• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 2009

The effects of water temperature on oxygen consumption (OC) of starry flounder Platichthys stellatus reared in seawater (SW) and freshwater (FW) was performed in closed water-recirculating system containing respiratory chamber. Fish acclimated in separate indoor tanks with SW (nine of fish used, $263.0{\pm}40.4$ g) or FW (nine of fish used, $265.8{\pm}34.8$ g) were sampled. The OC of starry flounder at $15^{\circ}C,\;20^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ were $74.4{\pm}17.0,\;85.9{\pm}15.8,\;98.3{\pm}11.4\;mg\;O_2\;kg^{-1}hr^{-1}$ in SW and $46.7{\pm}12.0,\;63.3{\pm}7.5,\;82.6{\pm}5.3\;mg\;O_2\;kg^{-1}hr^{-1}$ in FW, respectively, showing a linear increase in OC with water temperature. The OC of fish reared in both SW and FW clear diel rhythm, with lower values at daytime and higher values in the night, in accordance with light (09:00~21:00 hr) and dark (21:00~09:00 hr) phases of the diel cycle (12L : 12D) in water temperature at $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. However OC of fish reared in both SW and FW showed unclear diel rhythm with light and dark phases of the diel cycle in water temperature at $25^{\circ}C$. Starry flounder reared in FW had higher ventilation rates than those in SW, but SW had higher OC per breath than those in FW.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2013

In this study, the availability of slurry composting and biofiltration (SCB) solution as an alternative for synthetic nutrient solution was determined by monitoring the growth, fruit yield, and fruit quality of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Unicon'). Treatments for nutrient solution were consist of SCB 1/2N, 1N, 2N, and commercial nutrient solution 1N (CNS 1N) based on nitrogen concentration (218.32 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) of cherry tomato nutrient solution (control 1N). All nutrient solution including SCB solution (440~520 mL per day) was supplied to rock wool medium using a timer. After 31 days of transplanting, fresh and dry weights of shoots, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, SPAD value and number of node were measured. After measuring growth characteristics of tomato plants, total fruit yield, ratio of marketable fruit yield, fruit weight, total soluble solids content, total acidity, total phenolic concentration, and antioxidant capacity were determined once a week for 7 weeks. As a result, among the SCB treatments, SCB 1/2N was similar to control 1N and CNS 1N in terms of fresh and dry weights of shoots, leaf area, stem diameter, number of node, and SPAD value. Increased N concentration of SCB inhibited the growth of tomato plants. Total fruit yield of SCB 1/2N was 47% of that of control 1N which showed the best result. Percentage of marketable fruit yield in SCB 1/2N was about 58%. Soluble solids contents, total acidity, total phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity was the highest in SCB 2N and the other treatments were not shown any difference. Blossom-end rot rarely occurred in control 1N and CNS 1N while SCB treatments without Ca induced the physiological disorder of 7~19%. In conclusion, SCB 1/2N was good for the vegetative growth of cherry tomato plants but reduced yield and quality of fruit compared with control 1N and CNS 1N. Thus, it is possible to apply SCB solution to grow cherry tomato plants hydroponically but in the consideration of fruits yield and quality additional supply of several minerals would be required.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2014

This study was performed to evaluate the sporicidal efficacy of a fumigation disinfectant containing 20% ortho-phenylphenol against Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) spores. In this research, efficacy test of fumigant against C. perfringens spores was carried out according to French standard NF T 72-281. C. perfringens spores working culture suspension number (N value), all the spore numbers on the carriers exposed with the fumigant (n1, n2, and n3), the number of bacterial spore suspensions by pour plate method (N1), the number of bacterial spore suspensions by filter membrane method (N2) and the mean number of bacterial spore recovered on the control-carriers (T value) were obtained from the preliminary test. In addition, the reduction number of C. perfringens spores exposed with the fumigant (d value) was calculated using T value, the mean number of bacterial spore in recovery solution (n'1) and the mean number of bacterial spore on carriers plated in agar (n'2). N value was $4.3{\times}10^7spores/mL$, and n1, n2, and n3 were higher than 0.5N1, 0.5N2 and 0.5N1, respectively. Additionally, T value was $4.9{\times}10^5spores/carrier$. In the sporicidal effect of the fumigant, the d value was 4.52log reduction. According to the French standard for the fumigant, the d value for the effective sporicidal fumigant should be over than 3log reduction. The results indicated that Fumagari $OPP^{(R)}$ had an efficient sporicidal activity against spores of C. perfringens, then the fumigant can be applied to disinfect food materials and kitchen appliances contaminated with bacterial spores.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.55-64
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• 1988

