• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.425-450
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• 2006

The index of energy intensity(energy/GDP) has been a primary policy concern since it can clarify industry sectors which use energy intensively and generate $CO_2$ emission heavily. Although energy intensity index may be suitable for estimating $CO_2$ emission from an isolated industry sector, we need an index for induced $CO_2$ emission since industrial activities are interconnected in terms of input and output. By employing Environmental Input-Output Table 2000, this paper analyses the flow of energy demand and pollutants after first estimating an induced $CO_2$ emissions from various industrial sectors and economic activities. The paper reports higher induced $CO_2$ emissions from industry sectors with larger energy intensity since they produces goods or services retaining relatively considerable environmental load. Furthermore, it is shown that environmental load and $CO_2$ emissions in overall economy are likely increasing when the products of energy intensive industrial sector is used as inputs for less intensive sectors' production process. The result suggests we need consistent policy efforts to reduce energy intensity to lower $CO_2$ emissions.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.75-97
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• 2012

The purpose of the paper is to estimate the functions of the energy input efficiency and the energy intensity efficiency, and measure their energy efficiencies for the reduction of greenhouse gases focusing on OECD countries. The efficiency of the traditional energy intensity was rarely connected with the energy efficiencies of the stochastic frontier function. It seems that the energy efficiency by the function of energy input efficiency sensitively responds to the order of GDP, capital stock, labor, and energy input quantity as explanatory variables. In the future, we need to reduce energy quantities by the optimal mix of inputs, and pursuit low-carbon economic growth through the production of the goods consuming small energy.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.216-222
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• 2014

In general, the rail transportation recognized as a better transportation mode than road transportation in terms of the environment. However, due to a lack of quantitative analysis based on Korean data, foreign cases for environmental advantages of the railway have often been cited in Korea. To address this issue, we estimated the energy consumption of passenger and freight transportation using certified activity data from Korea Railroad Statistics and the Electrical Work Report for railway and the Energy Consumption Survey for road. We estimated the Green House Gas emission of passenger and freight transportation on a Tier 1 level by applying the IPCC 2006 Guideline. Finally, we calculated the energy consumption unit and GHG emission unit to determine the environmental impact of rail and road transportation. We also compared the analyzed results of high-speed rail and auto as typical means of rail and road transportation.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.557-586
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• 2009

Although energy demand management policy attracts attention internationally and domestically, the importance of local government in this policy is not so much as central government. But local government can do a role with regard to this policy because it is close to energy consumers not like central government. So local energy plan should be based on the understanding local energy consumption characteristics to activate local energy demand management policy. This paper tries to analyze energy characteristics of 16 local governments by decomposing energy consumption into population, production and intensity factors. The result of index decomposition analysis shows that energy intensity improvement has offset the increase of energy consumption caused by economic growth in the metropolitan cities, while it couldn't offset in the other provinces because of industrialization based on the manufacturing. In conclusion, this paper suggests that it will be necessary to switch to low energy society by carrying out concrete energy efficiency improvement projects in the metropolitan cities while it will be helpful to make a local development plan for low energy intensive industrialization in the other provinces.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.547-580
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• 2013

As energy conservation can be realized through changes in the composition of goods and services consumed, there is a need to assess indirect and total household energy consumption. The Korean household sector was responsible for more than 55% of Korea's total energy consumption in the 1995 to 2010 period. More than 69% of household energy consumption was indirect. Thus, not only direct but also indirect household energy consumption should be the target of energy conservation. Electricity consumption became in 2009 the main source of household energy consumption in Korea. Households consume more and more electricity intensive goods and services, a sign of increasing living standards. Decrease in energy intensities of products consumed by Korean households contributed greatly to reduce the increase in the total household energy consumption. However, switching took place towards more energy intensive products, thus the structure effect was negative. It is necessary to direct consumption and production towards much less energy intensive goods and services as to reduce energy consumption or its growth rate. The Korean government should readjust low energy and electricity prices to cost-reflective prices levels as these low prices are one of the main reasons for the consumption of more energy intensive products. This study differentiates prices of oil products and electricity between households and industries, as to allow more accurate estimation.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.27-45
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• 2007

