• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2000

This study was carried out to get the basic data on the efficient processing method of food wastes for utilizing as the resources of swine feeds composition, mineral and toxic elements of food waste were estimated in relation to the steps of processing and fermentation with MS (Miraculous soil-bacteria) microorganism complex. The chemical composition of food wastes was largely varied according to disposing sites, collection time and season. Offensive odor was reduced by anaerobic fermentation with MS microorganism complex. Food wastes fermented with MS microorganism complex have high contents in crude protein (24.1% D.M) and crude fat (12.9% D.M). Mineral composition was to be relatively well balanced compared to other plant or animal feed resources. Particularly the content of sodium was slightly higher than that of grains or agricultural byproducts. In food wastes fermented with MS microorganism complex, heavy metals such as Hg, As or F were not detected. Pb or Cd were detected in small quantities but their levels were below the dose s-permitted feeding standard of permitted dose in feeding standard. These results indicated that food wastes could be efficiently used for the resources of swine feeds through proper processing and fermentation.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the reproductive and weaned performances in sow farms, which located in Boryeong city, Chungnam. Data surveyed a total of 10,394 litters of sow recorded from April, 2007 to March, 2008 were collected and analyzed. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The average of number of sow and farrowing rate were 314.10 sows and 78.77%, respectively. And then, there was not significant difference among seasons in number of sows, but significant difference among season was found in farrowing rate (p<0.05). 2. The average of litter size at farrowing and at initial sucking were 11.04 and 10.22 pigs, respectively. The significant differences were not all found in litter size among seasons. 3. The number of pigs, age and growth rate at weaning were 9.23 pigs, 25.77 days and 91.48%, respectively. The significant differences among seasons were not found in number of pigs and age at weaning. However, there was significant difference in growth rate at weaning (P<0.05). 4. The average of farrowing rate of sows per year, pigs from sow per year (PSY), and body weight at marketing were 2.25 times, 20.75 pigs, and 110.46 kg, respectively. The significant differences among seasons were not found in farrowing rate per year and weight at marketing, but that was found only in PSY (p<0.05), respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.469-478
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• 2004

Pig slurry, urine and fermented liquid manure were evaluated measuring electrical conductivity (EC), dry matter (DM) contents and other components. Samples were collected during a period from February to April, 2001: slurry samples from 70 storage tanks, urine samples from 19 and 20 fermented liquid manure samples from 109 pig farms in Jeju. Samples were analyzed for pH, EC, DM, $NH_4$-N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Na, BOD, S-S, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and OM. Relationships between EC or DM and various mineral and $NH_4$-N contents were examined using linear regression. EC, DM, all mineral contents and $NH_4$-N were higher in slurry samples than in urine or fermented liquid manure. EC, $NH_4$-N, Ca, Mg and Na concentration was similar in urine and fermented liquid manure, but K and DM values in liquid manure were twice as much as in urine. P concentration was higher in urine than in liquid manure. $NH_4$-N and Na in slurry, $NH_4$-N in urine and $NH_4$-N, P and Ca in fermented liquid manure were highly correlated with EC, while $NH_4$-N, P, Ca and Mg in slurry, $NH_4$-N and Ca in urine, and K, P, Ca, Mg, and Na in fermented liquid manure with DM (P<0.05). BOO in slurry (22,520 mg/mL) was higher than that in urine (4,763) and fermented liquid manure (2,701). Results indicated that slurry is a better fertilizer source than urine or fermented liquid manure. However, slurry may pollute soil more than urine or fermented liquid manure when applied to land, although the levels are not above the permit.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 2004

