• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.97-106
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• 2004

Oukjuk becomes to known to the people and valuates due to the importance of the effect of the medicine. Known as taoist hermit plant, Oukjuk tea has called as a Solomon's Seal Tea in the western countries. Dissimilarly from other herb teas, it contains a high percentage of minerals. Because of the utility value of this, people used to use Oukjuk as an oriental medical treatment for various kinds of the condition of illness as for nutritive food or tonic material. According to the records, a sage of old or people seeking after truth had enjoyed the tea very much. In spite of these all effects, public has only a superficial understanding of the matter, Comprehending the problems, this study analyses ways and means of the functional packaging for the Solomon's Seal tea. In this research, the most problems came out with the quality of the products and the level of their packaging which is not variously in forms and not properly developed in materials and designs. As a conclusion the paper pointed out the importance of keeping the traditional high quality in product and having an appeal to packaging for customer's needs.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate herbicidal properties of picolinafen in terms of crop safety, weed control spectrum, application window, residual efficacy and resistant weed control. Herbicidal phytotoxicity of picolinafen to wheat and barley was greatest when applied at 0 days after sowing (DAS), but decreased significantly as plant growth advanced. Picolinafen showed greater activity against broadleaved weeds than grass weeds. Picolinafen showed highest activity when it was applied at early post emergence timing (5 to 15 DAS), and showed significantly decreased activity at 20 DAS application. The $LT_{50}$ values (the period from application required for residual control by 50%) was 9.3 and 6.5 days against Digitaria ciliaris and Brasica naus at 60 g ai $ha^{-1}$, respectively. Picolinafen showed similar activities against both triazine resistant and sensitive Amaranthus retroflexus. Collectively, picolinafen appeared to have a good fitness to control resistant broad leaved weeds control by early post emergence application.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.411-421
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• 2005

This study was carried out to establish rational methodologies for the use of pesticide formulations to be sprayed after water-dilution. Hardness and electric conductivity of six major river water and ground water sampled from 52 sites in major rice-growing areas across the country ranged from 5 to 324 ppm(av. 90 ppm) and from 0.038 to 1.078 dS/m(av. 0.265 dS/m), respectively, which are acceptable for diluent water of pesticides. The pH changes in pesticide spray solutions with time after preparation mainly depended on the pH of the water used for pesticide dilution. The surface tensions of pesticide spray solutions reduced slightly with time after preparation, irrespective of kinds of pesticide formulations. Suspensibility of WPs became worse with an increase in the hardness and salt concentrations of diluent water, even though the degree was negligible. Emulsion stability of ECs became worse with an increase in hardness and salt concentrations of diluent water. Degradation rates of the active ingredients of pesticide spray solutions 3 days after preparation were less than 5%, regardless of mixing or non-mixing of two or more pesticides. Consequently, the spray solutions of most pesticides were usable until two to three days after preparation unless physical properties deteriorated. The tank-mixing order of EC and WP formulations did not make any differences in all the physical properties of pesticide spray solutions. However, the proper order for the tank-mixing of compatible pesticides was WP, WG, SC, EC, and SL, because the order is easy to prepare the pesticide spray solutions. The efficacy of pesticide spray solutions on the respective target pathogens and insect pests of rice plants three days after preparation was recorded over 95% of that of 0 day, which was almost the same as that of the solutions applied punctually after preparation.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.62-66
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• 2001

