• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.3-27
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• 2012

The Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air was adopted in 1929. In 1999, the ICAO adopted the Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air vastly modernizing the unification of private air law. The Montreal Convention replaced the instruments of the Warsaw system, and came into force on 4 November 2003. The Montreal Convention is not only an international convention. It has also exercised a considerable influence on national legislation. Korea has made the national legislation of the Part VI the Carriage by Air of Commercial Act on April 29, 2011, and it has brought into force on November 24, 2011. The national legislation of the Part VI the Carriage by Air of Commercial Act of Korea has the provisions on the liability for damage caused to passenger, the liability for damage caused to baggage, and the liability for damage caused to cargo. The main feature of the liability regime of the air carrier under the Montreal Convention is the two-tier liability system for death or injury of the passenger with strict liability up to 100,000 SDR and presumptive liability with a reversed burden of proof without any limit above that threshold. The national legislation of the Part VI the Carriage by Air of the Commercial Act of Korea has adopted the main principles of the liability of the air carrier under the Montreal Convention. In conclusion, the national legislation relating to the liability of the air carrier by the Korean government will contribute to settle efficiently the dispute on the carrier' liability in respect of the carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo by air, and to provide proper compensation to the passenger or consignor who has suffered damage, subject to the defenses and limitations it sets out.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.2 s.88
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• pp.53-63
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• 2006

The objective of this study is to estimate Korean transportation service index (KTSI), and to explore possible uses of the KTSI. The KTSI was monthly index to represent the level of passenger and freight services by road, railroad, air and maritime modes, which was developed from eight series. Four of these series measure the level of passenger services (passenger-kilometers) by road, railroad. air and maritime modes : monthly data from January 1995 to December 2004. Similarly. the remaining four series measure the level or freight activity (tonnage) by four modes during the same period. Given the weights of modal revenues, component series were aggregated into two indexes (passenger index and freight index) and a composite index using Chained Fisher Ideal index. which was a geometric mean of the Laspeyres index and the Passche index. The Fisher Ideal index is one of the 'superlative' indexes, which diminish 'substitution bias' as current-weighted indexes. As a result, the freight index and the composite index explain economic conditions better than the passenger index. Based on the composite index. the newly estimated KTSI shows an average lag time of one and a half years at peaks and three months at troughs in comparison with domestic business cycles. Nonetheless. the following efforts are needed for more credible and useful estimates; establishment of data collection scheme in time. credibility uplift of used data, development of various indexation methods.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.144-144
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• 2017

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.3-29
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• 2015

In case of C-410/11, Pedro Espada $S\acute{a}nchez$ and Others v Iberia $L\acute{i}neas$ $A\acute{e}reas$ de $Espa\tilde{n}a$ SA., ECLI:EU:C:2012:747, the passengers of a flight between Barcelona and Paris, whose baggage had been lost, lodged a claim before a Spanish court, asking for compensation. More specifically, the claimants were a family of four (two adults and two children), and had stored all their personal items in two suitcases, which had been checked in and tagged but never returned to the passengers in question. The four claimants relied on the Montreal Convention, ratified by the EU, which provides that each passenger can claim up to 1,000 SDRs in compensation (i.e. ${\euro}1,100$) in case his or her baggage is lost; thus, they sought to recover ${\euro}4,400$ (4,000 SDRs, i.e. 1,000 SDRs x4). The preliminary reference issue raised by the Spanish court to the CJEU regarded the $Montr\acute{e}al$ Convention's correct interpretation; in particular, it asked whether compensation should be available only to passengers whose lost baggage had been checked in "in their own name" or whether it is also available to passengers whose personal items had been stored in the (lost) baggage of a different passenger. The CJEU held that compensation had to be granted to all passengers whose items had been lost, regardless of whether these had been stored in baggage checked in "in their own name." In fact, it maintained that the real aim of the $Montr\acute{e}al$ convention is to provide passenger-consumers with protection for the loss of their personal belongings, so the circumstance of where these were being carried is not relevant. Nevertheless, the CJEU clarified that it is for national courts to assess the evidence regarding the actual loss of an item stored in another passenger's baggage, and maintained that the fact that a group of people were travelling together as a family is a factor that may be taken into account.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.87-88
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• 2013