In a trial involving 72 pigs, the effects of market weight and gender on the carcass and pork quality characteristics were investigated. A total of 72 pigs were divided into 3 groups(95-104, 105-110 or 111-120kg), market weight was assigned to 2 gender group (gilt or boar). The carcass characteristics (carcass weight, backfat thickness or grades) were determined on those carcass, longissimus muscle was removed from each left side at 5th to 13th rib and meat qualities were evaluated. The carcass weight and backfat thickness of pigs slaughtered at 111-120kg were increases than the other weights. The carcass grade of pigs slaughtered at 105-110kg had higher then at pigs slaughtered 94-104kg. Compared with boars, gilts carcass had higher in carcass weight and backfat fat. The pH$\_$u/, drip loss and cooking loss tended to similar for market weight and gender, meat of boars had higher shear force values than gilts (p＜0.05). The meat color tended to similar for market weight and gender. The total myoglobin content of gilts slaughtered at 95-104kg and boars slaughtered at 111-120kg had higher than the other weight and gender. The meat of gilts had higher springiness and brittleness than boars (p＜0.05). These results imply that the carcass characteristics (carcass weight and backfat thickness) could be affected by market weight and gender, meat of gilts was improved the shear force values and texture properties when compared to boars.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.347-356
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and cross-protection of serovar 12 against serovar 4 or 5 of H parasuis with M+$Parapac^{(R)}$. A total of 141 piglets from 2(A and B) farms were used and divided into experimental group and control group in each farm. Farm A has been detected H parasuis serovar 12, whereas farm B has been detected H parasuis serovar 4 or 5 from post-weaned pigs with PMWS. The piglets were vaccinated intramuscularly with 2.0ml of M+$Parapac^{(R)}$ in experimental group or normal saline in control group at 1 week of age. A same booster dose was given at 3 weeks of age. In order to value the antibody titer to H parasuis using by tube agglutination test, blood samples were collected from piglets at the aged of 1 week, 6 and 14 weeks. In experimental group and control group, the average antibody titers were $32.5{\pm}21.0,\;114.5{\pm}34.0,\;98.1{\pm}55.4$ and $32.9{\pm}18.6,\;25.8{\pm}36.9,\; 746.7{\pm}1,215.8$ at the aged of 1 week, 6 and 14 weeks, respectively. The cumulative clinical sign indexes by standard guideline of Schering-Plough Animal Health Corp were 486 and 1,069, respectively. The average daily gains and feed conversion rates were $0.553{\pm}0.016kg$ and $0.492{\pm}0.004kg$, and 1.99 and 2.24, respectively. The average gross lesion scores were $1.0{\pm}0.8$ and $1.9{\pm}0.6$, respectively. According to these results, the M+$Parapac^{(R)}$ containing H parasuis serovar 12 may be induce circulating antibodies that cross-react with serovar 4 or 5 and have a protection of PMWS with H parasuis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 1986

This paper deals with the distribution, reservoir and mode of spread of salmonella infection on 7 pig farms in Taegu, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam and Chungnam and a slaughter house in Teagu during the period from May 1984 to May 1985. Isolated salmonella were examined for serotypes and biotyping of S. typhimurium. The results obtained were summarised as follows; 1. Of total 7,995 samples from 7 pig farms and a slaughter house, 319 salmonella were isolated from 234 samples (2.9%) and their serovar strains were S. derby 77, S. infantis 41, S. enteritidis 20, S. typhimurium 18, S. bredeney 16, S. london 14, S. paratyphi B 9, S. anatum 8, S. montevideo 8, S. senftenberg 7, S. thompson 6, S. pullorum 4, S. paratyphi A 1 and untypable 70. 2. The incidence rate of diarrhea of piglets, weaned pigs and fattening pigs was 9.8%, 2.3% and 0.5%, respectively whereas the rate by salmonella infection was 4.2%, 1.2% and 11.3%, respectively. 3. The isolation rate of salmonella was higher in summer and autumn. 4. The isolation rate of salmonella varied from 1.1% to 4.5% in 7 pig farms, it was higher in sewages(4.4%), weaned pigs(3.7%), boars(3.7%) and other(3.7%) included soils, manure and wild rats according to samples. Three out of 7 pig farms were contaminated heavily with various serovars of salmonella. 5. The isolation rate of salmonella from pigs slaughtered was 8.1%, it was 13.6% in rectal contents and 1.6% in mensenteric lymph nodes. 6. Eighteen strains of S. typhimurium were classified into 3 different biovars(1, 10 and 10a) by the method of Brandis and were subdivided into 6 different full biovars(1a, 1d, 1dh, 3d, 26i and 26ei) by the method described by Duguid et al. Appearance of different biovars indicated the occurrence of different exotic infection sources on the farms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.402-411
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• 2013

