• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.187-197
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• 2015

Oriental mineral medicines are single or mixture of more than one mineral species or rock/fossil which are used to treat disease. Mineral medicines remove harmful or useless substances to decrease toxicity and secondary effects, and cause the manufacture of medical compounds with increased efficacy. The extraction test is an accepted in vitro system to predict the bioaccessibility of major and minor elements from mineral medicine. It incorporates gastrointerstinal tract parameters representative of a human body that including stomach and small intestinal pH which are the same as digestion condition. The bioaccessibility of a mineral medicine is the fraction that is soluble in the gastrointestinal environment and is available for absorption. Reaction path modeling in the human body can predict digestion with gastric fluid as well as absorption in the small intestine, existence in body fluids and reaction progress of the exhaust process according to pH conditions in body. Also reaction path modeling can predict bioavailability, which is equal to existence rate in the body and the form and amount of a medicine in the body after intake. The study results from predicating the existence form mineral medicines in the body, and proving the effective ingredient using bioaccessibitily and human risk assessment, suggest these that should be necessary data for new medicine development.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.97-110
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• 1994

고사리광산의 도석에는 다량의 석영과 함께 녹니석/스멕타이트 혼합층광물, 운도/스멕타이트 혼합층광물, 카오리나이트와 같은 점토광물이 산출한다. 이들 점토광물에 대해 주로 X-선회전분석과 화학분석 등을 이용하여 광물학적 특성을 검토하였다. 이 광산의 도석은 녹니석/스멕타이트 혼합층광물을 다량 함유하는 것이 특징으로 나타났다. 이 녹니석/스멕타이트 혼합층광물은 Li을 함유하는 돈바싸이트로 된 녹니석층과 바이델라이트에 가까운 스apr타이트층으로 구성된 혼합층구조를 이룬다. 이 곳에 산출하는 운모/스멕타이트 혼합층광물은 모두 약 15% 이하의 팽윤층을 포함하는 것으로 되어 있다.이 광산의 도석은 백악기의 유문암 및 유문암질 응회암이 열수변질작용을 받아 형성된 것으로 나타났다. 점토광물조합의 분포상태에 의해 대략적인 변질분대가 나누어진다. 중심부인 강변질대에서는 다량의 녹니석/스텍타이트 혼합층광물이 나타나며 카오리나이트가 수받되기도 한다. 그 외곽지역의 약변질대에서는 점토광물로서 운모/스멕타이트 혼합층광물이 주로 나타난다. 카오리나이트는 주로 열극이나 그 주위에 국부적으로 산출되는 경향이 있다. 이와 같은 변질광물의 산출상태로 볼 때 변질작용의 진행에 따라 운모/스멕타이트 혼합층광물이 먼저 형성된 후 이것의 일부가 녹니석/스맥타이트 혼합층광물 및 카오리나이트로 변화된 것으로 생각된다. 도 카오리나이트는 열수의 공급이 많은 열극부에서 녹니석/스멕타이트 혼합층 광물과 거의 동시기에 침전된 것으로 생각된다. 이 광산에서 산출하는 일부 운모/스멕타이트 혼합층광물은 후기의 변질작용에 의해 형성된 것도 포함된다.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.330-334
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• 2002

• Mineral and Industry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2002

납석은 전남 일대를 중심으로 약 5,200만 톤이 부존 되어 있고 매년 약 80-90만 톤씩 생산되고 있어 , 국내 비금속광 중 생산액 순으로 4위 정도를 차지하고 있다. 수요의 대부분은 국내에서 조달하고, 생산량의 약 30% 정도를 수출하고 있지만 최근에는 고품위 광석을 중심으로 수입이 증가하는 추이를 보이고 있다. 방석의 국내 수요도 과거에는 내화벽돌용이 주를 이루었지만 근래에는 유리 장성유용이 가장 큰 시장역할을 하는 것으로 변모하였다. 물량만으로는 시멘트 부원료용이 가장 많지만 가격이 낮아 시장규모는 별로 크지 못하다. 시장가격을 기준으로 추정한 국내 납석시장의 규모는 수출시장을 포함할 경우 200억 원 규모이지만 소수의 상위 생산광산에서 주요한 시장을 차지하고 있어 다수의 소규모 광산들은 약 40억원 정도의 시장을 두고 경쟁하고 있다. 납석은 저가 광물인 만큼 고부가가치화를 시키려는 노력이 필요하며, 다량 부존되어 있는 저품위광을 활용하기 위한 노력과 다른 비금속광물과의 경쟁력을 지닐 수 있도록 분체물을 처리하는 분야의 연구 역시 필요할 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.523-530
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• 2008

The phase changes and variations of elemental contents in hematite medicinal mineral were investigated by a traditional processing operation including heating and quenching in vinegar. Hematite was processed at $650^{\circ}C$ and $900^{\circ}C$ through at least 5 processing cycles. Metal extraction tests in water were carried out with the processed hematite. Heating and quenching in vinegar could not change the phase of hematite. The effect of this traditional method was not clear because there were no variational trends between extracted elements and the number of processing cycles at $650^{\circ}C$ and $900^{\circ}C$. However, the traditional processing operation of heating and quenching in vinegar was very effective to change the hematite mineral towards soft and easily crushing medicinal material.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.365-376
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• 2023

