS) after PPIstreatment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the changes of pre- and post-treatment score in each RSI and RFS items after 8 weeks medication with proton pump inhibitors in laryngopharyngeal reflux patients. Methods : Prospective study. Among the patients who had visited the department of otolaryngology from January 2007 to December 2008, 91 patients who had shown scores greater than 13 on the RSI and/or 7 on the RFS were studied. All patients received PPIs once daily before breakfast for 8 weeks. RSI and RFS were assessed at initial, four weeks and eight weeks after medication. Result: All RSI items were improved (p < 0.05). The globus sense followed by throat clearing, heartburns and hoarseness showed high initial RSI score than other items. And globus sense, throat clearing, hoarseness and heartburn were improved significantly more than others items. But only posterior commissure hypertrophy of RFS was improved significantly more than others items. Conclusion: Empiric PPIs therapy reduced the RSI scores and more effective for symptoms such as globus sense, throat clearing, hoarseness and heartburn among suspected LPR patients. In RFS, only posterior commissure hypertrophy has improved significantly. However, the changes of each categories of RFS were minimal (average: 0.16), therefore clinical significance is restricted in RFS.

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Effect of Aprepitant in Patient with Gastroparesis and Related Disorders (위마비증과 만성 구역 구토 증후군 환자에서 Aprepitant의 효과)

  • Jung, Kyoungwon;Park, Moo In
    • The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology
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    • v.72 no.6
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    • pp.325-328
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    • 2018
  • 위마비증(gastroparesis)이나 만성 구역 구토 증후군(chronic unexplained nausea and vomiting)으로 인한 구역과 구토에 대한 치료는 일반적으로 사용하는 위장관 촉진제에 만족스럽지 못한 경우가 많고, 여러 부작용으로 인하여 장기적으로 사용하기 어려워 보다 효과적인 치료 방법이 필요하다. 최근 미국에서 발표된 본 연구는 위마비증이나 연관 증후군 환자에서 구역과 구토 증상을 줄이기 위한 aprepitant(neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist) 치료의 효과를 분석한 것으로, 향후 일반적인 치료에 불응성 위마비증 환자에서 새로운 약제 사용을 시도해볼 수 있어 소개하고자 한다. 본 Aprepitant for the Relief of Nausea (APRON) 연구는 기질적 질환을 배제하기 위하여 최근 2년 이내 위내시경이 정상이며, 적어도 6개월 이상 조기 포만감(early satiety), 식후 만복감(postprandial fullness), 팽만감(bloating) 그리고 명치부 통증(epigastric pain)을 유발하는 증상과 함께 만성적인 구역이 있는 18세 이상의 성인 중 4시간의 위배출 검사를 시행받은 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 객관적인 지표로 0점에서 45점까지 보이는 9-증상 Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index(GCSI)가 2주 이상 총 21점 이상이며, 0-100 mm의 visual analog scale (VAS)의 7일간의 구역 증상 평균 25 mm 이상인 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 일주일에 3일 이상 narcotics를 사용하였거나 와파린이나 pimozide, terfenadien, astemizole, cisapride를 복용하였던 환자, 2배 이상으로 간 효소 수치상승을 보이거나 Child-Pugh score 10점 이상, aprepitant에 알레르기를 보이는 환자는 제외되었다. 그렇지만 metoclopramide나 erythromycin을 안정적으로 사용 중인 환자는 제외되지 않았다. 위배출 검사는 2시간에서 60% 이상 남아 있거나 4시간에서 10% 이상 남아 있는 경우에 지연된 것으로 정의되었으며, 지연된 위배출 검사 결과 자체는 환자의 등록 기준에 포함되진 않았다. 등록 기준에 포함된 환자는 1:1로 무작위 배정되어 하루 한 번 125 mg의 aprepitant 복용군과 위약군으로 나누어져 연구가 진행되었으며, 약제 복용 4주간 2주 간격으로, 그리고 복용 후 2주 뒤까지 구역 증상의 호전 정도와 약제 안전성을 확인하였다. 이러한 효과를 판정하기 위하여 환자가 방문하는 동안 GCSI를 포함한 Patient Assessment of Upper GI Symptoms (PAGI-SYM), Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, daily VAS, daily diary version of the GCSI 그리고 정신 측정 도구와 삶의 질 도구인 Patient health Questionnaire 15와 Short Form 36 version이 측정되었다. 구역에 대한 aprepitant와 위약의 치료 효과의 일차적 판정은 이전 항암 요법에 대한 aprepitant 연구와 같이 28일 평균 VAS 25 mm 미만이거나 치료 전 7일간의 VAS와 비교하여 28일 치료 기간 동안 25 mm 이상 감소한 경우로 정의하였고, 이차 결과는 구역의 매일 시간, 치료 중 구역이 없는 날짜의 퍼센트, PAGI-SYM score의 개선 등으로 확인하였다. 2013년 4월부터 2015년 7월까지 총 126명의 환자가 등록되어 aprepitant군 63명, 위약군 63명으로 무작위 배정되었다. 전체의 57%인 72명에서 위배출 지연이 보였으며, 나머지 43%에서는 정상 또는 빠른 위배출 소견을 보여 만성적으로 설명할 수 없는 구역과 구토에 포함된 환자군으로 확인되었다. 또한 29%에서 당뇨를 가지고 있었으며, 8%에서 수면제를 사용하고 있었다. 최종적으로 aprepitant군은 59명, 위약군은 63명이 연구를 끝까지 종료하였다. 일차 결과에서 aprepitant 군 46%, 위약군 40%의 구역 호전을 보여 두 치료군 간에 통계적으로 의미 있는 차이는 보이지 않았다(상대 위험도 1.2, 95% CI: 0.8-1.7; p=0.43). 그러나 일차 분석의 두 가지 척도(28일 평균 VAS 25 mm 미만과 기저 VAS보다 평균 28일 VAS의 25 mm 이상 감소)를 모두 함께 고려한 민감도 분석에서는 aprepitant군이 37% (22/59)로 위약군의 17%(11/63)에 비하여 통계적으로 의미 있는 구역의 호전을 보였다(상대 위험도 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1-4.1; p=0.01). 또한 이차 분석을 살펴보면 aprepitant군에서 PAGI-SYM 중증도 지수로 확인하였을 때, 구역(1.8 vs. 1.0; p=0.005)과 구토(1.6 vs. 0.5; p=0.001)의 중증도 및 매일 구역 시간의 감소를 보였고, 28일 동안 구역이 없는 날짜의 퍼센트 증가 소견을 보였다. 다른 이차 결과 분석에서 aprepitant군이 PAGI-SYM 중증도 지수의 GCSI 종합 점수(1.3 vs. 0.7; p=0.001), 상당한 증상호전, 구역 구토의 세부 점수, 팽만감 세부 점수 그리고 위식도 역류 증상 점수에서 호전을 보였고, 매일 일기로 표현한 daily diary version of the GCSI에 상복부 통증 중증도, 전체 증상 그리고 Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale의 종합 점수에서 호전을 보였다. 연구 중 발생한 부작용은 주로 경증과 중등도 정도의 부작용이 주로 발생하였지만, aprepitant군(35% vs. 17% 위약군, p=0.04)에서 더 많이 발생하였다. 결론적으로 위마비증 또는 위마비증 유사 증후군으로 인한 만성 구역 및 구토 환자의 무작위 시험에서 aprepitant는 VAS 점수를 통한 주요 결과를 분석하였을 때는 구역의 중증도를 호전시키지 못하였지만 다른 이차적 결과에 대해서는 위약군에 대하여 호전 소견을 보였다. 따라서 aprepitant에 효과적인 반응을 보이는 위마비증 환자를 감별하는 추가 임상시험이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Revaluation of Reflux Finding Score(RFS) in Laryngopharyngeal Reflux(LPR) (인후두역류증의 진단에 있어서 후두내시경검사 소견 점수화의 유용성에 대한 재검증)