Stow nets have widely been used in the western sea of Korea from the olden age. The original structure of a stow net is a large square-sectional bag net made of 4 netting panels, and the front fringes of top and bottom panels are connected to the top and bottom beams respectively. Wire ropes, which is originated from the holding anchor are gradually forked and biforked, and finally 4 pieces of wire rope (biforked pendants) are jointed to each beam. Much convenience caused by long and heavy beams were problemed, then some studies have been carried out to improve the net since 1930's. The most effective improvement were achieved in 1980 by Mr. Han and his colleagues. The key point of improvement was that the beams were removed and the belt shaped shearing device made by canvas was attached to the side panels, the head rope and ground rope to the front fringe of top and bottom panel, and biforked pendants are joined to the shearing device. Even though this is the epoch-making improvement of a stow net, the further study should be required to find out more effective method. The authors carried out a model experiment on the stow net to determine the vertical and horizontal opening of a net mouth, and also examine the front, top and side-view configuration of the net. The model net was constructed depending on the Similarity Law of Fishing Gear in 1/10 and 1/20 scale and set against to the current at shallow and speedy flowing channel. The vertical and horizontal openings were determined by using scaled bamboo poles, and the configuration was observed by using specially prepared observation platform and underwater observation glass, and also photographed by using specially prepared underwater photographic equipment. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The opening height and width of the shearing device varied in accordance with the relative length of the biforked pendants. Considering the height and width of shearing device in 6 cases of the arrangement system of biforked pendants, the best result was obtained in the case that the 2nd, 3rd and 4th pendents from the bottom-most was 5%, 9% and 4% longer than that. 2. On the top-view configuration the excessive deformation of head rope and ground rope were observed. In the actual net, 54m long head rope and ground rope were attached to the front fringe of top and bottom panels so that the head rope may be lifted to make the net mouth open highly. But actually the head rope and the ground rope are streamed backward without any lift, and also the netting followed the ropes were deformed until the 2/5 in the whole length of the net. This deformation may be guessed to disturb the entrance of fish school into the net and also caused the net to get caught by obstacles in the sea bed and to be broken largely. 3. Hydrodynamic resistance R of the actual net may be deduced as R(kg)=29.2$\times$103 v1.65. It is also expressed as R(kg)=5.9$\times$d/l$\times$ab v1.65. depending on the formula deduced by Koyama to estimate the resistance of trawl nets, where d/l denote the ratio between diameter of netting twine and length of mesh leg in every part of side panel, a and b, the stretched circumference of the mouth and the stretched length of the net, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.9 s.89
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• pp.1284-1289
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• 2007

