• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.327-353
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• 2017

The issue submitted to the Court of Justice on the merits of case C---573/13 originated from a claim brought in the context of a dispute between Air Berlin and the German Federal Union of Consumer Organisations and Associations. The challenge concerned the way in which air fares were displayed in Air Berlin's computerised booking system. The system was organised in such a way that, after selecting a date and a departure airport, one would find all possible flight connections in a summary table. However, the final price of the ticket was displayed only for the clicked connection, and not for all connections, thus preventing customers from being able to compare such price with the prices of other connections. The German Federal Union took the view that this practice did not meet the requirements laid down by Article 23 of Regulation (EC) No. 1008/2008, which requires transparency in the prices set for air services. This led the German State to bring an injunctive action to cause Air Berlin to discontinue said practice. The claim was upheld at both the application and appeal stage of the relevant proceedings. Subsequently, Air Berlin submitted the matter to the German Federal High Court, which decided to stay the proceedings and ask for a preliminary ruling from the Court of Justice as to 1. whether Article 23 of Regulation (EC) No. 1008/2008 must be interpreted as meaning that, during the computerised booking process, the final price to be paid must be indicated at all times when prices of air services are shown, including when they are shown for the first time; and 2. whether, during the computerised booking process, the final price must be indicated only for the air service specifically selected by the customer or for each air service shown. In a nutshell, the Court, by the here---discussed judgment determined that Article 23 of Regulation (EC) No. 1008/2008 must be interpreted as meaning that, in the context of a computerised air ticket booking system, the final price to be paid must be indicated not only for the air service specifically selected by the customer, but also for each air service in respect of which the fare is shown. Clearly the above judgment will place air companies under an obligation to update and adjust (when needed) their computerised ticket booking and payment systems, in consideration of the primary need for consumers to be aware at all times of the actual price payable for a ticket and be able to compare the price of the service selected with the prices for other air services in respect of which the fare is shown.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1169-1176
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• 2018

This study aims to create a video-commerce website that uses video for Vietnamese consumers. First of all, we completed the persona by conducting understanding questionnaires, in - depth interviews, and analysis of prior research to understand the content interest and understanding of Vietnamese consumers, purpose of website use. Persona results: First, make it easy for Vietnamese and Korean people to interact with each other by creating a contact menu. Secondly, it would be provided various information about K-pop, Korean fashion, Korean makeup(cosmetics), Korean food, Korean travel, Korean, etc., which Vietnamese people are interested in. Third, it makes it easy to purchase the products that are shown in the video that they watch.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.85-96
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• 2001

This paper discusses the problem of finding the Origin-Destination(O-D) shortest path in urban road networks that have variable special qualifies such as time windows for passing as well as geometrical special qualities such as U-turn and left-turn prohibition. The focus of this paper is motivated by the problem of finding minimum travel time paths for an advanced traveler information system (ATIS) in the context of intelligent transportation system(ITS) application. The transportation network with variable and geometrical special qualities is a more realistic representation of the urban road network in the real word. But, the traditional and existing shortest path algorithms can not search practical shortest path that variable special quality is reflected. This paper presents a shortest path algorithm which can search reasonable shortest path information for the urban ATIS application within a real time. The algorithm is based on genetic algorithm(GA). The high performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by computer simulations.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.4 no.1 s.7
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• pp.15-25
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• 2002

The OGC(OpenGIS Consortium), which is standardization organization of geographic data, have been studied standard for geographic data such as GML and GML based annotation for image and map. Annotation for map is applicable in various ways, understanding about geographic data, decision making and exchange of communication. For instance, Map annotation can be used for highlighting tour-course as symbols or explaining it as text on a map in tourism. This study suggests some annotation methodology for national digital map and presents a simple implementation of it. Firstly, this study suggests a way of updating OGC annotation schema which corresponds with DXF format and creating a GML application schema using the updated OGC annotation schema. Also it suggest a way of converting instance documents of annotated map to VML document with XSLT and VML for display. Later, it is needed to study for supporting another formats as well as DXF format. In addition, it is needed to study for managing the history of updated map entity with annotation in Local governments UIS(Urban Information System) in practical aspects.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.247-271
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• 2017