  • Kwon, Kee-Hwan;Ban, Jae-Ho;Lee, Kyung-Chul
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.81-86
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    • 2004
  • Background and Objectives : In general, ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring is considered the current gold standard for larynogopharyngeal reflux(LPR). There is no validated instrument whose purpose is to document the physical finding and severity of laryngopharyngeal reflux. The purposes of this study are to revaluate the validity and reliability of the reflux finding score(RFS) and to quantify laryngoscopic findings using reflux finding score. Material and Methods : Thirty-three LPR patients confirmed by dual-probe pH monitoring and thirty patients of control were selected. The RFS was documented for each patient with telescopic laryngoscopy before treatment. For test-retest intraobserver reliability assessment, a blinded laryngologists determined the RFS on two separate occasions. To evaluate interobserver reliability assessment, the RFS was determined by t재 different blinded laryngologists. Results : The mean age of the cohort with pH-documented LPR was 45.8 years and the mean RFS was 11.4. The mean age of cotrol subjects was 52 years and the mean RFS was 5.4. The mean RFS for laryngologist no. 1 was 10.8 at the initial screening and 10.9 at the repeat evaluation. The mean FRS for laryngologist no.2 was 11.1 at the intial test and 10.9 at the repeat evaluation. The correlation coefficient for interobserver variability was 0.93 and intraobserver variability was 0.94. Conclusion : The RFS demonstrates excellent inter-and introaobserver reproducibility and is helpful for quantifying laryngeal finding in LPR. We can be 95% certain that an individual with a RFS greater than 7 has LPR.