세계 및 한국경제의 성장과 함께 항공운송 시장의 급속한 확대에 따라 대한민국에서의 국제항공 운송 수요는 꾸준히 증가하게 됨에 따라 한국의 관문 역할을 담당하던 김포국제공항의 수용능력은 한계에 이르게 되었다. 따라서 정부는 김포국제공항을 대체할 인천국제공항을 건설하여 운영하는 한편 김포국제공항에는 한국 중국 일본의 수도를 포함한 몇몇 도시를 연결하는 근거리 중심의 국제선이 취항하게 되면서 공항운영에 대한 새로운 패러다임을 형성하게 되었다. 대한민국의 수도 서울의 항공교통을 위한 공항이 제한적이지만 복수공항 체계로 운영되면서 인천공항과 김포공항을 이용하는 항공여객은 공항 이용 시 선택의 기회가 주어지면서 공항운영자는 여객의 공항선택에 영향을 주는 요소에 관심이 점차 증대되고 있는 현실이다. 그러나 현재 국내에서는 항공여객의 항공사 선택에 관한 연구는 많이 이루지고 있으나 항공여객의 공항선택에 관한 연구는 상대적으로 미흡한 실정임을 부인할 수 없다. 따라서 본 연구는 항공여객의 공항선택에 미치는 속성이 무엇이고 속성에 따른 중요도와 만족도를 측정하여 공항운영자의 공항운영과 활성화 전략수립에 대한 정보를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서는 김포공항 국제선 이용객을 표본으로 선정하여 설문조사를 실시하여 IPA 분석과 GAP분석 및 경로분석 기법을 사용하여 분석하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.76-91
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• 2005

항공운송산업은 여객운송과 화물운송 등에 있어서 그 비중이 계속적으로 증가하여 왔으며 다양한 산업 및 기업들과 연관되어 있다. 그런데 항공운송산업에서 파업이 발생한다면 이를 대체할 만한 수단이 없어 항공사가 막대한 손실을 입을 뿐만 아니라 파업의 연쇄효과로서 적기납품 곤란으로 인한 수출관련 기업에의 타격, 관광 등 연관산업에의 악영향, 기업 및 국가 신인도 하락, 국민생활의 불편과 사회불안 등을 야기시킨다. 이렇듯 항공사 파업에 의한 경제 손실규모가 일반 사업장과는 비교가 안 될 만큼 막대하기에 국가적 차원에서 논의되어야 할 필요가 있다. 현생법상 항공운송산업은 공익사업으로서 노동부장관의 긴급조정 결정으로 노동쟁의를 해결할 수 있게 되어있다. 그러나 긴급조정 제도는 발동요건상 활용에 어려운 점이 많아서 경영계는 직권중재제도의 도입을 주장하고, 노동계는 직권중재 및 일방중재신청제도의 폐지를 주장하고 있으며, 정부는 새로운 대안으로서 최소업무 유지 의무 제도 도입 등을 고려하고 있으나 항공운송산업이 갖는 특수성, 공공성과 국민경제에 미치는 영향을 고려해 볼 때 필수공익사업 지정과 직권중재의 활용이 더 적절한 방법이라고 보여지며, 남용방지를 위해 회부요건·절차 등은 법률로 명시할 필요가 있다. 만일 직권중재제도가 폐지되고 최소업무 유지의무 제도가 도입된다면 항공운송산업이 그 대상업무에 반드시 포함되어야 한다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.3 s.74
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• pp.17-26
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• 2004

항공운송산업에서 항공화물이 차지하는 비중이 점차적으로 확대되고 있으며 향후 2020년(보잉은 2022년)까지의 성장률도 보잉과 에어버스에서는 여객 수요보다 화물수요가 각 1.3%, 0.8%의 높은 성장을 거둘 것이라는 전망을 하고 있다. 특히 에어버스에서는 아시아 태평양 지역 역내와 중국 발 유럽행의 항공화물이 평균 7.0%의 높은 성장을 할 것으로 전망하고 있다. 이러한 높은 성장 전망 외에도 항공화물이 항공운송산업 혹은 세계경제의 선행지표로도 사용되고 있다. 이렇듯 항공운송산업에서 항공화물 부문의 역할이 점차적으로 증대되고 있어 본 연구에서는 항공화물 사업부문에 많은 활동을 하고 있는 항공사의 효율성이 그렇지 않은 항공사의 효율성을 비교하는 연구를 하였다. 먼저 항공 화물 매출액 기준 상위 10개사(2002년 기준)의 효율성을 자료포락 분석(DEA, Data Envelopment Analysis)을 이용 분석하였다. 그리고 이를 이용하여 항공사 전체 매출액 상위 10개사(화물 매출액 상위 10개사를 제외), 미국의 9개 항공사(상위 50대 항공사 중), 기타 10개사를 선정하여 각각의 효율성 비교를 통하여 항공화물 사업을 활발히 하는 항공사와 그렇지 않은 항공사와의 효율성에 대해 상대적 비교를 하였다. 이를 통해 항공화물 사업 부문이 항공사의 경영 효율성에 미치는 영향에 대해 간접 비교를 시도하였다. 분석 결과 항공운송사업중 항공화물 부문이 상위 10대 항공사 효율성이 다른 그룹의 항공사 보다 높게 제시되었다. 이는 항공사의 운송 사업을 화물 운송과 여객 운송 부문의 공동 네트워크의 활용을 통한 시너지 효과를 통해 항공사 효율성을 높일 수 있음을 의미한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.1-3
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• 2016