Objectives: This study aims to assess the concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide according to task unit area at swine farms. Methods: A total of six swine farms were selected for this study. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were monitored using a real-time multi-gas monitor which could sample the gases simultaneously. The sampling was done in the pig building, manure storage facility and composting facility of each farm. Results: The concentration of ammonia in the pig buildings(GM 22.6 ppm, GSD 2.3) was significantly higher(p<0.0001) than in the manure storage facilities(GM 10.4 ppm, GSD 2.7) and composting facilities(GM 8.6 ppm, GSD 2.8). The concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the manure storage facilities(GM 9.8 ppm, GSD 3.2) was higher(p<0.0001) than in the pig buildings(GM 2.3 ppm, GSD 2.3) and composting facilities(GM 1.9 ppm, GSD 2.5). In particular, the levels of hydrogen sulfide in the confined manure storage facilities were higher than those in open-type facilities and the peak concentration(98 ppm) in the confined facilities was approximate to 100 ppm, at the value of Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health(IDLH). Conclusions: Suffocation accidents caused by hazardous gases at a swine farm have occurred annually. Real-time monitoring of the hazards should be done in order to protect farm workers and livestock from the sudden accidents.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1549-1555
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• 2010

Streptococcus suis is a worldwide pathogen of a variety of porcine infection and has also been described as a pathogen for humans. We studied biochemical characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and identification of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of S. suis isolated from diseased pigs in Gyeongbuk province from 2004 to 2009. Sixty-one isolates were identified as S. suis by biochemical characteristics and PCR from 40 farms. The biochemical characteristics of S. suis isolates were production of VP-negative, hippurate, esculin, and arginine decarboxylase-positive, and fermentation of carbohydrate was variable lactose, trehalose, inulin, and raffinose, which was typeable 11 phenotype. In an antimicrobial susceptibility test, the majority of isolates were highly susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cephalothin, cefoperazone and florfenicol, while being highly resistant to streptomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, neomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. The isolates were divided into 11 phenotypes of biochemistry. By using PCR, the 16S-rRNA gene DNA fragment was detected at 304 bp from all of isolates. These results may provide the basic information needed to establish strategies for the prevention of S. suis infection in pigs.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2003

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the color removal treatment system of pig wastewater by $TiO_2$. The results obtained are summarized as follow ： 1 The color removal efficiency of effluent of activated sludge process by $TiO_2$ level were 59.7 and 52.5% for 1.0 and 2.0g/$\ell$ at 360 minute of operation time, respectively. 2. The color of pig wastewater was changed from 655 color unit(cu) to 146cu of the wastewater treatment of pH 5 at 300 minute of operation time. 3. The $H_2O_2$ level for color removal showed at 200mg/$\ell$ and in that level, the color removal efficiency was 52.5%. 4. The color removal efficiency of 365nm UV intensity was 29.4%, but 254nm of UV intensity was higher(50.1%) than 365nm for color removal.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.43-50
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• 2011

This study was conducted to verify the effect of chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) on odor reduction at a commercial swine facility consisting of a windowless piglet barn and a grower/fattening barn. The windowless piglet barn used a duct ventilation system. Air velocity at very below the upper duct was 4.53 m/s. Air velocity at the lower space around the living space of pigs in the grower/fattening barn was 0.26 m/s. $NH_3$ concentration was around 9ppm and less than 3 ppm before and after the $ClO_2$ spraying, respectively, which was over 70% reduction. There was no $H_2S$ detection. $NH_3$ concentrations measured in the windowless grower/fattening barn and at the exhausted air were 26 ppm and 11ppm, respectively. $NH_3$ concentration at a biocurtain outside was less than 1 ppm. Hence, $ClO_2$ spraying at windowless barns was effectively decreased malodor such as $NH_3$.