The Biological Activated Carbon (BAC) process in the water treatments represents a kind of biofiltration process which capabilities of bacteria to remove organic matters are maximized. It enables to eliminate organic matters and effectively reduce microbial regrowth potentials. As attached bacteria employ natural organic matter as a substrate, they are significantly dependent on indigenous microorganisms. In this study, characteristics of bacterial community by culturable and unculturable Methods have been conducted in a pilot plant using SAC in water treatment process at the downstream of the Nakdong River. Based on the results, HPC and bacterial- production for coal-based activated carbon material were $1.20{\sim}56.2{\times}l0^7$ cfu/g and $1.2{\sim}3.7\;mgC/m^{3}h$, respectively, in the SAC process. The highest level of attached bacteria biomass and organic carbon removal efficiency was found in the coal-based activated carbon. The genera Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Acilzetobacter, and Spingomonas were identified for each activated carbon material. Pseudomonas vesicularis was the dominant species in the coconut- and coal-based materials, where as Pseudomonas cepacia was the dominant species in the wood-based material. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation of the activated carbon surface also found the widespread distribution of rod form and coccus. The community of attached bacteria was investigated by performing Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. a group was dominant in coal, wood and coccunt-based materials, ${\alpha},\;{\beta}\;and\;{\gamma}$ group ranged from 27.0 ${\sim}$ 43.0%, 7.1 ${\sim}$ 22.0%, 11.3 ${\sim}$ 28.6%, respectively. These results suggest that a group bacterial community appears to be regulated removal efficiency of organic material in water treatment process.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-37
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• 1978

Since 1976 the catches of sardine increased rapidly in Korea. However due to the poor facilities of preservation, most sardine landed was used only for fish meal as feeds. The aims of this study are to investigate the processing of sardine as a protein. concentrate and to solve related problems under our particular circumstances. Using the ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol, the storage effect for further processing, the optimum processing conditions of sardine protein concentrate and amino acid composition of the product were determined. The utilization of sardine protein ,concentrate as a supplement of bread and noodles was also studied. Chopped sardine meat could be stored in isopropyl and ethyl alcohol without significant deterioration as a raw material for tile further processing. High qualify sardine Protein concentrate could be produced by the method, that is five times five minutes extraction with isopropyl or ethyl alcohol at $80^{\circ}C$ under adequate mixing. In the first step of the extraction, the solvent was added as much as 10 times tile sample amount and the equal volume of additional solvent was also used for the second to fifth step extraction. In the products extracted using isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol, the yields of sardine protein concentrate were $21.2\%$ and $20.3\%$ respectively, and the dry basis contents of protein in the two products were $80.5\%$ and $75.8\%$, the lipid being $0.22\%$ and $0.27\%$ respectively. Isoproyl alcohol was superior to superior alcohol for the extraction of fresh sardine. In amino acid composition of sardine protein concentrate, no difference was found between the products of isopropyl and ethyl alcohol extraction except a little difference in the amount of amino acid between them. In the supplementation of bread and noodles, taste panel showed that supplemented bread and noodles were well accepted when $3\%$ of wheat flour was replaced by sardine protein concentrate.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1987

The renal handling and tissue distribution of pyrazinamide were studied after administration of single dose intravenous injection for 15 min or constant infusion in New Zealand White rabbits. Peak pyrazinamide serum concentration ranged from 57.3 to $105.0{\mu}g/ml$ ($mean{\pm}SD;83.0{\pm}17.8$). The mean half-life of the a phase was $0.143{\pm}0.047$ hr while the ${\beta}$ phase ranged from 1.66 to 3.25 hr($mean{\pm}SD;2.38{\pm}0.57$). The mean steady-state volume of distribution in non-compartmental model was $0.935{\pm}0.362\;L/kg$ Excretion ratio of pyrazinamide was dramatically reduced from 1.02 to 0.30 when unbound serum pyrazinamide concentration was increased from 6.04 to $60.9\;{\mu}g/ml$. The urine flow dependency of renal clearance of pyrazinamide was demonstrated in steady-state serum concentration. The tissue/serum concentration ratio of pyrazinamide was highest in kidney and lowest in skeletal muscle among the tissues examined. The results suggested that a large fraction of pyrazinamide filtered by glomerulus and secreted by renal tubule was reabsorbed and this tubular reabsorption of pyrazinamide might be greatly influenced by urine flow.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.380-391
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• 1993