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Postnatal Management of Antenatally Diagnosed Patent Urachus with Bladder Prolapse

  • Choi, Hyun-Shin;Kim, Hae-Eun;Kim, Eun-Sun;Oh, Soo-Young;Chang, Yun-Sil;Seo, Jeong-Meen;Park, Won-Soon
    • Neonatal Medicine
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.262-264
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    • 2010
  • A case of bladder prolapse through a patent urachus is reported in a female infant born with a large, red, tubular mass inferior to the umbilical cord. A cystic mass communicating with fetal bladder was detected by prenatal ultrasound performed at $20^{+2}$ weeks of gestation. A fetal MRI was also performed to confirm the diagnosis and to exclude associated fetal anomalies. At $40^{+4}$ weeks, the cystic mass was no longer present and a new small solid mass was noted at the fetal abdominal wall. After birth, a protruded mucosal mass inferior to the umbilical cord was noted, and catheterization confirmed communication between the protruded mass and the urinary bladder. On the second day of life, reduction of the bladder and partial resection of the urachus was performed. A voiding cystourethrogram showed good bladder capacity and no vesicoureteral reflux. The patient voided well and was discharged after 10 days. Here, we present a case of urinary bladder prolapse through a patent urachus, diagnosed by fetal sonography and this is the first case reported that was treated by simple excision without complication.

Difference of Anxiety of Parents: before & after the VCUG (배뇨요도방광조영술 검사 전후 부모의 불안감에 대한 비교)

  • Lee, Na-Ra;Oh, Jung-Min;Yim, Hyung-Eun;Yang, Jae-Won;Yoo, Kee-Hwan;Hong, Young-Sook;Lee, Joo-Won
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.62-70
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    • 2010
  • Purpose : The voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) is the investigation of choice in detecting the vesicoureteral reflux in urinary tract infections in children. As it is a potentially distressing and invasive test, most of the parents are so concerned about the child's stress. In this study, we compared the difference of the state of anxiety of parents before and after the VCUG. Methods : We divided 68 parents whose children underwent VCUG into 2 groups; who have given an explanation about VCUG in detail using pictures (group 1) Vs. who have given an oral explanation only (group 2). All the parents submitted the same questionnaire 2 times before and after the VCUG, which consisted of State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory X-I (STAI-X-I) and visual analog scale (VAS) on the perception of worry, anxiety, confusion and pain. Results : Before VCUG, the perception of pain was higher in group 1 (P<0.05). After VCUG, the anxiety and confusion were significantly higher in group 2 than group 1 (P<0.05). In group 1, STAI-X-I scores, the perception of worry and anxiety were significantly decreased after the VCUG (P<0.05). In group 2, the confusion and pain were increased after VCUG (P<0.05). Conclusion : It showed that doctor's explanation on the procedure in advance may raise the perception of pain and the possibility of refusal by parents. But the STAI-X-I, worry, anxiety after VCUG were significantly decreased in group 1, while the confusion and pain were increased in group 2. Therefore we suggest that prior and sufficient explanation about invasive procedure like VCUG can be helpful in ameliorating the anxiety of the parents.

Clinical Characteristics and Genetic Analysis of Prader-Willi Syndrome (Prader-Willi 증후군의 임상 양상 및 유전학적 진단에 관한 고찰)

  • Lee, Ji Eun;Moon, Kwang Bin;Hwang, Jong Hee;Kwon, Eun Kyung;Kim, Sun Hee;Kim, Jong Won;Jin, Dong Kyu
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.45 no.9
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    • pp.1126-1133
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    • 2002
  • Purpose : Prader-Willi syndrome(PWS) is a complex disorder affecting multisystems with characteristic clinical features. Its genetic basis is an expression defect in the paternally derived chromosome 15q11-q13. We analyzed the clinical features and genetic basis of PWS patients for early detection and treatment. Methods : We retrospectively studied 24 patients with PWS in Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, from September 1997 to September 2001. We performed cytogenetic and molecular genetic techniques using high resolution GTG banding techniques, fluorescent in situ hybridization and methylation-specific PCR for CpG island of SNRPN gene region. Results : The average birth weight of PWS patients was $2.67{\pm}0.47kg$ and median age at diagnosis was 1.3 years. The average height and weight of PWS patients under one year at diagnostic time were located in a 3-10 percentile relatively, and a rapid weight gain was seen between two and six years. Feeding problems in infancy and neonatal hypotonia were the two most consistently positive major criteria in over 95% of the patients. In 18 of the 24 cases(75%), deletion of chromosome 15q11-q13 was demonstrated and one case among 18 had an unbalanced 14;15 translocation. In four cases without any cytogenetic abnormality, it may be considered as maternal uniparental disomy and the rest showed another findings. Conclusion : We suggest diagnostic testing for PWS in all infants/neonates with unexplained feeding problems and hypotonia. It is necessary for clinically suspicious patients to undergo an early genetic test. As the genetic basis of PWS was heterogenous and complex, further study is required.