The thirteen commercial insecticides to Lycoriella mali were investigated on their insecticidal activities and mycelial growth of two Letinula edodes strains. For the adults, insecticides showing over 95% insecticidal activity were chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenthion, fenitrothion, benfuracarb, furathiocarb and deltamethrin. For tile larvae, diflubenzuron and cyromazine showed over 90% insecticidal activity. Fenthion, benfuracarb, furathiocarb, deltamethrin, diflubenzuron and cyromazine did not affect the mycelial growth of L. edodes strain, in Imhyup 1 variety. And deltamethrin, diflubenzuron and cyromazine did not affect that in Sanlim-5. Insecticides showing over 80% residual effect for 14 days were benfuracarb to the adults and diflubenzuron and cyromazine to the larvae. Control effect of furathiocarb, fenthion, benfuracarb, deltamethrin, diflubenzuron and cyromazine against larvae of Lycoriella mali showed 90% ten days after application under sawdust cultivation. Among them, benfuracarb, fenthion and furathiocarb revealed excellent control effect against adults. These results indicate that benfuracarb, fenthion, and furathiocarb can be used for the control of Lycoriella mali in the field. However, further studies are needed on the effect of insecticides treatment oil fruit-body yield and chemical residue in the mushroom tissues.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 2001

Controlling effect of several surfactants on barley powdery mildew (pathogen : Erysiphae graminis) and those influence on fungicidal activity by tank-mixing with commercialized fungicides were investigated in greenhouse test with barley seedlings. While protective activity of PNPP showed 90% at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, that of LN 13.0 91.2%, tile best among 8 surfactants used in curative test. With $500{\mu}g/mL$, LN 13.0 showed 4% of disease percentage on the first leaf of narley continuously 4 days after the curative application. Excent for PNPP, the other surfactants, including NP 13.0, LN 13.0, and PAS, showed good inhibitory activity against spore germination in water agar medium amended with those surfactants. PAS, which showed very poor effect against barley powdery mildew in greenhouse test, strongly inhibited spore germination. Fungicide of triadimefon and triforine showed no controlling activity against Erysiphae graminis in narley seedlings, but they highly controlled powdery mildew in case of addition with $500{\mu}g/mL$ of LN 13.0 and Tween 20. SP 13.0, NP 13.0, LN 13.0 and DBC showed severe phytotoxicity in first leaf of barley seedlings, but Tween 20, SLIS, PAS, and PNPP not at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2012

This study was conducted to examine the effects of the seeding rate on the disease incidence of sharp eyespot(Rhizoctonia cerealis) on three different varieties and to select effective chemicals to control the disease. When the seeds were sown twice as many as the recommendation, the disease incidence increased by approximately 13%. However, the susceptible variety 'Jopummil' alone showed the significantly enhanced disease incidence at a two-fold seeding rate. Two chemicals such as Hexaconazole EC and Tebuconazole EC highly inhibited the fungal growth on agar medium. However, two strobilurin fungicides such as Pyraclostrobin EC and Trifloxystrobin SC were relatively weak. The fungicides tested displayed the similar in vivo antifungal activities as in vitro activities. Hexaconazole EC and Tebuconazole EC showed the strongest both protective and curative activities and the protective activities of the chemicals were generally higher than the curative activities. Hexaconazole EC and Tebuconazole EC controlled the disease by 64% and 73%, respectively, and the two chemicals reduced the disease by 45% and 39%, respectively, when they were applied one day after pathogen inoculation. These results indicate that both Hexaconazole EC and Tebuconazole EC could be used to control sharp eyespot on wheat.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1989