Purpose This study aims to propose a framework for safety in domestic walking tourism, which defines the scope and type of safety information for tourists. Also, the framework provides a systematic classification for safety information in walking tourism. As the importance of safety in walking tourism due to the frequent occurrence of crimes and unexpected accidents increases, it is necessary to provide tourists with safety information on walking courses rapidly and systematically. However, most administrators (e.g., local governments) have mainly focused on providing tour information on walking courses through Internet websites or mobile apps, overlooking the safety issue. Besides, there is a lack of understanding of safety not only in walking tourism but also in the whole tourism industry. Design/methodology/approach This study proposes the framework that covers all possible safety-related information in walking tourism. Furthermore, to validate its availability, this study analyzes eight major platforms which offer tour information to tourists by applying the framework. Findings The major findings of this study are as follows. First, all platforms considered in this study do not provide any information on tourism safety, focusing on the provision of tour information. Second, three platforms currently provide an SOS function which means post-safety information. That is, no safety information is provided to prevent safety issues in advance. Finally, despite the increase of social concerns, all platforms do not provide safety information on public order and diseases in the social disaster classification as well as environmental pollution in the natural disaster classification. The details and implications of the findings are presented.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.614-620
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• 2003

As the proliferation of Internet, mobile agent related technologies are examined for possible growth and evolution. In information retrieval, network and distributed system management, and electronic commerce, mobile agent is more flexible than the traditional communication paradigm. Despite the performance benefits, mobile agent is not used widely in the market because it is very vulnerable to a variety of attacks. In many studies related the security vulnerability for a mobile agent, the high security causes the performance to degrade. In this paper, we propose and evaluate the efficient security model for mobile agent using TDGM(Trusted Domain & Guide Manager), which provides three kinds of services : the trusted domain management, the security service and the travel plan guide. The result clearly shows that this model provides high security and minimizes the performance degradation.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.133-142
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• 2021

Travel pattern recognition is widely used in many aspects such as user trajectory query, user behavior prediction, interest recommendation based on user location, user privacy protection and municipal transportation planning. Because the current recognition accuracy cannot meet the application requirements, the study of travel pattern recognition is the focus of trajectory data research. With the popularization of GPS navigation technology and intelligent mobile devices, a large amount of user mobile data information can be obtained from it, and many meaningful researches can be carried out based on this information. In the current travel pattern research method, the feature extraction of trajectory is limited to the basic attributes of trajectory (speed, angle, acceleration, etc.). In this paper, permutation entropy was used as an eigenvalue of trajectory to participate in the research of trajectory classification, and also used as an attribute to measure the complexity of time series. Velocity permutation entropy and angle permutation entropy were used as characteristics of trajectory to participate in the classification of travel patterns, and the accuracy of attribute classification based on permutation entropy used in this paper reached 81.47%.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.111-127
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• 2013

This research introduces a case of NFC (Near Field Communication)-based exhibition support system for analyzing visitors' POB (Point of Behavior) data gathered from the system. The application of NFC technology to an exhibition space allows visitors new experiences of exposition and exhibitors to collect and analyze data about behaviors of visitors. The NFC-based exhibition support system is applied to the 'Korea Travel Expo 2013.' The visitors' behaviors are analyzed based on collected NFC tag touch data and association rules among booths are extracted. Furthermore, the tag touch data are integrated with the survey data for catching the demographics-based implications.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.119-147
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• 2017

Purpose In an online e-commerce environment without face-to-face contact between the seller and the buyer, the attitudes of consumers differ greatly depending on which framing strategy is applied, even in cases when the benefits of the deals represent the same value. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of price-framing and message-framing strategies on consumer attitudes through an experimental analysis in the context of online travel product purchasing. This study suggests a research model based on prospect theory and prior literature on price-framing and message-framing strategies. Design/methodology/approach The experiment was structured as a 2 (discount price presentation: 'Won' vs. '%') ${\times}$ 2 (discount level: low vs. high) ${\times}$ 2 (time-limit message: none vs. one) mixed design. The research hypotheses were tested in a study of 200 undergraduate and graduate students assigned randomly and distributed evenly to each of the eight cells. Findings The findings indicate that consumer attitudes become more favorable when the '%' discount, higher discount rate, and time-limit message are presented. However, no significant interaction effect is found between the discount price presentation and the discount level/time-limit message. This study has a theoretical implication in that it extends the scope of research by examining the influence of framing strategies on experience goods such as online travel products. Moreover, this study can provide managers with more specific guidelines when establishing framing strategies in the context of purchasing online travel products.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.79-95
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• 2012

This study is designed for library classification of the tourism. Contents studies are summarized as follows. First, an analysis of the current status of classification and items by a key work 'tourism' in KDC, NDC, DDC, UDC, and LCC which are main library classification tables today indicates that they are too limited to travelling and tourism, tourism policy, and tourist attractions etc. Second, we divided areas studies newly based on the theoretical books in order to extract the classification items of the tourism field, and comparatively analyzed main library classification systems today. We divided basic categories of the classification items into four including tourism general, tourists, tourism attraction, tourism media. Third, a new classification was designed for library classification of the tourism field. Basically, the tourism field was assigned to the main four items and the classification items which were weighted or scattered were adjusted.