Songaksan, formed about 3800 year ago, is one of the tuff rings in the Jeju Island. Mantle xenoliths, spinel peridotites, are enclosed in the Songaksan Trachybasalt. The spinel peridotites are less than 2 cm in size and are composed of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and spinel. The uniform compositions of the minerals from core to rim indicate that equilibrium was reached in the spinel peridotites before these were enclosed in the host magma. The spinel peridotites originated at depths between 55 and 60 km with equilibrium temperatures ranging from 915 to 968℃. The spinel peridotites from Songaksan reveal porphyroclastic texture with a lot of neoblast minerals. Olivines display strong kink banding, indicating that the upper mantle of Songaksan has been deformed. The spinel peridotites from Songaksan have undergone about 5~7% fractional melting, and cryptic metasomatism by an silicate melt. The period of entrainment and transport of the spinel peridotites in the host magma is about 15 days.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.217-227
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• 2009

Heavy minerals in the marine sand near Haeju bay, Hwanghae-do, North Korea were separated using the gravity and the magnetic separators. And their mineralogical study was carried out. Ilmenite, magnetite, hematite, zircon and monazite were observed as the valuable minerals, and quartz, orthoclase, muscovite, hornblende and garnet existed as gangue minerals. In the result of quantitative analysis with SIROQUANT program, the contents of the valuable minerals separated with the 2nd gravity separation (the shaking table separation), the 1st magnetic separation (rare earth magnetic separation) and the 2nd magnetic separation (the Eddy current magnetic separation) were increased into 4%, 10% and 76~89% (under the condition of 7000 G and 10000 G in magnetic strength), respectively. The contents of ilmenite, monazite and zircon recalculated from the chemical composition differed from the results of the quantitative analyses by SIROQUANT program, but the entire tendency bears some analogy with it. Under the conditions of 7000 G and 10000 G in 2nd magnetic separation the contents of ilmenites were concentrated with 53% and 66%, respectively. The content of monazite was 1.2% in the magnetic fractions of the 1st magnetic separation. The content of zircon was shown 1.4% under the condition of 10000 G in the 2nd magnetic separation, and was displayed 9% in +50 mesh of non-magnetic fraction of 1st magnetic separation, especially.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.271-281
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• 2014

The physicochemical properties of clay minerals have been investigated at the atomistic to nano scale. The microscopic studies are often challenging to perform by using experimental approaches alone. In particular, hydroxyl groups of octahedral sheets in 2:1 clay minerals have been hypothesized to impact the sorption process of metal cations; however, X-ray based techniques alone, a common tool for mineral structure examination, cannot properly test the hypothesis. The current study has examined whether computational mineralogy techniques can be applied to examine the hydroxyl structures of clay minerals. Based on quantum-mechanics and molecular-mechanics computational methods, geometry optimizations were carried out for representative dioctahedral and trioctahedral phyllosilicate minerals. Both methods well reproduced the experimental lattice parameters; however, for structural distortion occurring in the tetrahedral or octahedral sheets, molecular mechanics showed significant deviations from experimental data. The orientation angle of the hydroxyl with respect to (001) basal plane is determined by the balance of repulsion between the hydroxyl proton and Si cations of tetrahedral sites; the quantum-mechanics method predicted $25-26^{\circ}$ for the angle, whereas the angle predicted by the molecular-mechanics method was much higher by $10^{\circ}$ (i.e., $35^{\circ}$). These results demonstrate that computational mineralogy techniques are a reliable tool for clay mineral studies and can be used to further elucidate the roles of hydroxyls in metal sorption process.

• Proceedings of the Petrological Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.44-47
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• 1999

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.209-220
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• 2016

Clay minerals are a major player to determine geochemical cycles of trace metals and carbon in the critical zone which covers the atmosphere down to groundwater aquifers. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can examine the Earth materials at an atomic level and, therefore, provide detailed fundamental-level insights related to physicochemical properties of clay minerals. In the current study, we have applied classical MD simulations with clayFF force field to dioctahedral clay minerals (i.e., gibbsite, kaolinite, and pyrophyllite) to analyze and compare structural parameters (lattice parameter, atomic pair distance) with experiments. We further calculated vibrational power spectra for the hydroxyls of the minerals by using the MD simulations results. The MD simulations predicted lattice parameters and interatomic distances respectively deviated less than 0.1~3.7% and 5% from the experimental results. The stretching vibrational wavenumber of the hydroxyl groups were calculated $200-300cm^{-1}$ higher than experiment. However, the trends in the frequencies among different surface hydroxyl groups of each mineral was consistent with experimental results. The angle formed by the surface hydroxyl group with the (001) plane and hydrogen bond distances of the surface hydroxyls were consistent with experimental result trends. The inner hydroxyls, however, showed results somewhat deviated from reported data in the literature. These results indicate that molecular dynamics simulations with clayFF can be a useful method in elucidating the roles of surface hydroxyl groups in the adsorption of metal ions to clay minerals.