Multicellular tumor spheroids of HeLa cells have been grown in a static culture system. Samples of spheroids were exposed for 2 h to graded concentration of cis-platinum and its analogue, carboplatin, and then response assayed by survival of clonogenic cells. The purpose of present experiment is to clarify the effectiveness of these platinum compounds and to evaluate intrinsic radiosensitivity of cells using spheroids of HeLa cells as an experimental in vitro model. Variations of the drug sensitivity of monolayers as well as spheroids were also evaluated in cell-survival curves. In cis-platinum concentration-survival curve, there was a large shoulder extending as far as $Cq=3.4{\mu}M$, after which there was exponential decrease in survival curve having a Co Value of $1.2{\mu}M$ in spheroids. While the Co for the spheroids was essentially no significant change, but Cq value was larger than that of monolayers. This suggest that the effect of cis-platinum is greater En the monolayer with actively proliferaing cells than hypoxic one. In the carboplatin concentration-survival curves, the Co value of spheroids was $15.0{\mu}M$ and the ratio with the Co from monolayer cell $(32.5{\mu}M)$ was 0.40, thus indicating that the spheroids had a greater sensitivity to carboplatin than monolayers. Therefore, the effect of carboplatin is mainly on the deeper layers of spheroids acting as hypoxic cell sensitizer. The enhanced effect was obtained for monolayer cells using combined X-ray and carboplatin treatment 2 hours before irradiation. The result shown in isobologram analysis for the level of surviving fraction at 0.01 indicated that the effect of two agents was trusty supra-additive. From this experimental data, carboplatin has excited much recent interest as one of the most promising, since it is almost without nephrotoxicity and causes less gastrointestinal toxicity than cis-platinum. Interaction between carboplatin and radiation might play an important role for more effective local tumor control.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.44-49
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to know the herbicidal activity of the essential oil from amyris (Amyris balsamifera). In a seed bioassay experiment, the amyris essential oil inhibited the growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus) by fifty percent at 8.8 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$. And in a greenhouse experiment, sorghum, barnyard grass and Indian jointvetch, which was applied in above-ground parts, with the amyris essential oil at 4,000 ${\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ showed visual injuries of 90, 70, and 70, respectively (0, no damage; 100, total damage). However, soil application of the essential oil did not show such herbicidal injuries. In a field experiment, foliar application of the amyris essential oil at 5% controlled effectively weeds such as barnyardgrass, shepherd's purse, and clover in 24 hours. Our results indicated that the amyris essential oil had herbicidal activity. To understand the composition of the amyris essential oil, the oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectometry with solid-phase micro-extraction apparatus. There were 15 organic chemicals in the oil and the major constituents were calarene, elemol, ${\gamma}$-eudesmol, curcumene, ${\beta}$-sesquiphellandrene, zingiberene, selina-3,7(11)-diene, 1,3-diisopropenyl-6-methyl-cyclohexene, ${\beta}$-bisabolene, and ${\beta}$-maaliene. Overall results suggest that the amyris essential oil had a herbicidal activity with fast, contact, and non-selective mechanism.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.385-396
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• 2011

This study was carried out to develop environmental friendly control for major diseases and pests on Boxthorn (Lycium chinense Mill.). Outbreak of Eighteen diseases and pests were found at the Boxthorn organic yards in Chung-nam province. Among them Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni de Cand.), Hypophyllous mold (Pseudocercospora chengtuensis (Tai)), Western flower trips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)), Green peach aphid (Myzus pericae (Sulzer)) and Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera) needed to be controled by environmental friendly methods for high fruit yield of organic Boxthorn. In summer(Jun) test Bacilus subtilis QST 713 wettable powder and Sulfur wettable powder were effective and in autumn (Sep.) test Sulfur, Copper hydroxide and Paraffinic oil were relatively effective in Powdery mildew. In Hypophyllous mold control test Paraffinic oil and Bacilus subtilis GB - 0365 were effective with above 70% control value. And it was possible to control Western flower trips by natural enemy (Orius laevigatus) by 80% control value. Corn earworm was possible to control by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai GB413 flowable and Bacillus thuringiensis aizawa 0423 wettable powder application above 70%. And Green peach aphid was controllable with environmental friendly materials, such as, Bacillus subtilis (Seoncho), Bacillus subtilis (Jinsami) above 80% and Ginkgo nut extract above 70% control value.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.2
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• pp.56-62
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• 1984

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of distilled water, pH, uv-irradiation, carrier, emulsifier and organic solvent on the stability of butachlor formulations in the course of storage. The uv-irradiation increased the decomposition rate of butachlor formulations in the order of emulsifiable concentrate, sand coated granular and zeolite adsorbed granular. Decomposition of butachlor emulsion was not affected by water and pH. Decomposition of butachlor emulsifiable concentrate which were prepared with various organic solvents at $50^{\circ}C$ was higher in the polar organic solvents than in the non-polar organic solvent. Decomposition of butachlor-emulsifiable concentrate emulsified in Tween-60 was higher than in Hy-620C or Newkalgen-MC.