연안여객운송은 도서와 육지의 인적 및 물적 교류가 이루어질 수 있도록 하는 유일한 교통수단으로서 그 중요성이 매우 크다. 그럼에도 불구하고 연안여객선에서의 수익성이 낮다는 이유로 그 중요성을 인식하지 못하고 있는 것이 사실이다. 그렇지만 앞으로의 연안여객 수요에 따라 향후 도서민들에게 안정적인 서비스를 제공하기 위해 선박의 추가 투입 및 시설 확충을 위한 의사결정에서 가장 기본이 되는 것이 연안여객의 수요를 예측하는 것이다. 본 논문 에서는 가장 많은 여객 수요를 가지고 있는 제주지역 중에서도 세월호 이후에 끊긴 인천과 제주 항로에 초점을 맞추어 연구를 진행할 것이다. 2007년 1월부터 2013년 12월 까지 84개의 월별 자료를 바탕으로 예측 기법 중에서도 계량적 기법인 시계열 분석을 통해 여객 수요를 예측하고자 한다. 예측 작업에 있어 항상 우수한 성과를 보이는 단 하나의 모형은 존재하지 않기 때문에 예측에 수반된 불확실성을 줄이기 위해 다양한 예측모형을 사용한다. 여러 방법론 중에서 가장 적합도가 높은 모형을 찾아 여객 수요를 예측하고 결과를 도출하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.31-66
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• 2008

Until Montreal Convention was established in 1999, the Warsaw System is undoubtedly accepted private international air law treaty and has played major role on the carrier's liability in international aviation transport industry. But the whole Warsaw System, though it was revised many times to meet the rapid developments of the aviation transport industry, is so complicated, tangled and outdated. This thesis, therefore, aim to introduce the Montreal Convention by interpreting it as a new legal instrument on the air carrier's liability, specially on the passenger's, and analyzing all the issues relating to it. The Montreal Convention markedly changed the rules governing international carriage by air. The Montreal Convention has modernized and consolidated the old Warsaw System of international instruments of private international air law into one legal instrument. One of the most significant features of the Montreal Convention is that it sifted its priority to the protection of the interest of the consumers from the protection of the carrier which originally the Warsaw Convention intended to protect the fledgling international air transport business. Two major features of the Montreal Convention adopts are the Two-tier Liability System and the Fifth Jurisdiction. In case of death or bodily injury to passengers, the Montreal Convention introduces a two-tier liability system. The first tier includes strict liability up to 100,000SDR, irrespective of carriers' fault. The second tier is based on presumption of fault of carrier and has no limit of liability. Regarding Jurisdiction, the Montreal Convention expands upon the four jurisdiction in which the carrier could be sued by adding a fifth jurisdiction, i.e., a passenger can bring suit in a country in which he or she has their permanent and principal residence and in which the carrier provides a services for the carriage of passengers by either its own aircraft or through a commercial agreement. Other features are introducing the advance payment, electronic ticketing, compulsory insurance and regulation on the contracting and actual carrier etc. As we see some major features of the Montreal Convention, the Convention heralds the single biggest change in the international aviation liability and there can be no doubt it will prevail the international aviation transport world in the future. Our government signed this Convention on 20th Sep. 2007 and it came into effect on 29th Dec. 2007 domestically. Thus, it was recognized that domestic carriers can adequately and independently manage the change of risks of liability. I, therefore, would like to suggest our country's aviation industry including newly-born low cost carrier prepare some countermeasures domestically that are necessary to the enforcement of the Convention.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.203-234
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• 2019

The concept of denied boarding is defined in Article 2(j) of Regulation 261/2004 thus: "denied boarding means a refusal to carry passengers on a flight, although they have presented themselves for boarding under the conditions laid down in Article 3(2), except where there are reasonable grounds to deny them boarding, such as reasons of health, safety or security, or inadequate travel documentation." So far as relevant to this case, to be entitled to compensation, if denied boarding, Article 3(2) provides a passenger must first come within the scope of the protection of the Regulation, which applies under the following conditions: "${\cdots}$.that passengers (a) have a confirmed reservation on the flight concerned and, except in the case of cancellation referred to in Article 5, present themselves for check-in, as stipulated and at the time indicated in advance and in writing (including by electronic means) by the air carrier, the tour operator or an authorised travel agent, or, if no time is indicated, not later than 45 minutes before the published departure time." This paper reviews the EU Cases such as Rodríguez Cachafeiro v. Iberia [2012] Case C-321/11; Finnair Oyj v. Timy Lassooy [2012] Case C-22/11; Caldwell v. easyJet Airline Co. Ltd. [2015] ScotSC 64. ECJ and Sheriff court of Scotland held that the concept of denied boarding, within the meaning of Articles 2(j) and 4 of Regulation No 261/2004 establishing common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights, and repealing Regulation No 295/91, must be interpreted as relating not only to cases where boarding is denied because of overbooking but also to those where boarding is denied on other grounds, such as operational reasons. Also, ECJ ruled that Articles 2(j) and 4(3) must be interpreted as meaning that the occurrence of extraordinary circumstances resulting in an air carrier rescheduling flights after those circumstances arose cannot give grounds for denying boarding on those later flights or for exempting that carrier from its obligation, under Article 4(3) of that regulation, to compensate a passenger to whom it denies boarding on such a flight.