This paper presents a method for developing the performance assessment of energy conservation and efficiency based on baseline and target adjustment approach. Energy consumption is related with output level and production structure. This paper suggests improvement for target establishment and performance assessment with regard to real output level in target year. Numerical illustrations of baseline and target adjustment method are shown different compared with the general assessment results. This study will contribute to applying the conformity assessment and Greenhouse Gas Emissions verification system.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.33-60
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• 2011

The purpose of the article is to compare the impacts of energy efficiency and economic growth for energy demand through production frontier approach in OECD countries. We compared the traditional energy intensity with energy efficiencies of production frontier approach, slack efficiency on the frontier, and estimated elasticity of energy demand for GDP growth. First, the energy intensity has a low relationship with energy efficiency by radial approach, but has constant correlations with slack energy efficiency, slack-adjusted efficiency by non-radial approach, and energy efficiency by horizon approach. If we measure energy efficiency only with energy elasticity, it may make a mistake. Especially the energy efficiency by radial approach has a tendency to overestimate most OECD countries. Second, as many countries have excess energy consumption of 17.3% even on the points of the frontier, reduction of energy consumption is necessary in addition. Third, the average energy elasticity of OECD countries is 1.1 close to elasticity 1. There exists the difference of elasticity among countries and the energy demands are also high in countries with high elasticity.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-31
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• 2011

By employing Environmental Input-Output Table 2005, which has 76 intermediate sector and 21 energy sources, this paper analyses the flow of energy demand and $CO_2$ after estimating an induced $CO_2$ emissions from 76 industrial sectors. Index of $CO_2$ intensity($CO_2/GDP$) and other index of $CO_2$ intensity($CO_2/calory$) showed that final demand sector uses more high calory energy source. Intermediate sector used less environmental friendly energy source and emit more $CO_2$ at same calory. Industries those has high induced $CO_2$ emissions are Thermal Power($32.587CO_2-g/Won$), Cement($10.370CO_2-g/Won$), Road Transportation($7.255CO_2-g/Won$), Cokes and Other Coal Products($5.791CO_2-g/Won$), Steam and Hot water supply, Sewage, Sanitary services($4.575CO_2-g/Won$). It is shown that industry such as Iron and Steel which has low $CO_2$ intensity, high backward linkage effect and high forward linkage effect makes high induced $CO_2$ emissions. Environmental load and $CO_2$ emissions in overall economy will decrease when not high $CO_2$ intensity industry but also low $CO_2$ intensity industry makes lower $CO_2$ intensity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2011

Recently, central and local governments of Korea have established and implemented various energy policies such as making energy map of city level and establishment of environment friendly city plan to materialize low carbon green city. To implement effectively these policies, however, conditions of energy consumption by each administrative district and each usage have to be verified exactly. This study is aimed to suggest a basic data for planing energy policy and energy demand prediction of city level by analyzing energy consumption unit and conditions of city gas by borough and usage in Busan.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.69-71
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• 2008

에너지 다소비산업구조로 되어 있는 국내 산업시설 및 건축물 분야에서의 초에너지절약형 시스템으로의 개선이 절실하다. 전력다소비건물을 중심으로 대형건물의 시간대별 전력사용량과 년간 전력사용량을 조사하였고, 연면적, 계약전력, 최대수요전력 등의 전력소비 특성을 조사 분석하였다. 조사된 자료의 전체 특징과 중심적인 경향을 알아 보기 위해서 평균값, 표준편차, 최대값, 최소값, 중앙값 등의 특징파라메터를 분석하였다. 이를 토대로 에너지 성능 중심의 전력원단위 기준(안) 및 연간 전기에너지 사용 총량을 분석하였고, 전기에너지 연간사용총량 산정에 필요한 자료를 데이터베이스화하였다.