The experimental study was made to propose the treatment method of wastewater in the high-density fish culture system. The BOD to COD ratios of effluents were almost same to 0.65 in the eel-farm, but were various in the farm rearing together with tilapia etc. A BOD rate curve of the eel-farm effluent could be described mathematically by the equation, $BODu=14.1(1-10^{-0.222t})+30.9(1-10^{-0.035(t-8)})$. Nitrification in Biological Fluidized Bed(BFB) system to treat the fish-farm wastewater could be reduce ammonium level up to $65{\sim}79\%$ when ammonium loading rates were between 0.014 and 0.075g $NH_4/g$ BVS-day. Nitrification efficiency was decreased by organic matters in the wastewater when ammonium loading was low(0.014 g $NH_4/g$ BVS-day). T-N removal ratios were decreased to increase loading in denitrification process, because of low C/N ratio. Based on much higher biological mass concentrations, BFB system takes many advantages of a practical viewpoint, such as stability of treatment efficiency and reduction of necessary site area for the facility, as compared with conventional treatment systems.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.200-204
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• 2000

Purpose : We already reported the results that aqueous extract of Korean ginseng roots showed a marked cytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated whether combined ginseng product with X-irradiation increase the cytotoxicity of tumor cells than X-irradiation or not. Materials and Methods : Fifty gram of Korean ginseng powder mixed with 1 L of distilled water was extracted with reflux flask under condition of $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs. This aquaous ginseng extract was filtered, centrifuged and then was freezed under condition of $-90^{\circ}C$ for 16-18 hrs. The freezing extract was dried with freeze drier, and then diluted. X-irradiation was given to tumor cells by 6 MeV linear accelerator. The cytotoxicity of ginseng in vitro was evaluated from its ability to reduce the clonogenecity of fibrosarcoma (FSa II) cells. In X-irradiation alone group, each 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy was given to tumor cells. In X-irradiation with ginseng group, 0.2 mg/mL of ginseng extract was exposed to tumor cells for 1 hour before X-irradiation. Results : The yield for 50 g of ginseng extract which was treated with freezing drier was 3.13 g($6.3\%$). Cytotoxicity In vitro was measured as survival fraction which was judged from the curve, at ginseng concentration of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were $0.89\pm0.04$, $0.86\pm0.06$, $0.73\pm0.01$ and $0.09\pm0.02$, respectively. Survival fraction at X-irradiation alone of 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy were $0.81\pm0.07$, $0.42\pm0.08$, $0.15\pm0.02$, $0.03\pm0.01$, respectively. But, suwival fraction in combined group of X-irradiation and ginseng (0.2mg/ml) at each same radiation dose were $0.28\pm0.01$, $0.18\pm0.03$, $0.08\pm0.02$, $0.006\pm0.002$, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion : The yield for ginseng extract which was treated with freezing drier was $6.3\%$. Cytotoxicty of Fsa 11 in combined ginseng with X-irradiation group was increased than that of X-irradition alone group, and its enhancing effect seemed to be added.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.78-90
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• 2013

Recently, the interest on exposure to radiation is rising. The radiation exposure of mammography is higher in absorbed dose than of X-ray, therefore unnecessary exposure needs to be reduced, and higher image quality is needed. Generally, ray quality of the radiation imaging is an important factor that determines image quality and the amount of ray exposure, and they are affected by tube voltage and added filter. The X-ray energy that is exposed from mammography device is generally a continuous spectrum, which includes low energy that has minute influence on the image quality, and high energy that hinders contrast on image. Currently, molybdenum (Mo) and rhodium (Rh) are the most used added filters for mammography device, and they are used differently according to the energy region of X-ray. This study aims to find out the degree of reduction in exposure dose according to the thickness of aluminum (Al), and to study the changes in image quality and dose when the added filter plates that are made with niobium (Nb) or zirconium (Zr) are used, other than molybdenum (Mo) and rhodium (Rh), the two most used added filters that have similar atomic number and K-absorption regions as Nb and Zr. In this study, single-added filters of molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), and zirconium (Zr) are used, and in some cases, Aluminum (Al) is combined with the single filters. In this case, image quality is considered to be improved depending on the type of added filters, and by using Aluminum (Al) filter together with the others, unnecessary X-ray of low energy would be absorbed, therefore the dose is expected to decrease without any influence when the concentration level becomes identical.